THE EFFECT OF SPORTS MASSAGE TOWARDS CORTISOL AND PRE-COMPETITION ANXIETY AMONG MALAYSIAN ELITE TENNIS ATHLETE
Keywords:
Pre-competition Anxiety, Cortisol, TennisAbstract
Nowadays, psychological issues often occurs among elite athletes and were higher than the general population. However, this problem can be controlled by providing an appropriate intervention. In addition, studies on the impact of Sports Massage toward cortisol and pre-competition anxiety were still lacking in attention on tennis. Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of Sports Massage intervention on cortisol and pre-competition anxiety. A total of 14 elite tennis athletes were participated in this study and were divided into treatment groups and control groups by using the Quasi-Experimental study design, quantitatively. Instruments used in this study were Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and Competitive State Anxiety Inventory (CSAI-2). There were three phase of instrument measurement in this study namely pretest, first posttest and second posttest. Repeated Measures Two Way ANOVA was performed, there was a significant difference in the cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and self-confidence (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference on cortisol (p > 0.05). These findings suggested as the basis for determining the effect of Sports Massage therapy towards cortisol level and pre-competition anxiety level among Malaysian elite tennis athlete.
Downloads
References
Bernama. 2017. Malaysia juara keseluruhan KL2017, Hadiah Hari Kebangsaan. http://www.astroawani.com/berita-sukan/malaysia-juara-keseluruhan-kl2017-hadiah-hari kebangsaan-153911 [29 Jun 2019]
Kuala Lumpur Sea Games. 2017. Pungutan pingat. https://www.kualalumpur2017.com.my/BM/seagames-country.cshtml [30 Mei 2018].
Buletin Utama TV3. 2018. Banyak Kelemahan Dalam Arena Tenis Kebangsaan. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TcE1kSHgCwk [8 Ogos 2019]
Warrington, G. 2010. Factor of Sports Performance. https://www.irishsportscouncil.ie/Coaching-Ireland/Publications-/Planning-For-Performance.pdf. [10 Disember 2019]
Lakhinder Das & Ashwani Saini. 2016. Comparative Study of Psychological Traits Amongst Tennis Players. International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health 2016; 3(3): 605-607.
Institut Sukan Negara. 2016. Laporan Tahunan 2016. Peranan Organisasi dan Pusat Prestasi Tinggi.
Justin Carre, Cameron Muir, Joey Belanger & Susan K. Putnam. 2003. Pre-Competition Hormonal And Psychological Levels Of Elite Hockey Players: Relationship To The ‘Home Advantage’. Physiology & Behavior 89 (2006) 392–398.
Vellapandian Ponnusamy. 2016. Kekuatan Mental Nadi Atlet. Harian Metro. Sports Performance Division. National Sports Institute of Malaysia.
Weinberg, R. S., & Gould, D. 2011. Foundations of sport and exercise psychology. (5th ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Rosli Saadan, Lim Boon Hooi & Hamdan Mohd Ali. 2015. Hubungan Antara Kebimbangan Pra Pertandingan Dan Orientasi Matlamat Dalam Kalangan Atlet Hoki. Vol 8, No 2. e-ISSN: 2289-8115, ISSN: 1985-7012
Rosli Saadan, Lim Boon Hooi, Hamdan Mohd Ali, Mohamad Bokhari & Norida Abdullah. 2016. Perbandingan Tahap Kebimbangan Pra-Pertandingan Dalam Kalangan Atlet Hoki Majlis Sukan Sekolah Malaysia. Ilmi JournalJilid 6 2016: 43-54.
Nelfianty Mohd Rasyid, Jeffrey Low Fook Lee, Normah Jusoh & Ruaibah Yazani Tengah. 2017. Faktor-faktor Kebimbangan: Kebimbangan dan Kemahiran Psikologi Sukan: Bidang 6. Buku Teks Sains Sukan, Tingkatan 5. Aras Mega (m) Sdn. Bhd.
Van Paridon K. N., Timmis M. A., Nevison C. M., & Bristow M. 2017.The anticipatory stress response to sport competition; a systematic review with meta-analysis of cortisol reactivity. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2017: e000261. doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2017-000261.
