Assessment of Furcation Defects in Diabetic Patients with Chronic Periodontitis - An Institutional Based Retrospective Study
Keywords:
Chronic periodontitis; Diabetes mellitus; Furcation; InnovationAbstract
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. Poorly controlled DM has been associated with increased susceptibility to oral infections including periodontal diseases. It is well documented that one of the main causes of diabetes mellitus is that it leads to periodontal destruction which eventually leads to furcation exposure. This leads to poor prognosis of the affected tooth. Thus the aim of this study is to determine the most common furcation site involved in patients with diabetes. Completed case sheets were collected from June 2019 to April 2020. Data was retrieved and evaluated by 2 reviewers. This university setting study involved 700 sample sizes. Data is tabulated the parameters which are age groups, gender, RBS value and furcation grade. Ranges of RBS values are from 150mg/dl to >551mg/dl. A total of 700 patients case sheets were evaluated and their periodontal status was evaluated. 500 molars were affected (3rd molars exempted). It was found that among all the age groups the most number of participants were seen in 41-60 years (66%). Majority of the affected molars has a grade II furcation involvement (45%). 35.40% had grade I furcation involvement followed by 15.60% of affected teeth with grade III furcation involvement and finally 4% had grade IV furcation involvement. Amongst the teeth with grade I and grade III it was found that 16 was the mostly affected. For grade II furcation involvement it was seen that 46 was mostly affected. Association between grade I, II and III furcation and age groups was statistically insignificant. Finally, 37 was the most affected among the teeth with grade IV furcation involvement. Association between grade IV furcation and age groups was statistically significant (p value=0.006) Thus we can conclude that diabetes mellitus is associated with periodontal disease and in this study it is evident that it involves the furcation area of molars. Diabetic patients are more prone to severe periodontitis with multiple furcation involvement.
Downloads
References
Abdul Wahab, P. U. et al. (2017) ‘Risk Factors for Post-operative Infection Following Single Piece Osteotomy’, Journal of maxillofacial and oral surgery, 16(3), pp. 328–332.
Alberti, K. G. and Zimmet, P. Z. (1998) ‘Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation’, Diabetic medicine: a journal of the British Diabetic Association, 15(7), pp. 539–553.
Ashok, B. S., Ajith, T. A. and Sivanesan, S. (2017) ‘Hypoxia-inducible factors as neuroprotective agent in Alzheimer’s disease’, Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology, 44(3), pp. 327–334.
Avinash, K., Malaippan, S. and Dooraiswamy, J. N. (2017) ‘Methods of Isolation and Characterization of Stem Cells from Different Regions of Oral Cavity Using Markers: A Systematic Review’, International journal of stem cells, 10(1), pp. 12–20.
Campus, G. et al. (2005) ‘Diabetes and periodontal disease: A case-control study’, Journal of periodontology, 76(3), pp. 418–425.
Danda, A. K. (2010) ‘Comparison of a single noncompression miniplate versus 2 noncompression miniplates in the treatment of mandibular angle fractures: a prospective, randomized clinical trial’, Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery: official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, 68(7), pp. 1565–1567.
Devi, V. S. and Gnanavel, B. K. (2014) ‘Properties of Concrete Manufactured Using Steel Slag’, Procedia Engineering, 97, pp. 95–104.
Eapen, B. V., Baig, M. F. and Avinash, S. (2017) ‘An Assessment of the Incidence of Prolonged Postoperative Bleeding After Dental Extraction Among Patients on Uninterrupted Low Dose Aspirin Therapy and to Evaluate the Need to Stop Such Medication Prior to Dental Extractions’, Journal of maxillofacial and oral surgery, 16(1), pp. 48–52.
Froum, S. J., Gomez, C. and Breault, M. R. (2002) ‘Current concepts of periodontal regeneration. A review of the literature’, The New York state dental journal, 68(9), pp. 14–22.
Goldberg, F. et al. (1987) ‘Accessory orifices: anatomical relationship between the pulp chamber floor and the furcation’, Journal of endodontia, 13(4), pp. 176–181.
Gopalakannan, S., Senthilvelan, T. and Ranganathan, S. (2012) ‘Modeling and Optimization of EDM Process Parameters on Machining of Al 7075-B4C MMC Using RSM’, Procedia Engineering, 38, pp. 685– 690.
Gopalakrishnan, D. et al. (2018) ‘Evaluation of periodontally diseased molars in diabetics with Miller- McEntire Periodontal Prognostic Index’, Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology, 22(5), pp. 401–405.
Govindaraju, L., Neelakantan, P. and Gutmann, J. L. (2017) ‘Effect of root canal irrigating solutions on the compressive strength of tricalcium silicate cements’, Clinical oral investigations, 21(2), pp. 567–571.
Gusmão, E. S. et al. (2014) ‘Correlation between clinical and radiographic findings on the occurrence of furcation involvement in patients with periodontitis’, Indian journal of dental research: official publication of Indian Society for Dental Research, 25(5), pp. 572–575.
Hodge, P. J., Robertson, D. and Paterson, K. (2012) ‘Periodontitis in non‐smoking type 1 diabetic adults: across‐sectional study’, Journal of clinical. Available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1600-051X.2011.01791.x.
