Journal of Contemporary Issues in Business and Government

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterised by destruction of supporting structures of teeth.Diabetes mellitus is a syndrome of abnormal carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism that result in acute, chronic complications due to the absolute or lack of insulin.The progression of periodontal disease is influenced by factors like microorganism, host response, systemic background and genetic makeup of the host.1 Chronic hyperglycemia results in production of advanced glycation end substances (AGEs) in the tissues, which have protean effects on the periodontal microenvironment.The aim of the study was to assess the periodontal abscess among diabetic patients visiting dental college. A retrospective data of all the patients reported  for periodontal therapy to dental college was collected. The data was extracted  from the patients records. Data segregation was done based on  age, gender,site of periodontal abscess, blood sugar value probing depth, clinical attachment loss and mobility. After data collection statistical analysis was done in IBM SPSS software version 20. A total 50 diabetic patients with periodontal abscess were evaluated in this study and it showed about 64% of males and 36% % of females with periodontitis had diabetes. The most common age group that was affected was 36-45 years by 36%. The most prevalent site with periodontal abscess is lower left posterior by 24%. Probing depth of 5mm was seen mostly in patients with diabetes and periodontitis (34%). Clinical attachment loss of 6mm was seen mostly in patients with diabetes and periodontitis (50%). Grade 2 mobility was seen predominantly in patients with abscess(48%). Patients with periodontal abscess had blood sugar level above 200mg/dl by 50%. The chi square test was performed to determine the correlation between age of the periodontitis patients and the random blood sugar levels, the P value obtained was 0.045 (p<0.05) statistically significant. The most prevalent age group that was affected with periodontal abscess was  between 36-45 years. The males  were more  affected with  periodontal abscess among diabetics. The predominant site involved with periodontal abscess was the  lower left posterior region. The association between the  blood sugar levels  and age was significant statistically.

Most of the time non-vital teeth are associated with various pathologies. The early intervention would save the teeth from its loss. Depending on the etiology and the duration, the pathology differs among the non-vital teeth. The aim of this study was to evaluate   non-vital teeth with various endodontic pathologies. This retrospective study included patients who were diagnosed with non-vital teeth from July 2019 to March 2020 in a dental hospital. The case records of all patients were retrieved which included the clinical , radiographic examination and treatment done for the patients. Variables such as age, gender, any associated endodontic pathologies were retrieved from the case sheets. Data was tabulated and was subjected to statistical package IBM SPSS version 20.0.Around 80,000 patients were reviewed and 238 patients met the inclusion criteria.Out of 238 patients, 71.8% were males and 28.2% were females.On analysing the prevalence of non vital teeth among different age groups, 21-30 years age group (32.8%) were more affected. On comparing the non vital teeth with endodontic pathology ,non-vital teeth without periapical lesion (74.4%) were found to be in a higher prevalence. Among non-vital teeth with endodontic pathology, periapical abscess (14.3%) was found to have higher prevalence followed by periapical cyst (2.9%) and calcified canal (2.9%).On analysing the prevalence of non vital teeth among gender , males (71.8%) were more affected. No statistically significant association was found between age, gender and non vital teeth. (p>0.05).Within the limitation of the study, the prevalence of non-vital teeth without periapical lesion were found to be higher. Among non-vital teeth with endodontic pathology, the most common pathology was chronic periapical abscess.Males were more affected with non vital teeth and had higher prevalence among the 21-30 years age group.

Special needs children primarily refer to children whose physical or intellectual capacities have been affected to a certain degree. Oral diseases can be considered as a public health due to their high rate of prevalence and significant social impact. While oral problems considerably affect the general health status of normal children, children with special needs are at significantly higher risk. There is limited literature regarding the oral health status of children with special needs in the area under study.The aim of the study was to evaluate the oral health among pediatric patients with special needs in a Dental Hospital. A retrospective study was carried out using case records of patients who reported to the Department of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry from June 2019 to March 2020. A total of 29 children with special needs were included for the study after considering the inclusion criteria. The age, gender,Simplified Oral Hygiene index scores,Gingival index scores,DMFT scores and Plaque index scores were observed from the case records and tabulated on a spreadsheet.The collected data was analysed by SPSS software version 20.0. The level of significance set at p<0.05.Chi-square test was used to compare the gender wise and age wise oral status of the patients. It was observed that significant association between gender and caries incidence (p<0.05). Within the limits of the study, it can be concluded that oral health in special children has an significant association with gender in regard to caries incidence.Males had poor oral hygiene with higher plaque and gingival scores. In regard to age 8 to 12 year and 13 to 17 year children had poor oral hygiene with high plaque and gingival scores. A preventive dentistry program should be undertaken in future involving parents, teachers, and specialized dental teams to look after the oral health needs of the disabled population.

Periodontitis, dental caries and oral cancer are among the most common dental diseases affecting people globally. Periodontitis has been identified as the sixth complication of diabetes, in which diabetic patients are more susceptible to develop periodontal disease thrice as often as non-diabetic patients. The risk of periodontitis increases in people with poorly controlled diabetes. The aim of this study was to assess the periodontal health among patients with diabetes mellitus. This retrospective study was conducted from June 2019-March 2020 among patients with diabetes mellitus. A total of 200 patients with diabetes were enrolled. Data regarding the periodontal status of the patients were collected from their records and analysis was carried out using IBM Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS version 23). Descriptive statistics (frequency distribution and percentage) and inferential statistics (chi-square test) were done.  In the present study, out of 200 diabetic patients, 116 patients had gingivitis and 84 patients had periodontitis. Prevalence of both gingivitis and periodontitis was higher among patients within the age group of 45-54 years. Also, prevalence of both gingivitis and periodontitis was higher in males than females. Association between age and periodontal status was found to be statistically significant with the p value of 0.04. The present study showed the prevalence of gingivitis and periodontitis among diabetic patients was 58% and 42% respectively.

The aim of this study was to assess patterns of mandibular fractures and its relationship with etiology. This descriptive, cross-sectional study analyzed all patients aged above 8 years who had been clinically or radiographically diagnosed with mandibular fractures from June, 2019 to March, 2020. Patients with pathological fractures or blast injuries were excluded. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY) and results obtained. Among 46 patients involved in mandibular fractures 41 were men (89.1%) and 5 were women (10.9%), and the majority of trauma patients (34.8%) were aged 21-30 years. The most frequent cause of mandibular fracture was road traffic accidents (RTA) mostly due to drunken driving (RTAs; 59.4%), followed by falls (18.8%). In patients with unilateral fractures, the most frequent site was the angle (23.9%), followed by the parasymphysis (15.2%). In patients with bilateral fractures, the most common sites were the dentoalveolar area (13%). All these results were statistically significant. p<0.05. On comparing the association between type of mandibular fractures and the other associated fractures, the results were statistically not significant. p>0.05. More mandibular fractures were present in men than in women mostly among the young adults. The most common etiological factor for mandibular fractures was road traffic accidents due to drunken driving, followed by falls. The most frequently fractured site was the angle of mandible followed by parasymphysis. The incidence of RTAs and resultant fractures may be reduced by strict prohibition of drunken driving, mandatory wearing of helmets, maintaining speed limits, and obeying proper traffic rules.

