Ethical and Sustainable Quantum Computing: Conceptual Model and Implications

Authors

  • Kumar Saurabh
  • Yashika
  • Varsha Rustagi

Keywords:

Quantum computing, business ethics, ethical model, digital transformation, sustainability.

Abstract

Today, computing power is advancing with significant transformation in quantum technologies and provides state-of-the-art functionalities for next-generation digital solutions. At the same time, computing capabilities are influencing the various spheres of humanity while touching the operating models and end-user experiences. The advent of quantum computing raised many questions about the system design, development, implementation, and associated risks for human beings and species. The questions raised the call for a conceptual model to study ethics and quantum computing as a whole. The primary objective of the research is to develop a conceptual ethical and sustainable quantum computing model to investigate the ethics standards, trust levels, social aspects, access rights, privacy, moral and good-duties issues based on the current situations. The paper adopts the literature survey approach based on existing business ethics models to evaluate the model's human, organisation (society) and opportunity factors. The research has investigated the ethical constitutes of quantum computing led digital transformation. The research findings provide the substantial foundations for the research and managerial applicability to integrate the social, human, technology-based inclusive, ethical issues.

References

Allen, R. J. (2001). Artificial intelligence and the evidentiary process: The challenges of formalism and computation. Artificial Intelligence and Law, 9(2), 99-114.

Aradau, C., & Blanke, T. (2018). Governing others: Anomaly and the algorithmic subject of security. European Journal of International Security, 3(1), 1-21.

Awad, E., Dsouza, S., Kim, R., Schulz, J., Henrich, J., Shariff, A., ... & Rahwan, I. (2018). The moral machine experiment. Nature, 563(7729), 59-64.

Bäck, T., Kok, J. N., & Rozenberg, G. (2012). Handbook of natural computing. Springer, Heidelberg.

Baum, W. M. (2017). Understanding behaviorism: Behavior, culture, and evolution. John Wiley & Sons.

Baura, G. (2006). Engineering ethics: an industrial perspective. Elsevier.

Blanco, M. Á., & Piattini, M. (2020). Adapting COBIT for Quantum Computing Governance. In International Conference on the Quality of Information and Communications Technology (pp. 274-283). Springer, Cham.

Bughin, J., Hazan, E., Lund, S., Dahlström, P., Wiesinger, A., & Subramaniam, A. (2018). Skill shift: Automation and the future of the workforce. McKinsey Global Institute, 1, 3-84.

Burton, B. K., & Goldsby, M. (2005). The golden rule and business ethics: An examination.

Journal of Business Ethics, 56(4), 371-383.

Casati, N. M. (2020). Current and future global challenges in management and leadership: Finance and quantum computing. In Paradigm shift in management philosophy (pp. 103- 131). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.

Chen, I. R., & Bastani, F. B. (1991). Effect of artificial-intelligence planning-procedures on system reliability. IEEE Transactions on Reliability, 40(3), 364-369.

Chohan, R., & Paschen, J. (2021). What marketers need to know about non-fungible tokens (NFTs). Business Horizons.

Clarke, R. (2019). Principles and business processes for responsible AI. Computer Law & Security Review, 35(4), 410-422.

Davenport, T. H., & Kirby, J. (2016). Only humans need apply: Winners and losers in the age of smart machines. New York, NY: Harper Business.

De Wolf, R. (2017). The potential impact of quantum computers on society. Ethics and Information Technology, 19(4), 271-276.

Dignum, V. (2018). Ethics in artificial intelligence: introduction to the special issue. Ethics and Information Technology, 20(1), 1-3.

Fjeld, J., Achten, N., Hilligoss, H., Nagy, A., & Srikumar, M. (2020). Principled artificial intelligence: Mapping consensus in ethical and rights-based approaches to principles for AI. Berkman Klein Center Research Publication, (2020-1).

Goertzel, B. (2014). Artificial general intelligence: concept, state of the art, and future prospects. Journal of Artificial General Intelligence, 5(1), 1.