Hou, G. L. and Tsai, C. C. (1987) ‘Relationship between periodontal furcation involvement and molar cervical enamel projections’, Journal of periodontology, 58(10), pp. 715–721.
Jeevanandan, G. and Govindaraju, L. (2018) ‘Clinical comparison of Kedo-S paediatric rotary files vs manual instrumentation for root canal preparation in primary molars: a double blinded randomised clinical trial’, European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry, pp. 273–278. doi: 10.1007/s40368-018-0356-6.
Kautzky-Willer, A., Harreiter, J. and Pacini, G. (2016) ‘Sex and Gender Differences in Risk, Pathophysiology and Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus’, Endocrine reviews, 37(3), pp. 278–316.
Kavarthapu, A. and Thamaraiselvan, M. (2018) ‘Assessing the variation in course and position of inferior alveolar nerve among south Indian population: A cone beam computed tomographic study’, Indian journal of dental research: official publication of Indian Society for Dental Research, 29(4), pp. 405–409.
Kavitha, M. et al. (2014) ‘Solution combustion synthesis and characterization of strontium substituted hydroxyapatite nanocrystals’, Powder Technology, 253, pp. 129–137.
Khalid, W. et al. (2016) ‘Role of endothelin-1 in periodontal diseases: A structured review’, Indian journal of dental research: official publication of Indian Society for Dental Research, 27(3), pp. 323–333.
Khalid, W. et al. (2017) ‘Comparison of Serum Levels of Endothelin-1 in Chronic Periodontitis Patients Before and After Treatment’, Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR, 11(4), pp. ZC78–ZC81.
Lalla, E. and Lamster, I. B. (2012) ‘Assessment and management of patients with diabetes mellitus in the dental office’, Dental clinics of North America, 56(4), pp. 819–829.
Larato, D. C. (1970) ‘Furcation involvements: incidence and distribution’, Journal of periodontology, 41(9), pp. 499–501.
Lekha, L. et al. (2014a) ‘Schiff base complexes of rare earth metal ions: Synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity for the oxidation of aniline and substituted anilines’, Journal of organometallic chemistry, 753, pp. 72–80.
Lekha, L. et al. (2014b) ‘Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization and antibacterial studies of lanthanide(III) Schiff base complexes containing N, O donor atoms’, Journal of Molecular Structure, pp. 307–313. doi: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2013.10.014.
Lim, L. P. et al. (2007) ‘Relationship between markers of metabolic control and inflammation on severity of periodontal disease in patients with diabetes mellitus’, Journal of clinical periodontology, 34(2), pp. 118– 123.
Löe, H. (1981) ‘The role of bacteria in periodontal diseases’, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 59(6), pp. 821–825.
Loe, H. (1993) ‘Periodontal Disease: The sixth complication of diabetes mellitus’, Diabetes Care, pp. 329– 334. doi: 10.2337/diacare.16.1.329.
Mealey, B. L. and Ocampo, G. L. (2007) ‘Diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease’, Periodontology 2000, 44, pp. 127–153.
Menon, S. et al. (2018) ‘Selenium nanoparticles: A potent chemotherapeutic agent and an elucidation of its mechanism’, Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces, 170, pp. 280–292.
Miller, P. D., Jr et al. (2014) ‘An evidenced-based scoring index to determine the periodontal prognosis on molars’, Journal of periodontology, 85(2), pp. 214–225.
Mohamed, H. G. et al. (2013) ‘Association between oral health status and type 2 diabetes mellitus among Sudanese adults: a matched case-control study’, PloS one, 8(12), p. e82158.
Mootha, A. et al. (2016) ‘The Effect of Periodontitis on Expression of Interleukin-21: A Systematic Review’, International journal of inflammation, 2016, p. 3507503.
Neelakantan, P. et al. (2015) ‘Antibiofilm activity of three irrigation protocols activated by ultrasonic, diode laser or Er:YAG laser in vitro’, International endodontic journal, 48(6), pp. 602–610.
Neelakantan, P. et al. (2015) ‘Influence of Irrigation Sequence on the Adhesion of Root Canal Sealers to Dentin: A Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Push-out Bond Strength Analysis’, Journal of endodontia, 41(7), pp. 1108–1111.
Neelakantan, P., Grotra, D. and Sharma, S. (2013) ‘Retreatability of 2 mineral trioxide aggregate-based root canal sealers: a cone-beam computed tomography analysis’, Journal of endodontia, 39(7), pp. 893–896.
Organization, W. H. and Others (2013) ‘Fact sheets: diabetes’, Available in: http://www. who. int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en. Access on March.
Panda, S. et al. (2014) ‘Platelet rich fibrin and xenograft in treatment of intrabony defect’, Contemporary clinical dentistry, 5(4), pp. 550–554.
Parthasarathy, M. et al. (2016) ‘Effect of hydrogen on ethanol-biodiesel blend on performance and emission characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine’, Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 134(Pt 2), pp. 433–439.