Recurrent Aphthous Ulcer(RAU)  is one of the most common painful,recurrent  oral mucosal disease that can be single or multiple seen among patients. These present as  round, or ovoid ulcers, with circumscribed margins, having yellow or gray floors and are surrounded by erythematous haloes. The etiology of Recurrent Aphthous Ulcer always remains unclear. Symptomatic treatment is usually done which usually includes topical corticosteroids. The aim of the study is to find out the association  of recurrent aphthous ulcer among the people who use smoking and smokeless form of tobacco.The study was carried out for a 1 year period ( June 2019 to April 2020) .229 patients data (213 males and 6 females) who visited Saveetha dental college and hospitals, Chennai were included. Statistical analysis was done by chi square test. In the study, it is observed that only 3.5% of the males who had tobacco usage habits were diagnosed with Recurrent Aphthous Ulcer. The patients aged between 31-40 years had higher prevalence of Recurrent Aphthous Ulcer (61.15%) compared to other age groups. Among the tobacco users only 1.75% of RAU was prevalent among smoking and smokeless groups respectively. There is no significant association between tobacco users and recurrent aphthous ulcer p value 0.625,p (>0.05). Minor aphthous ulcer (87.5%) were more commonly present compared to major apthous ulcer among tobacco users. Within the limitations of the study, among the tobacco usage patients, males are more prevalent for Recurrent Aphthous Ulcer than females and occurrence of RAU among tobacco users were less.Though there is no association,anti tobacco counselling to be conducted  frequently  to educate them from harmful effects of tobacco.

Replacement of missing teeth  represents  the  largest category  among  patients  in  clinics  who  are  looking for better esthetic and/or functional teeth. The fixed partial  denture  (FPD) is  one of  the  most commonly preferred  definitive  treatment  options  for  a  single missing tooth.To assess the patient preference of type of fixed treatment modalities a retrospective study was carried out using case records of 1208 patients who reported to the Department of Prosthodontics from June 2019 to March 2020.The number of patients preferring  fixed treatment modalities for one or two missing teeth were observed from the case records and tabulated on a spreadsheet. The collected data was analysed by computer software SPSS version 21 using Chi square test indicating the level of significance.Fixed partial denture was taken as a treatment of choice in 52.2% of the patient and implant was taken as treatment of choice in 47.8% of the patients. Both fixed partial denture and implant treatment were opted more among the male patients than female patients. Below the age of 30 years fixed partial denture was opted by 197(16.31%) of patients and implant by 163(13.49%) patients. Between the age of 31-60 years 369 patients(32.78%) opted fixed partial denture and 380 patients(31.46%) opted implants as treatment of choice.  Above  the age of 60 years, 37 patients(3.06%) and 35 patients(2.90%) had fixed partial denture and implant respectively with 31-60 years age group patients receiving maximum fixed treatments. Patient preferred treatment options with fixed  prosthesis had no significant association with neither age(p value-0.50) nor gender(p value-0.20).

Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are degenerative, musculoskeletal conditions associated with morphological and functional deformities. The etiology of TMD is considered multifactorial in nature and has been related to trauma, malocclusion, parafunctional habits such as bruxism, nail-biting, and non-nutritional sucking. The occurrence of TMD associated with parafunctional habits is in the ratio of women to men in 4:1. The aim of the study was to evaluate the association between parafunctional habits and temporomandibular disorders among dental patients. In this retrospective study, 51 patients with TMD as cases and 51 patients without TMD as controls were included in the study. Presence of parafunctional habits like thumb sucking, tongue thrusting, nail biting, lip biting and mouth breathing were assessed in both the groups using case sheets. Demographic details like age, gender were recorded. Excel tabulation and SPSS version 23 was used for statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics was done to describe the age and gender of the study population and they were expressed in frequency and percentage. Chi-square t test was used to test the associations between parafunctional habits and TMD; age and parafunctional habits; gender and parafunctional habits and results obtained. In this study, of 102 patients, 54.90% were males and 45.10% were females and the 21-30 years age group had a maximum number of participants (50.98%). TMD was predominantly present (29.41%) in patients with parafunctional habits than in patients without parafunctional habits (22.55%) and the results were statistically significant. (p = 0.001). The association between age and parafunctional habits was statistically not significant (p>0.05). The association between gender and parafunctional habits was statistically not significant (p>0.05). Within the limits of the study, it is evident that there is a strong association between parafunctional habits and Temporomandibular disorders among the dental patients. Thus parafunctional habits can be considered as a risk factor for TMD. It was also observed that there was no significant association of age and gender of the patients with parafunctional habits.

Periodontitis is known as the sixth complication of diabetes mellitus. Alveolar bone loss is one of the major outcomes of periodontitis and diabetes is considered to be the primary risk factors for periodontal disease. Patients with diabetes mellitus have a greater chance of developing destructive periodontal disease as well as greater chance of experiencing progressive alveolar bone loss. The aim of this study is to assess the vertical bone loss sites among diabetic patients with chronic periodontitis. In this study sample size is selected according to inclusion criteria, among patients with both periodontitis and diabetes. Among 10,000 case records evaluated, a total of two hundred diabetic patients had periodontitis who were taken into the study. Vertical bone loss among each patient was assessed from the data retrieved from the dental records of Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. Overall, vertical bone loss was more common in maxillary posteriors than other teeth among diabetic patients with chronic periodontitis. It was commonly seen among males and was profoundly found in the age group of 30 to 50 years. The association between age and gender distribution with vertical bone loss sites was found to be statistically significant.

The loss of alveolar bone may be attributed to various factors such as periodontitis, facial trauma, endodontic pathology and other aggressive steps used during extraction. Socket preservation is a technique in which the extraction sockets were completely filled with a bone substitute material or sealed with membranes in order to prevent bone loss. For a dental practitioner, it is important to have a clear knowledge regarding various bone grafts and membranes used for socket preservation. The aim of the study was to evaluate various bone grafts and membranes used for socket preservation. The participants were patients who reported to Saveetha Dental College for socket preservation procedure. A total of 25 patients had undergone socket preservation procedure during the specified time period. The data were collected and statistical analysis was done using IBM SPSS version 20.0. Patients in the age group of 19-30 years had highly undergone socket preservation procedure. The procedure was carried out mostly in males than females. The most commonly used graft was found to be Bio Oss (60%) and the most commonly used membrane was GTR combined with PRF (48%). Association between site of socket preservation and types of bone graft used was found to be statistically significant ( p-value: 0.001). From the present study, it can be concluded that patients in the age group of 19-30 years had highly undergone socket preservation procedure. The procedure was carried out mostly in males than females. Maxillary anteriors was the most common site. Bio-oss was the most commonly used bone graft and GTR with PRF was the most commonly used membrane among patients who had undergone socket preservation procedure.
 

Clinical Photography is an important requirement for better clinical diagnosis, treatment planning and case documentation in modern Orthodontics.The primary purpose of dental photography is clinical recording of intra oral and extra oral manifestations. Other secondary uses may be marketing , education , communication, dento legal documentation. Dental photography also improves the quality of care provided and overall status of a dental practice. Main purpose of dental photography in orthodontics is documentation for explaining and demonstrating various stages and processes  involved in  a treatment and to assess the treatment progress. Till date there are no existing surveys on dental photography from a patient's perspective. A cross-sectional questionnaire study was conducted among the patients undergoing orthodontic therapy .The sample size of 300 patients were selected. A close ended questionnaire was used to assess the patient perspective about the dental photographs taken during the orthodontic therapy. A survey software was used to reduce sampling bias.Repeated answers or questioning were avoided. All patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment were included in the study. Chi-square tests are applied to find the association between the parameters and the level of significance.Patient  satisfaction and comfort is of utmost importance. Hence changes in the design can be brought about in retractors or mirrors to improve the comfort of the patient during clinical photography. Within the  limits of the study, the result of  the study has shown that there was positive experience regarding dental photography for orthodontic purposes from the majority of the patients.