Farah Fauzi, Arimi Fitri Mat Ludin, Kamarul Zaman Maidin & Mahadir Ahmad. 2007. Kesan Senaman Aerobik Terhadap Penanda Stres Terpilih di Kalangan Pelajar Semasa Musim Peperiksaan Akademik. Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia 4 (2) 2007: 27-37. eISSN: 2289-4535, ISSN: 1675-816.
Kirschbaum, C., Prussner, J. C., Stone, A. A., Federenko, I., Gaab, J., Lintz, D., Schommer, N. & Hellhammer, D. H. 1995. Persistent high cortisol responses to repeated psychological stress in a subpopulation of healthy men. Psychosom. Med. 57: 468 – 474.
Wann, D. L. 1997. Sport Psychology. United States of America: Prentice Hall. https://worldconferences.net/proceedings/icssr2013/toc/270%20%20JAMILAH%20%20PRECOMPETITION%20ANXIETY%20 LEVELS%20IN%20INDIVIDUAL%20ND%20TEAM%20SPORTS%20ATHLETES_done.pdf [20 Januari 2018].
Amasiatu, Athan. N. and Uko, Ime Sampson. 2013. Coping with Pre-Competitive Anxiety in Sports Competition. European Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences. Vol. 1, Issue 1.
Martens, R., Vealey, R.S., & Burton, D. 1990. Competitive Anxiety in Sport. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics.
Jarvis, M. 2002. Sport Psychology. New York: Routledge.
Martinent G., Ferrand C., Guillet E. & Gautheur S. 2010. Validation of the French version of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 Revised (CSAI-2R) including frequency and direction scales. Psychol Sport Exercise.
Cox, R. H. 2002. Sport Psychology. Concept and Applications. (5. Ed). Dubuque. IA: WM. C. Brown.
Le Unes A., & Nation, J. R. 2002. Sport Psychology (3rd Ed.). Wadsworth.
Martens, R., Vealey, R.S., & Burton, D. 1990. Competitive Anxiety in Sport. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics.
Martens, R., Burton, D., Vealey, R. S., Bump, L. A., & Smith, D. E. 1990. Development and validation of the Competiklafftive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2). In Martens, R., Vealey, R.S., & Burton, D. (Eds.), Competitive anxiety in sport (pp. 193-208). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Woodman, T. & Hardy, L. 2003. The Relative Impact of Cognitive Anxiety and Self-Confidence upon Sport Performance: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Sports Sciences, 2003, 21, 443–457.
Les Perry & Sami Medbak. 2013. Chapter 9.3 - The Adrenal Cortex. The Immunoassay Handbook - Fourth Edition. Theory and Applications of Ligand Binding, ELISA and Related Techniques. Pages 695-703. Elsevier Science. ISBN: 978-0-08-097037-0.
Sherwood, L. 2014. Fisiologi Manusia Dari Sel ke Sistem. (B. U. Pendit, H. O. Ong, A. A. Mahode, & D. Ramadhani, Eds.) (Edisi 8). Jakarta: EGC.
Abena Opokua Amoabeng. 2014. The Changes and Effect of Stress Hormone Cortisol During Extreme Diet and Exercise. Boston University. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/15389 [23 Mac 2019]
Callaghan, M. J. 1993. The Role of Massage in the Management of the Athlete: A Review. Br J Sports Med 1993; 27:28–33.
Weerapong P, Hume P. A, & Kolt G. S. 2005. The Mechanisms Of Massage And Effects On Performance, Muscle Recovery, And Injury Prevention. Sports Med. 2005; 35:235-256.
Moraska, A. 2005. Sports massage: a comprehensive review. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 2005;45(3):370.
Leivadi, S., Hernandez-Reif, M., & Field, T. 1999. Massage Therapy and Relaxation Effects on University Dance Students. J Dance Med Sci. 1999; 3:108-112.
Field, T. M., Hernandez-Reif, M., Diego, M., Schanberg, S., Kuhn, C., 2005. Cortisol Decreases and Serotonin and Dopamine Increase Following Massage Therapy. International Journal of Neuroscience, 115, 1397-1413.