Gonçalves, C. P. (2014). Quantum cybernetics and complex quantum systems science-A quantum connectionist exploration. arXiv preprint arXiv:1402.1141.

Gunkel, D. J. (2012). Communication and artificial intelligence: Opportunities and challenges for the 21st century. communication+ 1, 1(1), 1-25.

Guzman, A. L. (2016). Making AI safe for humans: A conversation with Siri. In Socialbots and their friends (pp. 85-101). Routledge.

Heinen, S., Schwilk, M., von Rudorff, G. F., & von Lilienfeld, O. A. (2020). Machine learning the computational cost of quantum chemistry. Machine Learning: Science and Technology, 1(2), 025002.

Hey, T. (1999). Quantum computing: an introduction. Computing & Control Engineering Journal, 10(3), 105-112.

Hirvensalo, M. (2003). Quantum computing. Springer Science & Business Media. Hleg, A. I. (2019). Ethics guidelines for trustworthy AI. B-1049 Brussels.

Howe, D. (1995). Attachment theory for social work practice. Macmillan International Higher Education.

Kacmar, K. M., Andrews, M. C., Harris, K. J., & Tepper, B. J. (2013). Ethical leadership and subordinate outcomes: The mediating role of organisational politics and the moderating role of political skill. Journal of Business Ethics, 115(1), 33-44.

Kaye, P., Laflamme, R., & Mosca, M. (2006). An introduction to quantum computing. OUP Oxford.

Knill, E. (2005). Quantum computing with realistically noisy devices. Nature, 434(7029), 39- 44.

Krausova, A. (2017). Intersections between law and artificial intelligence. International Journal of Computer, 27(1), 55-68.

Li, S. S., Long, G. L., Bai, F. S., Feng, S. L., & Zheng, H. Z. (2001). Quantum computing.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98(21), 11847-11848.

Malina, L., Dzurenda, P., Ricci, S., Hajny, J., Srivastava, G., Matulevičius, R., ... & Tang, Q. (2021). Post-Quantum Era Privacy Protection for Intelligent Infrastructures. IEEE Access, 9, 36038-36077.

Mandal, S., Greenblatt, A. B., & An, J. (2018). Imaging intelligence: AI is transforming medical imaging across the imaging spectrum. IEEE pulse, 9(5), 16-24.

Mittelstadt, B., Russell, C., & Wachter, S. (2019, January). Explaining explanations in AI. In

Proceedings of the conference on fairness, accountability, and transparency (pp. 279-288).

Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & Prisma Group. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS medicine, 6(7), e1000097.

Möller, M., & Vuik, C. (2017). On the impact of quantum computing technology on future developments in high-performance scientific computing. Ethics and Information Technology, 19(4), 253-269.

Panch, T., Pearson-Stuttard, J., Greaves, F., & Atun, R. (2019). Artificial intelligence: opportunities and risks for public health.

Pei, J., Li, J., AppTec, W., Egan, C. T. J., Yuan, J. S., & Chakrabarti, D. (2021). DeepMalaria: Artificial Intelligence Driven Discovery of Potent Antiplasmodials. Artificial intelligence for Drug Discovery and Development.

Penney, S., Dodge, J., Hilderbrand, C., Anderson, A., Simpson, L., & Burnett, M. (2018, March). Toward foraging for understanding of StarCraft agents: An empirical study. In 23rd International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (pp. 225-237).

Preskill, J. (2018). Quantum computing in the NISQ era and beyond. Quantum, 2, 79.

Risse, M. (2019). Human rights and artificial intelligence: An urgently needed agenda.

Human Rights Quarterly, 41(1), 1-16.

Rocha, A. F., Massad, E., & Coutinho, F. A. B. (2004). Can the human brain do quantum computing?. Medical hypotheses, 63(5), 895-899.

Sajwan, P., & Jayapandian, N. (2019, December). Challenges and Opportunities: Quantum Computing in Machine Learning. In 2019 Third International conference on I-SMAC (IoT in Social, Mobile, Analytics and Cloud)(I-SMAC) (pp. 598-602). IEEE.