Diabetes is a lifestyle disease which grows epidemically at an alarming rate. Solomon Berson and Rosalyn Yalow measured how much insulin was in a diabetic’s blood which led to the discovery that some people with diabetes could still make insulin. There is  Type-1 and Type-2 diabetes other than gestational diabetes . Diabetes is a mysterious illness with a wide array of complications. It has become a severe socio-economic burden on the developed and underdeveloped countries. It has been reported that half of the death is due to high blood sugar level. Despite many scientific milestones achieved in providing better healthcare facilities and in the treatment and mitigation of this disease, it still imposes a severe threat in countries with middle and low-level-income groups of population and many patients suffering from diabetes are still unable to achieve desired glycemic level. Recent explorations in drug discovery have opened new avenues in the development of new classes of drugs. Focusing on the emerging trends and advances in the field of diabetes treatment, the review will highlight the recent scientific and technological advancement in the development of newer generations of drugs or regimens over the past few decades.

Aim of the study is to identify the clinical cases related to trauma to primary dentition visiting saveetha dental hospital. Traumatic injuries to primary teeth are second most frequent cause of consultation in pediatric dental practice. The most commonly affected primary teeth are upper central incisors and more than one tooth can be lesioned. Evaluation of patients who reported to saveetha dental hospital with trauma to primary teeth. Data was collected from DIAS software. Results were statistically analysed with SPSS software. Mobile tooth was the most common reason for visit to dentist following trauma to primary teeth. Also males in the age group of 5-7 reported more common. The highest prevalence among trauma to primary teeth was more common in age group 5-7 years with a male predominance and most common reason for visit to dentist was mobile tooth caused by trauma which were mostly extracted. Chi square test shows p>0.05, not significant.Within the limitations of the study, them highest prevalence among trauma to primary teeth was more common in age group 5-7 years with a male predominance and most common reason for visit to dentist was mobile tooth caused by trauma which were mostly extracted.

Tooth eruption is a process whereby the forming tooth migrates from its intraosseous location in the jaw to its functional position within the oral cavity. A variety of eruption problems arise during the transitional dentition period and one such problem is ectopic eruption. Ectopic eruption is a disturbance in the usual course of tooth eruption which may lead to impaction of the said tooth. This study sheds light to all impacted teeth in the oral cavity excluding third molar teeth. The aim of this study is to determine the frequency of impacted teeth excluding third molars that need surgical removal. This is a single centre retrospective study done from June 2019 – March 2020. Out of 786 patients who underwent surgical removal of their impacted teeth, 51 patients were considered for the study based on the inclusion criteria. The parameters examined and processed with relevance to impacted teeth were type of impaction based on tooth and its location of impaction, age and gender of patient. IBM SPSS Version 20 was used for statistical analysis. The most common tooth of impaction excluding third molar impactions was canines accounting for 51% of the total cases. There was a definitive predilection for male over females on the incidence of ectopic impactions (64.7%). The association of age of the patient and tooth of impaction revealed the incidence of canine impaction in the age group of 11-20 years and Para molar impactions in the age group of 21-30 years, which is statistically insignificant as p=0.273>0.05, by Chi square test. This study concludes to establish the predominance of canine impactions that arise in the age group of 11-20 years with gender predilection in males.

Aphthous ulcers or recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) are benign ulcerated lesions common in oral mucosa with uncertain etiology, considered as immunologically mediated hence management of recurrence becomes challenging .The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of various clinical types of Aphthous stomatitis reported in Oral Medicine Department of Saveetha Dental College. A total of 44 cases were collected from the Oral Medicine Department of Saveetha Dental College. The incomplete documented cases were not included. Statistical tests were used to calculate the frequency of age, gender, type of Aphthous ulcer and site of aphthous ulcer. The Pearson chi square test was used and analyzed in SPSS version 26. The comparison of frequency of age showed that aphthous ulcer was common in 20 to 35 years of age. On analysis of frequency distribution of Aphthousstomatitis  males were higher [68%] than females [32%]. On comparing the clinical types of Aphthous ulcer , minor aphthous ulcer [79.5%] was higher than major aphthous ulcer [13.6%] and Herpetiform ulcer [6.8%] was least prevalent.On comparing the various site of Aphthous ulcer, tongue prevalence  [36.6%] was higher. Pearson chi square association analysis of type of aphthous stomatitis with clinical site revealed statistical significance with  p value <0.05.Minor aphthous ulcer more prevalent in tongue while major aphthous ulcer in labial mucosa and  herpetiform in buccal mucosa.

Traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) are one of the most serious dental public health problems among children who seek emergency dental treatment. These injuries may influence further tooth growth, resulting in irreversible damage if they occur during the initial stages of development..The aim of the study was to find the prevalence of luxation injury in primary teeth in a university dental clinic in South India , Chennai . The data regarding  pediatric  patients treated for trauma who have visited the hospital during the study periods from june 2019 to march 2020 was retrieved  from the university database, The search resulted with 15 in total of patients who underwent treatments for dental trauma to primary teeth . The age range of the patients included in this study was 3-10 years of age.Data tabulation was carried out in Excel. The data is imported and transcribed in Statistical Package for Social sciences version 16(SPSS,IBM corporation). Descriptive analysis was based on quantitative variables and frequencies for categorical variables. P less than or equal to 0.005 was considered statistically significant with a confidence interval of 95% . A higher prevalence in male(58.3%) children reporting with luxation injuries was compared to female(41.7%) children was observed. The highest prevalence of luxation injuries was subluxation 41.7%, followed by extrusive luxation 25%. It was also observed that female children took less time to report to the clinic when compared to the male children. The increased health awareness and the importance of prevention methods have essentially contributed to the decrease in the prevalence of TDIs, with an increase of subluxation injuries and a male gender prevalence

Orthodontic care can lead to increased demineralisation , tooth decay and gingivitis. Poor oral hygiene is associated with greater incidence of white spot lesions. So, it is a challenging task to maintain acceptable oral hygiene to prevent dental caries and gingival inflammation . The aim of this study was to assess the oral hygiene practices among families of patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. A survey containing 14 questions were sent to patients undergoing orthodontic treatment through an online survey platform and the results were tabulated.  The survey link was sent to patients who underwent orthodontic treatment. Around 60% of the respondents brush the teeth twice a day. 36% of them used extra soft toothbrushes than the hard bristled toothbrush , also 37% of the orthodontic patients and their families don’t use any other aids apart from brushing their teeth. From the results it was evident that the oral hygiene practises among orthodontic patients and their families was found to be good.

Provisional or temporary cements play an important role in Fixed prosthodontics. There
are numerous types of temporary cements, mainly used temporary materials are eugenol-based,
non-eugenol based, and resin based. The aim of this retrospective cross-sectional study was to assess
the preferred type of provisional cements used in temporization of fixed prosthesis. A crosssectional,
descriptive study was conducted in a university, on randomly selected individuals. The
study group consists of adult patients who attended the outpatient Department of Prosthodontics
from June 2019-March 2020. 86,000 case sheets were reviewed and sampling was done using
simple random sampling. Descriptive analysis and chi square test is done in SPSS software version
23.0 by IBM to evaluate the correlation between age and profession with the type of provisional
cement used. In 71.9% of the cases zinc oxide eugenol was prefered for temporary cementation.
Association of graduation level and choice of temporary cement showed statistical significance(p -
0.00, p<0.05). We conclude that Zinc Oxide Eugenol was preferred for temporary cementation of
provisional restorations, followed by Temp bond and IRM. Most of the postgraduates prefered IRM
for temporary cementation of provisional restorations.