Field, T. M. 1998. Massage Therapy Effects. American Psychologist. 53, 1270-1281.
Moraska, A., & Chandler, C. 2008. Changes in clinical parameters in patients with tension-type headache following massage therapy: a pilot study. Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy, 16(2), 106-112.
Moyer C. A., Rounds J. & Hannum J. W. 2004. A Meta-Analysis Of Massage Therapy Research. PubMed Central Articles 30(1): 3-18.
Chua, Yan Piaw. 2014. Kaedah Penyelidikan. Buku 1; Edisi Kedua. McGraw Hill Malaysia Sdn. Bhd.
Paine, T. 2015. The Complete Guide to Sports Massage. ISBN: 9781472912329.
Salimetrics. 2019. Salivary Cortisol Enzyme Immunoassay Kit. Expended Range High Sensitivity. Item No. 1-3002, (Single) 96-Well Kit. 101 Innovation Boulevard. Suite 302. State College, PA 16803.
Lay, Yoon Fah & Khoo, Chwee Hoon. 2008. Pengenalan kepada Analisis Statistik dalam Penyelidikan Sains Sosial. Selangor: Venton Publishing (M) Sdn. Bhd.
Shapiro, S. S. & Wilk, M. B. 1965. An Analysis of Variance Test for Normality (Complete Samples). Biometrika, Vol. 52, No. 3/4, pp. 591-611.
Nornadiah Mohd Razali & Bee Wah Yap. 2011. Power Comparisons of Shapiro-Wilk, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Lilliefors and Anderson-Darling Tests. J. Stat. Model. Analytics. 2.
Seyed Mohammad Zadkhosh, Ehsan Ariaee, Ahmad Ebrahimi Atri, Amir Rashidlamir & Abolfazl Saadatyar. 2015. The Effect of Massage Therapy On Depression, Anxiety and Stress in Adolescent Wrestlers. International Journal of Sport Studies. Vol., 5 (3), 321-327.
Pa, W. A. M. W., Salamuddin, N., Zin, N. M., & Lian, D. K. C. 2020. Sports Massage Therapy Towards Pre-Competition Anxiety Among Malaysian High-Performance Tennis Players. 464(Psshers 2019), 1073–1079. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200824.235
Ithnin, A., & Razak, A. 2018. Penentuan Tahap Kemurungan, Kebimbangan dan Tekanan Dalam Kalangan Pegawai Sains dan Staf Pelaksana di Fakulti Sains Kesihatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Kuala Lumpur. 2(1), 25–37.
Wan Nazrol Wan Noh & Tajul Arifin Muhamad 2019. Jurnal Penyelidikan Pendidikan 2019. Jurnal Penyelidikan Pendidikan 2019, 20, 1–283.
Chai, S. T., Tajuddin, A. H. A., Wahab, N. A., Mustafa, N., Sukor, N., & Kamaruddi, N. A. (2018). Fluconazole as a safe and effective alternative to ketoconazole in controlling hypercortisolism of recurrent Cushing’s Disease: A case report. International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 16(3), 2011–2015. https://doi.org/10.5812/ijem.65233
Muhamad, T. A. 2016. Comparison of Open and Closed Stance Forehand Strokes among Intermediate Tennis Players. International Journal of Kinesiology and Sports Science, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijkss.v.4n.1p.26
Nelfianty Mohd Rasyid, Jeffrey Low Fook Lee, Normah Jusoh & Ruaibah Yazani Tengah. 2017. Faktor-faktor Kebimbangan: Kebimbangan dan Kemahiran Psikologi Sukan: Bidang 6. Buku Teks Sains Sukan, Tingkatan 5. Aras Mega (m) Sdn. Bhd.
Suna, G., & Kumartaşli, M. (2017). Investigating Aerobic, Anaerobic Combine Technical Trainings’ Effects on Performance in Tennis Players. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 5(1), 113–120. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2017.050114
López-Samanes, Á., Pallarés, J. G., Pérez-López, A., Mora-Rodríguez, R., & Ortega, J. F. (2018). Hormonal and neuromuscular responses during a singles match in male professional tennis players. PLoS ONE, 13(4), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.019524
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation .
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