Patil, S. B. et al. (2017) ‘Comparison of Extended Nasolabial Flap Versus Buccal Fat Pad Graft in the Surgical Management of Oral Submucous Fibrosis: A Prospective Pilot Study’, Journal of maxillofacial and oral surgery, 16(3), pp. 312–321.
PradeepKumar, A. R. et al. (2016) ‘Diagnosis of Vertical Root Fractures in Restored Endodontically Treated Teeth: A Time-dependent Retrospective Cohort Study’, Journal of endodontia, 42(8), pp. 1175– 1180.
Praveen, K. et al. (2001) ‘Hypotensive anaesthesia and blood loss in orthognathic surgery: a clinical study’, The British journal of oral & maxillofacial surgery, 39(2), pp. 138–140.
Priyanka, S. et al. (2017) ‘Detection of cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and Torque Teno virus in subgingival and atheromatous plaques of cardiac patients with chronic periodontitis’, Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology, 21(6), pp. 456–460.
Putchala, M. C. et al. (2013) ‘Ascorbic acid and its pro-oxidant activity as a therapy for tumours of oral cavity – A systematic review’, Archives of Oral Biology, pp. 563–574. doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.01.016.
Rajendran, R. et al. (2019) ‘Comparative Evaluation of Remineralizing Potential of a Paste Containing Bioactive Glass and a Topical Cream Containing Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate: An in Vitro Study’, Pesquisa Brasileira em Odontopediatria e Clínica Integrada, pp. 1–10. doi: 10.4034/pboci.2019.191.61.
Ramamurthy, J. and Mg, V. (2018) ‘COMPARISON OF EFFECT OF HIORA MOUTHWASH VERSUS CHLORHEXIDINE MOUTHWASH IN GINGIVITIS PATIENTS: A CLINICAL TRIAL’, Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, p. 84. doi: 10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i7.24783.
Ramesh, A., Varghese, S. S., et al. (2016) ‘Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and periodontitis – unwinding their linking mechanisms’, Journal of Oral Biosciences, pp. 23–26. doi: 10.1016/j.job.2015.09.001.
Ramesh, A., Varghese, S. S., et al. (2016) ‘Herbs as an antioxidant arsenal for periodontal diseases’, Journal of intercultural ethnopharmacology, 5(1), pp. 92–96.
Ramesh, A. et al. (2019) ‘Esthetic lip repositioning: A cosmetic approach for correction of gummy smile - A case series’, Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology, 23(3), pp. 290–294.
Ramesh, A., Ravi, S. and Kaarthikeyan, G. (2017) ‘Comprehensive rehabilitation using dental implants in generalized aggressive periodontitis’, Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology, 21(2), pp. 160–163.
Ravi, S. et al. (2017) ‘Additive Effect of Plasma Rich in Growth Factors With Guided Tissue Regeneration in Treatment of Intrabony Defects in Patients With Chronic Periodontitis: A Split-Mouth Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial’, Journal of Periodontology, pp. 839–845. doi: 10.1902/jop.2017.160824.
Sajan, D. et al. (2011) ‘Molecular structure and vibrational spectra of 2,6-bis(benzylidene)cyclohexanone: a density functional theoretical study’, Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy, 78(1), pp. 113–121.
Svärdström, G. and Wennström, J. L. (2000) ‘Periodontal treatment decisions for molars: an analysis of influencing factors and long-term outcome’, Journal of periodontology, 71(4), pp. 579–585.
Thamaraiselvan, M. et al. (2015) ‘Comparative clinical evaluation of coronally advanced flap with or without platelet rich fibrin membrane in the treatment of isolated gingival recession’, Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology, 19(1), pp. 66–71.
Tsai, C., Hayes, C. and Taylor, G. W. (2002) ‘Glycemic control of type 2 diabetes and severe periodontal disease in the US adult population’, Community dentistry and oral epidemiology, 30(3), pp. 182–192.
Uthrakumar, R. et al. (2010) ‘Bulk crystal growth and characterization of non-linear optical bisthiourea zinc chloride single crystal by unidirectional growth method’, Current applied physics: the official journal of the Korean Physical Society, 10(2), pp. 548–552.
Varghese, S. S. et al. (2015) ‘Estimation of salivary tumor necrosis factor-alpha in chronic and aggressive periodontitis patients’, Contemporary clinical dentistry, 6(Suppl 1), pp. S152–6.
Vijayakumar, G. N. S. et al. (2010) ‘Synthesis of electrospun ZnO/CuO nanocomposite fibers and their dielectric and non-linear optic studies’, Journal of alloys and compounds, 507(1), pp. 225–229.
Vishnu Prasad, S. et al. (2018) ‘Report on oral health status and treatment needs of 5-15 years old children with sensory deficits in Chennai, India’, Special care in dentistry: official publication of the American Association of Hospital Dentists, the Academy of Dentistry for the Handicapped, and the American Society for Geriatric Dentistry, 38(1), pp. 58–59.
Wahab, P. U. A. et al. (2018) ‘Scalpel Versus Diathermy in Wound Healing After Mucosal Incisions: A Split-Mouth Study’, Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery: official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, 76(6), pp. 1160–1164.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation .
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