Orthodontic patients experience pain and discomfort to a varying degree during the course of treatment. One of  the most important goals of orthodontic dental care is helping patients in their attempts to reach an acceptable level of satisfaction with their oral cavity and dentition. Dentofacial problems have known definitive effects on patient satisfaction and comfort with their appliance because it affects esthetics, performance, and function. The aim of this study was to assess the comfort level among various age groups during the orthodontic treatment. A questionnaire comprising 13 questions was created in an online survey platform and the link was shared to the patients . The patient data was collected from the case records of patients visiting Saveetha dental College for treatment. Statistical analysis was done using IBM SPSS software version 20.0.  44% of the respondents feel that their appliance is not at all comfortable and about 32% of the people are embarrassed to wear the appliance in public. Chi-square test was done for the association of gender and embarrassment of wearing appliances in public and the p value 0.001* was found to be statistically significant . This concludes that more male patients feel embarrassed to wear the appliance in public and patients of age group 15-20 years feel that the appliance is more tight , eliciting pain.

Traumatic dental injuries present complex injuries of the dentoalveolar system. Trauma to primary and permanent teeth and their supporting structures is one of the most common dental problems seen in children. The purpose of this study was to analyse the prevalence of  traumatic dental injuries (TDI) in primary and permanent teeth among childrens 2 to 13 years of age visiting the dental hospital in Chennai, in the period of June 2019 - March 2020. Date of age, gender, type of teeth i.e primary or permanent, type of dental injury and the dental treatment were obtained from the records of the dental hospital. The data was analysed using SPSS software. Chi Square Test was performed to compare two proportions. The analysis was done for: age, gender, type of injury, treatment done for the injury in this study. Most common type of dental injury in primary teeth is luxation (26.3%) and in permanent teeth is complicated crown fracture (38.9%). Traumatic dental injury was observed most frequently in the age group of 2 to 3 years in primary teeth and 10 to 11 years in permanent teeth with 68.4% and 69.4% of gender predliction in boys with primary and permanent dentition respectively. In the primary dentition, the most commonly performed treatment was extraction whereas the most common treatment performed in permanent dentition is pulpectomy. The results of this study show that emergency intervention to traumatised teeth is important for good prognosis of teeth and oral tissues. Therefore, the parents should be informed about dental trauma in schools and dental hospital physicians should be subjected to postgraduate training.

Oral Submucous Fibrosis (OSMF) is a potentially malignant disorder and its early diagnosis is essential to reduce malignant transformation into oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and thereby reduce morbidity and mortality. This study assessed the chewing habits of the patients visiting Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals with regard to consumption of areca nut and its products, frequency and duration of habits as well as clinical symptoms and signs in OSMF. The aim of this study was to associate the habits with clinicopathological findings in OSMF patients. An institutional based  retrospective study was conducted among 64 cases clinically diagnosed with OSMF. A detailed habit history and clinical signs and symptoms were recorded and appropriate statistical analysis was done. The study included 62 OSMF cases of both the gender groups; males (87.5%) and females (12.5%) of age group between 22 to 65 years. In this study, the most common habit was noted to be pan chewing and the commonest clinical symptoms was found to be restricted mouth opening (39%) and associated pain symptoms (28%). A very common clinical site for this lesion was found to be the buccal mucosa bilaterally (79.69%). The habit patterns and clinical features of OSMF are important to facilitate prompt diagnosis and management in order to monitor its clinical severity and progression to OSCC.

Smile is a curve that sets everything straight but a healthy smile needs good dental care.The appearance of the dentition is paramount to a large population seeking dental treatment and often the first evidence of variation from normal in human dentition is an observable difference in the color of the teeth.A thorough knowledge of the etiology of tooth staining is of prime importance to dental practitioners in order to reach a correct diagnosis.. The purpose of this study was to assess the etiology, discoloured surfaces and outcomes of different techniques in terms of patient satisfaction for the management of vital bleaching. A total of 31 case sheets were retrospectively analysed from the university database. It was found that Fluorosis was the most prevalent etiology in about 74.19%, Conventional technique was the most prevalent technique in about 83.87% and Upper anteriors were the most prevalent affected area in about 70.97%. It was also found that in both 16-25 yrs and 26-45 yrs age groups, fluorosis was the most prevalent etiology. In 46+yrs, both fluorosis and stains were equally prevalent, p value-0.102 (p>0.05). It was found that fluorosis was the prevalent etiology in both males(64.52%) and females(9.68%), p-value: 0.395 (p>0.05). For all sites, conventional technique is the most prefered technique, p-value: 0.751(p>0.05). The outcome for both Conventional and Power bleach techniques had prevalence of satisfaction, p-value: 0.342(p>0.05). Within the limitations of the study, we conclude that fluorosis was the most prevalent etiology for vital tooth discolouration.  The discolouration of vital teeth was commonly presented in the upper anterior area followed by both upper and lower anteriors. Outcomes for conventional technique were more satisfactory than thermocatalytic.

Retromolar trigone is a subsite of oral cavity. It is a triangular mucosal area between the ascending ramus of the mandible attached to the muscles of mastication. Only at advanced stages after it involves the mandible or masticatory muscle does it result in severe pain or trismus. Data samples required for study were taken from hospital records. All the collected data were cross verified and compiled together in an excel sheet. Compiled data were statistically analysed in SPSS software. In this study of 27 patients, before treatment about 50% (14) had symptoms of trismus, after treatment out of the 50% of patients with trismus, 35.71% had 2 finger breadth mouth opening (trismus) and the rest of the patients (64.29%) had 3 finger breadth mouth opening.

Development of caries is multifactorial. Caries is a common disease of the tooth which when caught early can be treated by excavation and restoration of the tooth.Clinical and epidemiological studies show a consistent trend of caries prevalence with females having more caries occurrence than males.The aim of the study is to establish an association between gender and filled teeth.A retrospective  study was done based on  data analysed from 86000 patients records collected in a dental outpatient department.Excel tabulation was done and the results obtained from SPSS version 20. Statistical test performed was the chi square test.In the study a total of 4230 patients were included out of  which 2328 were males and 1902 were females. Using the DMFT Index ,filled teeth status was acquired. Patients were grouped into three, based on filled teeth : 0-7,8-15,15-21. On performing chi square test to find an association between gender and filled teeth, a P value of 0.887 was arrived at, which is not significant. Hence within limits of the study, it was found that there was no clinical and statistical association between gender and filled teeth based on DMFT index.

The key to successful endodontic treatment is to thoroughly debride the canal system of infected or necrotic pulp tissue and microorganisms, and to completely seal the canal space, thus preventing the persistence of infection and/or reinfection of the pulp cavity.The aim of this study is to provide clinical data on the prevalence of endodontically treated tooth extractions.
8547 patients visiting Saveetha Dental College were used as the samples in this study to assess the extraction of its  endodontically treated tooth or non endodontically treated tooth with ethical permission and approval for the project. Collected data was tabulated in Excel and statistical analysis was performed using Chi-square test. The results show that endodontically treated tooth extraction is 70% while non endodontically treated tooth extractions is 30% with male predominance. There is no association seen with gender and extractions of endodontically treated tooth tooth extraction statistically.