Salah, K., Rehman, M. H. U., Nizamuddin, N., & Al-Fuqaha, A. (2019). Blockchain for AI: Review and open research challenges. IEEE Access, 7, 10127-10149.

Scarani, V., Bechmann-Pasquinucci, H., Cerf, N. J., Dušek, M., Lütkenhaus, N., & Peev, M. (2009). The security of practical quantum key distribution. Reviews of modern physics, 81(3), 1301.

Sharkey, N. (2008). Cassandra or false prophet of doom: AI robots and war. IEEE intelligent Systems, 23(4), 14-17.

Shor, P. W. (1998). Quantum computing. Documenta Mathematica, 1(1000), 467-486.

Shortliffe, E. H., & Sepúlveda, M. J. (2018). Clinical decision support in the era of artificial intelligence. Jama, 320(21), 2199-2200.

Siau, K., & Wang, W. (2020). Artificial intelligence (AI) ethics: ethics of AI and ethical AI.

Journal of Database Management (JDM), 31(2), 74-87.

Smith, M. J., & Bean, S. (2019). AI and ethics in medical radiation sciences. Journal of medical imaging and radiation sciences, 50(4), S24-S26.

Stefanov, A., Gisin, N., Guinnard, O., Guinnard, L., & Zbinden, H. (2000). Optical quantum random number generator. Journal of Modern Optics, 47(4), 595-598.

Stewart, J., Sprivulis, P., & Dwivedi, G. (2018). Artificial intelligence and machine learning in emergency medicine. Emergency Medicine Australasia, 30(6), 870-874.

Ten Holter, C., Inglesant, P., & Jirotka, M. (2021). Reading the road: challenges and opportunities on the path to responsible innovation in quantum computing. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 1-13.

Visvizi, A. (2021). Artificial intelligence (AI): Explaining, querying, demystifying. In

Artificial Intelligence and Its Contexts (pp. 13-26). Springer, Cham.

Vollmer, S., Mateen, B. A., Bohner, G., Király, F. J., Ghani, R., Jonsson, P., ... & Hemingway, H. (2018). Machine learning and AI research for patient benefit: 20 critical questions on transparency, replicability, ethics and effectiveness. arXiv preprint arXiv:1812.10404.

Walther, P., Resch, K. J., Rudolph, T., Schenck, E., Weinfurter, H., Vedral, V., ... & Zeilinger, A. (2005). Experimental one-way quantum computing. Nature, 434(7030), 169- 176.

Webster, C., & Ivanov, S. (2020). Robotics, artificial intelligence, and the evolving nature of work. In Digital transformation in business and society (pp. 127-143). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.

Winfield, A. F., & Jirotka, M. (2018). Ethical governance is essential to building trust in robotics and artificial intelligence systems. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 376(2133), 20180085.

Wirtz, B. W., Weyerer, J. C., & Geyer, C. (2019). Artificial intelligence and the public sector—applications and challenges. International Journal of Public Administration, 42(7), 596-615.

Wolf, M. J., Grodzinsky, F. S., & Miller, K. W. (2012). Artificial agents, cloud computing, and quantum computing: Applying Floridi’s method of levels of abstraction. In Luciano Floridi’s Philosophy of Technology (pp. 23-41). Springer, Dordrecht.

Yuste, R., Goering, S., Bi, G., Carmena, J. M., Carter, A., Fins, J. J., ... & Wolpaw, J. (2017). Four ethical priorities for neurotechnologies and AI. Nature News, 551(7679), 159.

Züfle, A. (2019). Visions and challenges in GeoAI, ethics, and spatial quantum computing.

SIGSPATIAL Special, 11(2), 2-4.

Downloads

Published

2022-03-30

How to Cite

Saurabh, K. ., Yashika, & Rustagi, V. . (2022). Ethical and Sustainable Quantum Computing: Conceptual Model and Implications. The Journal of Contemporary Issues in Business and Government, 28(1), 225–239. Retrieved from https://cibgp.com/au/index.php/1323-6903/article/view/2294