Perforation results in communication between the root canal walls and the periodontal space. It is commonly caused by operative procedural accidents or due to extensive caries, external and internal inflammatory root resorption . Perforations during a root canal treatment may increase the risk of failure for the involved tooth. The prognosis of a perforated tooth depends on factors like location and the size of the perforation, potential microbial colonization of the endodontic system, the time lapse between the occurrence of the perforation and repair, and the type of filling material used. For the long-term success of the root canal system, it is essential to emphasize disinfection and sterilization at the perforation site and the remaining root canal system. Nonsurgical management is possible with predictable prognosis if the right treatment is planned and executed.The aim of this study was to find the association of age, gender and tooth arch with the site of perforation during access cavity preparation. The data was collected from patients visiting Saveetha dental College for treatment. Totally 41 perforations were identified and treated completely. The data was entered in excel sheet and exported to IBM SPSS software version 20.0 and statistical analysis done. The number of perforations were higher in females and in the age group above 40 years, however no significant association was found for site of perforation with age and gender. Number of coronal perforations were more than furcal perforation and this association between tooth arch and site of perforation was found to be statistically significant (P value- 0.006 < 0.05; Chi square test). Proper knowledge of anatomy and principles of access cavity is essential to prevent these iatrogenic errors.

Coronoplasty is the mechanical elimination of occlusal supracontact that may be present during functional moments. It deals with selective grinding or reducing of occlusal areas with the purpose of influencing mechanical contact, primitive contacts. The aim of the present study was to evaluate and analyse the number of coronoplasty procedures done among patients and the quadrant in which coronoplasty procedure was most prevalent. This study was carried out in a one year period (June 2019 to April 2020) on 56 patients (33 male patients, 23 female patients) who reported to a Private hospital, Chennai. All available data was extracted from an electronic dental record where the patient's case sheet was reviewed and results were obtained through SPSS analysis. From the results obtained 54.7 % males and 45.3 % females had participated in the study. Among the study population, quadrant 3 (42.17 %) had the most number of patients with coronoplasty treatment.Coronoplasty procedures was highest in 31-50 years amongst other age groups and males who underwent coronoplasty were more prevalent compared to females. The study concludes that the number of coronoplasty procedures reported to the hospital where 83 and quadrant 3 had the most number of procedures performed but the study was not statistically significant. Hence to conclude, the results of the present study are useful for generating hypotheses for further research with larger sample size and long term follow ups in order to create awareness about the importance of occlusal adjustment procedures. 

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder with  recurrent seizures in patients due to underlying chronic disease.Medications  taken by epileptics can cause gingival enlargement. Gingival enlargement  is aesthetically undesirable and causes difficulty  in  mastication,speech. The aim of the study was to assess the association of age, gender in epileptic patients with gingival enlargement. A retrospective study for presence of gingival enlargement in epileptic patients  was reviewed from patient records and analysing the case sheets between June 2019 and March 2020 in dental outpatient department.Age groups of patients involved in the study are 20-35 years,35-50 years and 50-65 years. Patient age,gender,type of gingival enlargement were also collected. Excel tabulation was done and  results obtained from SPSS version 20. Statistical test performed was  chi square analysis to find the association of gingival enlargement types with age,gender of epileptic patients. 118 case sheets  were studied out of which 70  were females and 48 were Males.Only 8% of the total study group showed epilepsy related drug induced gingival enlargement.Gingival  enlargement of generalised type was seen commonly in males(3.42%)0.063(p>0.05) statistically  not significant,in the age group of  20-35 years(2.85%)P value - 0.696(p>0.05),not statistically significant and localised among both genders in the age group of  20-35 years(1.89%).Periodontal disease was more in generalised gingival enlargement but not significantly associated,p value- 0.788(p>0.05),not statistically significant.Within the limits of the study ,a small percentage of epileptic patients had  drug induced   gingival enlargement.Males showed comparatively higher distribution of generalised gingival enlargement in epileptic patients. Periodontal pathologies were common in epileptic patients with gingival enlargement.

The technology used to make orthodontic products and materials has advanced at an exponential rate. Newer materials, methods, and designs are coming up on a daily basis. These products help the orthodontist to give the best functional and aesthetic results to the patient. Orthodontic brackets have evolved from Angle's era to the MBT brackets followed by lingual brackets. These brackets have made the life of the orthodontists much easier. As technology is advancing many more newer materials and designs are coming forward. The aim of the study was to evaluate the frequency of use of regular metal brackets among patients reporting to dental hospital in chennai, in the period of June 2019- March 2020. The clinical records of 1362 patients undergoing orthodontic treatment were evaluated. The prevalence of patients treated with regular metal brackets according to sex, gender and the different types of orthodontic brackets were assessed. Chi-square test was used to determine associations between variables, while the chi-square test for trends was used to assess the frequency of patients treated with regular metal brackets in comparison to others. The most frequently preferred brackets by patients were the regular metal brackets (99.5%) in comparison to other types of brackets. There was no statistically significant difference in patients treated with regular metal brackets with respect to  age and gender. Thus, it can be concluded that the regular metal brackets are still being widely chosen by patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. Hence, awareness of different types of brackets and their uses should be brought among patients undergoing orthodontic treatment.

The aim is to assess the gender predilection of dental fluorosis among the Chennai population. The retrospective study done using case records of patients. Patients with dental fluorosis were included in this study. Patients who were medically compromised and with other developmental anomalies of teeth were excluded from the study. Data about the dean fluorosis index and demographic details were retrieved from case sheets and tabulated. Analysis of the data was performed using SPSS version 23.0, both descriptive statistics and Chi square tests were performed. The present study showed the dental fluorosis was more prevalent in males (69.20%) than females (30.80%). Among the study population,mild fluorosis(50%) was found to be a more common type of severity of fluorosis followed by moderate fluorosis(30%) and there was significant association between the severity of fluorosis i.e dean fluorosis index and gender (p < 0.05 ) showing statistical significant difference. Within the limits of the present study, it can be concluded that dental fluorosis is more prevalent among males than females. Mild fluorosis was found to be a more common type of severity of fluorosis followed by moderate fluorosis and there was significant association between the severity of fluorosis and gender.

Open apices commonly arise secondary to pulpal necrosis as a result of caries or trauma in an immature tooth with incomplete root formation. The conventional method of apexification with calcium hydroxide has certain disadvantages such as a very long period of treatment, tooth fracture and an incomplete calcification of the bridge. MTA has gained importance as an alternative treatment for management of open apices as it overcomes these disadvantages. The aim of this study was to determine the number, age and gender distribution of MTA apexification done in maxillary incisors.This study included data of 41 patients who had undergone apexification using MTA in maxillary incisors. The data was collected from the case records of patients visiting Saveetha dental College for treatment. A total of 47 teeth that underwent MTA apexification were identified. Of the total subjects, 83% were males and 17% were females. 51.06% of the teeth that underwent MTA apexification belonged to the age group <15 years and 48.04% to the group >15 years. Statistical analysis was done using IBM SPSS software version 20.0. No significant association was found between gender and different age groups in patients that underwent MTA apexification (P value- 0.701 >0.05; Fisher’s exact test). MTA apexification was done predominantly in males in both age groups.

A variety of benign and malignant lesions involve the maxilla and maxillary sinus. The presenting features, symptomatology and advanced diagnostic imaging techniques help in achieving a differential diagnosis however histopathological examination remains the mainstay of definitive diagnosis. This study aims to identify the frequency of isolated maxillary pathologic lesions (benign and malignant)  and its gender and age distribution.  After clearance from the institutional ethical committee, a retrospective study was performed for a period of ten months from June 2019 to March 2020 in our institution. 90 cases of pathology were reviewed out of which 29 were included in the study based on the inclusion criteria. 68.97% males and 31.03% females reported with pathologic lesions of the maxilla alone in our center. Malignant maxillary lesions show the highest frequency of occurrence in 17.24% in the 41-60 age group (p value-0.233). Treatment modalities used for various lesions diagnosed in the maxilla showed the highest degree of association with surgical excision being the most commonly performed for malignant lesions and enucleation for cysts and benign tumors (p value- 0.000). Maxillary benign pathological lesions have a tendency to mimic malignant lesions. Hence it is important to document and identify lesions most commonly encountered in a particular population to provide for adequate and appropriate treatment care needs.

Hypodontia is one of the most common dental anomalies encountered in the normal dental practices which is a major cause for malocclusion among growing teens and requires replacement in adults. Hypodontia occurs due to congenitally missing teeth  and are not found in radiographs. Early diagnosis would help to determine the eruption pattern of the other teeth and help in treatment planning.The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of hypodontia of permanent teeth in the Chennai population. In this retrospective study design, patient case reports were evaluated, of which 6682 patient case sheets which matched the inclusion criteria were selected  for evaluation for congenitally missing teeth and the treatment performed for each case with congenitally missing teeth was evaluated. The data was then tabulated and analysed in SPSS software. Descriptive statistics and Chi square tests were performed. The total percentage of study population with congenitally missing teeth was 0.64%. Mandibular incisors were the most common congenitally missing teeth.The prevalence of congenitally missing permanent teeth in the Chennai population was found to be 0.64% .

Periodontal disease is characterised by the loss of connective tissue attachment induced by the presence of putative periodontal pathogens within the gingival sulcus. The presence of furcation involvement is one clinical finding that can lead to a diagnosis of advanced and severe form of periodontitis and potentially to a less favorable prognosis for the affected teeth. The aim of the study is to assess the various types of furcation defects in hypertensive patients with chronic periodontitis. Among a sample of 42110 patients under the age group of 30 to 90 years in the Chennai population who visited a private dental college, a total of 858 patients who had met the inclusion criteria were selected for the study. Demographic details such as age and sex and grades of furcation involvement for all the patients were recorded. The required data was collected and analysed using SPSS(Statistical Package For The Social Sciences) Software. Chi-square test was used to study association between the parameters. The results were considered to be of statistical significance if p < 0.05. In the present study, there were more males (55.4%) than females (44.6%) in the study population and majority of patients were in the age group of 51-60 years of age (36.5%). Generalised chronic gingivitis (46.17%) was predominantly seen among the subjects followed by generalised chronic periodontitis (35.11%)  and localised chronic periodontitis (18.72%). The association between the age groups and furcation in maxillary and mandibular posteriors, also association between the periodontal disease and furcation in maxillary and mandibular posteriors was evaluated, which was statistically significant.(p < 0.05) Within the limitations of the present retrospective analysis, it can be concluded that chronic periodontitis was more prevalent in hypertensive patients. There was lesser prevalence of furcation defects in maxillary and mandibular posteriors in hypertensive patients with chronic periodontitis. Additionally, grade 2 furcation of maxillary posteriors and grade 1 furcation of mandibular posteriors was most seen in the age group of 51-60 years.

Third molar impaction has become an important clinical issue.The impacted teeth may have many pathologies such as pericoronitis, periodontitis, root resorption, space infection and coronal and root caries. The study was aimed to find the prevalence of pericoronitis in impacted mandibular third molars. This retrospective study was conducted using records of patients visited private dental college. A total of 102 case records with information on impacted mandibular third molar and pericoronitis were retrieved. Data collected  from their records were entered and subjected to statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square association was done to find the prevalence and association between impacted mandibular third molars and pericoronitis. Out of 102 subjects, 87.3% of patients with impacted mandibular third molars had pericoronitis and it was more in males (47.1%) when compared to females (40.2%). It was more prevalent in the age group of 21-30 (57.8%) and in the left mandibular third molar, 38 (51.0%) when compared to the right, 48 (36.3%). There was no significant association of pericoronitis with age, gender, tooth number (p>0.05).Within the limits of the study majority of patients with impacted mandibular third molars had pericoronitis and it was more prevalent in males and in the age group of 17-26 years. Prevalence of pericoronitis was high in the impacted left mandibular third molar compared to the impacted right mandibular third molar. 

Tooth wear is generally defined as irreversible chronic loss of dental hard tissues caused by mechanical and/or chemical processes without the involvement of bacterial plaque. To some degree, tooth wear is physiological and age dependent. The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of tooth wear among different age groups of patients visiting private dental hospital. Date of age, gender, type of tooth wear of patients were obtained from the records of the dental hospital.The data was analysed using SPSS software. Chi Square Test was performed to compare two proportions. The analysis was done for: age, gender and the type of tooth wear. The Prevalence rates of tooth wear in dental patients were calculated. The patients were ranged in the age group of 20- 30 years, 31-40 years, 41-50 years and above 50 years. The overall prevalence rate for attrition was seen most commonly in the age group of 31-40 years (43.86%) with higher incidence among males. Patients in the age group of 31-40 years (56.41%) showed highest prevalence for abrasion with higher incidence among males and the prevalence rate for erosion was most commonly observed in the age group of  patients 31-40 years (26.91%) with higher incidence among males which was found to be statistically significant (P<0.05). The study may help in planning patient’s diagnostic protocol and management strategy among dentists.

The squamous cell carcinoma is by far the most commonly found tumour of the oral cavity. This includes the tongue, floor of mouth, retromolar trigone, and lips. The mainstay of treatment for these patients in the surgical resection, neck dissection,radiation,and local nodal basins in the neck. The aim of the study is to investigate the flap design used in Mandibular carcinoma among the patients who visited the Department of oncology between june 1 st 2019- 1st april 2020. Data was extracted by reviewing patient records. Out of 57 patients 22 patients were diagnosed with mandibular carcinoma. There was male predominance with 90.91% followed by females with 9.09%. The age group of 51-60 (50%) followed by 41-50 years (36.36%) was affected by mandibular carcinoma. Buccal carcinoma (77.27%) was the most commonly affected site. Cheek splitting was the most common flap used to excise the carcinoma. (63.64%) followed by lingual-releasing flap(16.16%), lip-splitting flap(9.09%) and visor flap(9.09%). Regarding the site of carcinoma and type of approach used, cheek splitting approach was used predominantly for buccal carcinoma lesions; lingual releasing approach was used to operate retromolar trigone carcinomas; Lip-splitting approach and visor flap approach were used for tongue carcinomas .The association between the design of flap used and site of occurrence of lesion was found to be statistically significant (p value- 0.02).

Gingival enlargement is an increase in the size of the gingiva. It is also known as the gingival hyperplasia or hypertrophy. They can be categorised based on their etiology, pathogenesis, location, size and extent. Inflammatory gingival enlargement is a most common form and clinically present as soft and discolored gingiva. Drug induced gingival enlargement is a well recognised adverse effect of certain systemic medications. Calcium channel blockers, Anticonvulsants and Immunosuppressants are frequently implicated drugs in the etiology of drug induced enlargement. The aim of the study is to assess the prevalence of gingival enlargement and its distribution.
Objective:

To assess the prevalence of inflammatory and drug induced enlargement.
To compare the prevalence of gingival enlargement in different age groups.
To compare the prevalence of gingival enlargement in male and female.
To compare the prevalence of gingival enlargement in response to different types of drugs.

The study was a retrospective, University based study. Case sheets of patients visiting the dental outpatient ward June 2019 to March 2020 were collected. Patients diagnosed with gingival enlargement were sorted and tabulated in Microsoft excel sheet and analysed using SPSS software. In the present study, out of 40,000 patients, the prevalence of inflammatory enlargement was found to be 0.1% and the drug induced enlargement was 0.03%. Drug induced enlargement was more prevalent in males than in females, whereas inflammatory enlargement was more prevalent in females than males, there was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence rate between age groups (p= 0.362) and gender (p= 0.210). On comparing the drugs, phenytoin was consumed by  one third of the population (43%) but had a higher prevalence rate of 65% than antihypertensive drugs (28% )and immunosuppressants (7% ).

Traumatic injuries to permanent teeth in Pediatric patients must occur in the maxillary anterior tooth region and is one of the most common causes of visit to the dentist in emergency situations. Visiting the dentist following any trauma to the permanent teeth is of at most importance and their early management will help in managing any serious problems that may occur if left untreated. The retrospective study was conducted among patients who visited an institution in Chennai. The patients records were reviewed and the data of patients who visited between June 2019 to March 2020 were analysed. 2030 Pediatric patients who visited the dentist following traumatic injury to permanent teeth were included in the study. Retrospective analysis was done based on the collected data. Statistical analysis was performed in SPSS Software, data was analysed by descriptive and inferential statistics. 41.7% of patients reported with a chief complaint of fractured teeth. Males were most affected by traumatic injury (70.6%). The 12-17 years age group was most affected in the maxillary anterior region (55.90%). From this study we were able to conclude that fractured teeth was the most common chief complaint among patients reporting with traumatic injury and they complained of aesthetics being the most common concern. 12-17 years was the common age group affected by traumatic injury and the most component region to be affected was the maxillary anterior region. Males were most commonly associated with traumatic injuries then when compared to females. Patients with fractured teeth were the most common chief complaint and they visited the dentist within 1 year of the injury. It was seen that patients with ellis class 3 fracture was the most common traumatic injury and they visited the dentist within 1 year of the injury.

Frictional keratosis represents increased keratin production in response to chronic mechanical irritation. The retromolar pad and edentulous alveolar ridge are the most common sites of involvement due to trauma from food being crushed against the mucosa during mastication. A fractured tooth or rough restoration may lead to the development of frictional keratosis on the adjacent lateral tongue or buccal mucosa.These lesions do not undergo malignant change and should resolve after the source of irritation is eliminated. The aim of the study was to investigate the association of a third molar eruption with frictional keratosis among the patients of Saveetha dental college. A total of 200 patients with keratosis were taken into the study from Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. The data was collected from case sheets of patients who reported for various dental treatments between the period of June 2019 to March 2020 which consists of patients' demographic data, personal history, medical history, intra and extraoral findings and photographs which are taken with patients' concern. Chi square test was done using SPSS..The results showed 20-30 year old patients were seen maximum with all the reported clinical findings.This proportion decreases with increase in age groups.Maxillary third molars had maximum number of buccoverted teeth (18 - buccoverted 21% and sharp cusp 3%) (28- buccoverted 9.5% and sharp cusp 6.5%) and mandibular third molars were reported with maximum number of sharp cuspal tips (38-35% sharp cusp and 5% buccoverted)(48- 9% sharp cusp and 1.5% buccoverted).Within the limitations of the study, the results show that buccoverted third molars are the most common reason that causes frictional keratosis followed by sharp cuspal tips and cheek biting habits. However tobacco pouch keratosis is also seen among the patients.

Dental aesthetics has considerable impact on a person's confidence  in a society. The darkening of the anterior teeth causes concern for adolescents due to the compromised physical appearance.The aim of the study was to  assess different aesthetic treatments preferred by patients  for anterior teeth discolouration in a university hospital setting .A retrospective study was carried out using case records of 76 patients who reported to the Department of Aesthetic dentistry from June 2019 to March 2020.The various methods preferred for treatment discolouration of anterior teeth were observed from the digital records and tabulated on a spreadsheet. The collected data were analysed by computer software SPSS version 21 using Chi square test indicating the level of significance. The common reasons for discolouration were fluorosis(22.4%),tobacco stains(10.5%), post root canal treatment(60,5%) , enamel hypoplasia(1.3%),traumatic injury(2.6%) and  unknown reasons(2.6%) and the most common reason for discoloration was post root canal treatment(60.5%) and the treatment for management of discolouration were directing veneering(7.9%), indirect veneering(5.3%), vital bleaching(25%) and non vital bleaching(61.8%) and the most preferred treatment was non vital bleaching(61.8%). Among the age groups 18-66 male patients below the age group of 30 desired treatment for their anterior tooth discolouration compared to the other age groups. The reason for discolouration had significant association with age(p value-0.00) and no significant association with gender(p value-0.82). Regarding the treatment preferred for discolouration age had no significant association(p value-0.94) while gender had significance(p value-0.02).

The developmental defects of the enamel (DDE) may be the alternation of enamel that may affect an area of one surface or may be widespread affecting all the surface of the teeth. Early diagnosis of developmental defects of the enamel can prevent the child from having an impact on oral health. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of developmental defects of enamel in children visiting a university hospital in the Chennai population. This was a retrospective study done under a University setting. It was seen that 334 patients had Developmental Defects of Enamel. The data was collected from June 2019 to March 2020. The data was tabulated and entered in excel and the data was analysed using SPSS package software. The overall prevalence of the DDE was found to be 47%. The most common deformity was Hypoplasia (24.3%) and the least common deformity was Molar Incisal Demineralisation and Amelogenesis Imperfecta (0.9%). The most common tooth affected was maxillary left central incisor (5.1%) and the least common deformity was found in mandibular right first premolar and primary dentition (0.3%). There was a statistically significant association between DDE and  buccal surface of teeth. It indicates the need for educating the population about the risk factors for the DDE.

The aim of this study was to assess the post operative pain, swelling and trismus following mandibular third molar extraction after local administration of dexamethasone. This study was conducted among 142 patients who had undergone surgical removal of mandibular third molar reported to a private dental hospital from June 2019 to March 2020 . Data was collected and tabulated in excel. Data was analysed using SPSS version 20 . Results of this study showed that among 142 patients, consisting of 63 females (44.37%) and 79 males (55.63%). There was no statistically significant association between age, gender, tooth number and dexamethasone. Patients experienced less postoperative pain, swelling and trismus after local administration of dexamethasone. We conclude from the present study that the dexamethasone decreases the pain, swelling and trismus following mandibular third molar extraction.

Circulating level of C - reactive protein depicts the cardiovascular condition. By reviewing available studies, the current study determines that CRP level ( c- reactive protein level ) within the upper quantile of the normal range constitutes an increased risk for cardiovascular events or diseases. CRP levels within the upper quartile/quintile of the traditional range indicates increased risk for cardiovascular events. High CRP levels in acute myocardial infarct after treatment shows an alarming sign. This is due to the response of the body to the inflamed atherosclerotic (coronary) vessels and adjacent myocardium. Localized CRP in infarcted myocardium activates the complement system, resulting in inflammation and thrombosis. After reviewing many literatures with correlation between CRP and cardiovascular disease, the current study explains the pathogenesis and its role in diagnosing myocardial infarction. The background of this current study may provide directions for prevention of cardiovascular events.

Congenitally missing teeth or as usually called hypodontia, is a highly prevalent and common developmental dental anomaly where there is congenital absence of one or more teeth. It is the most prevalent dental malformation in humans that could affect and influence the orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.  Besides an unfavorable appearance, patients with missing teeth may suffer from malocclusion, periodontal damage, insufficient alveolar bone growth, reduced chewing ability, inarticulate pronunciation and other problems.The purpose of this retrospective study was to assess the prevalence and gender distribution of hypodontia in maxillary teeth, excluding the third molars. Orthopantomogram of orthodontic patients above the age group of 14 years were examined for evidence of hypodontia. The casts were used as an additional means of confirming the diagnosis. Retrospective data of patients were collected and those patients who had missing teeth were first segregated. From among those the patients details with congenitally missing teeth were then sorted. 15 patients with congenitally missing teeth excluding third molars were found fulfilling all the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data was analysed using SPSS statistical software, descriptive and analytical statistics was done with Chi square test. It was observed that hypodontia of maxillary teeth was more predominant in maxillary lateral incisors (n-12;80%)followed by maxillary premolars (n-2;13.4%) and canines(n=1;6.7%).Occurrence of hypodontia was more predominant in females(53.3%) when compared to males (46.7%) (p>0.05); hence statistically not significant. Early diagnosis and appropriate management might help in the attainment of ideal occlusion without the need for extensive orthodontic therapy

The aim of this study is to assess the arch for removal With local anaesthesia versus arch bar removal  without anaesthesia.  Intermaxillary fixation is the most commonly used treatment modality In patients with maxillofacial trauma. On removal of the IMFs General anaesthesia and various  forms of local anaesthesia and local anaesthetic techniques in the form of infiltrations, nerve blocks, topical local anaesthetic spray, topical local anaesthetic gel.This was a University-based study. The data was obtained by reviewing case sheets of patients  from June 2019 to March 2020. The case sheets of the patients who had undergone intermaxillary fixation were appraised to assess if the arch bars were removed using local anaesthesia or without the usage of a local anaesthetic agent. 97%  of the patients were given local anaesthesia for the removal of the arch bars. Lignocaine with adrenaline was the most commonly used (96%) local anaesthetic solution. 2ML of the local anaesthetic solution was the common amount of local anaesthetic solution used (35%)

The aim of this retroperspective study was to assess the preference of analgesic drugs administered for pain control following dental extraction of teeth. The study was conducted in a  University based setting.The study group of this research were patients who reported to the clinics with moderate to severe toothache/ dental pain who required tooth extraction.Case sheets were reviewed between June 2019 to March 2020.Data were analyzed using SPSS software (IBM SPSS Statistics, Version 24.0, Armonk, NY: IBM Corp).  Chi square test was applied to find the association between the parameters and the level of significance.A total of 7888 patients were involved in this study.  45.7% were female patients and 54.3% were male patients. About 70.3% of the population falls in the age category 21-60 years.Around 45.8% of the population were prescribed with Paracetamol. The commonly prescribed combination analgesic of choice was Paracetamol and Aceclofenac for  26.6%  of the patients. We conclude that middle aged patients in the age group 21-60 years were prescribed Paracetamol as the first analgesic of choice for postoperative dental pain control.

Novel interactions and effective modelling of the immune function is necessary for the development of antiviral mechanisms against the infectious viral disease . The immune system is intrinsic to health and is variable in humans due to the heritable and non-heritable influences. The key to identifying the risk of immune mediated and infectious diseases must be to understand and know the human immune system. The main components that develop immune responses include natural killer cells, cytokines, vaccines, Helper T cells. The cytokine and the chemokines play a crucial role in the induction of the antiviral mechanisms thereby deteriorating the level of viral replication. The natural killer cells are effector cells of the innate immune systems. The helper T cells play a pivotal role in inducing cell mediated immunity. The plasmid DNA vaccines  induce strong and long lasting humoral (antibodies) and cell mediated (T- helper cell , other cytokine function cells and cytotoxic T cells), immune response without creating a risk of infection to the host's immune system. The cell mediated immunity is a type of immune response that involves the activation of the phagocytes, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes and various cytokines in response to the antigen without the production of antibodies. The mucosal immune system is an adaptive immune system associated with mucosal sites such as the gut mucosa that comprises Peyer's patches, cryptopatches, isolated lymphoid follicles in the gut antimesenteric wall, and the mesenteric lymph nodes. The aim of the review is to highlight the various antiviral defense mechanisms to boost the immunity.

Space maintainers are the most commonly used appliance for interceptive orthodontics. Space maintainer is mainly used when there is premature loss of deciduous molar to eliminate or reduce the severity of developing malocclusion.The aim of this study was to evaluate the acceptance of space maintainer in paediatric patients undergoing extraction of early loss of primary teeth. This study included children below the age of 9 years, both male and female, reported to Saveetha Dental College between June 2019 to March 2020 with the history of primary tooth extraction. Inclusion criteria included paediatric patients below 9 years of age who were indicated for space maintainers. Exclusion criteria included adult patients, medically-compromised patients, patients with special care needs and patients with congenital missing teeth. A total of around 1700 patient records were reviewed and analysed for the inclusion criteria and the following parameters were gathered; patients' age,  gender, patients acceptance towards space maintainer and type of space maintainer given. Data was recorded in Microsoft Office Excel (2013) and analysed using SPSS Software Version 26.0. Chi-square test was done to find out correlation between variables. Significant level test was set at p<0.05. The results proved that a total of 702 children indicated for space maintainers. Acceptance of space maintainer was observed in 10.3% of patients.Statistically significant association was found in acceptance of space maintainer between age groups (p<0.05). Within the limits of this study, it is concluded that 10.3% acceptance of space maintainer was found among patients. Children with 6 years of age had a favourable acceptance towards space maintainers. The deleterious effect in non acceptance space maintainer and awareness about the preventive orthodontics should be instilled among parents and children.

Aravind Eye hospital (AEH) is one of the self-funding healthcare delivery models where it creates value for its entire customer base, but captures the value only from a part of it by offering free-of-cost or at cost, high-quality service. It serves nearly 6,000 outpatients in the hospital every day like registration, vision test, preliminary exam, refraction, final exam, counseling and recommendation for surgery with the assistance of MLOP’s (Mid-level ophthalmic personnel) while contributing their services. The MLOP’s are played as the backbone (60% of the workforce) for supporting the physicians when providing the treatment. This study focuses on how the training and development programs are handled for MLOPs in AEH by considering various factors like Induction training, Self- transformation, Career growth, personal development, and organizational strategy in their training programs and how it effectively creates a positive impact in their development within the organization.

Employee grievances are considered to be one of the most crucial factors in the workplace. Any workplace which is flooded with grievances have a direct impact on productivity of employees, which ultimately leads to an adverse impact on overall productivity of organisation. This study is to find out the impact of employee grievances on the job productivity and the sample size is  44 which includes the responses of the employees from the following sectors : Information technology, Aviation, Education, Healthcare. Grievances are mostly connected with Compensation, motivating forces, Work pressure and security and if not well taken care of, it will lead to dissatisfied employees who are consistently demotivated and disappointed in their job which ultimately affects the job productivity.

Recruitment is an essential task of every company and applicant screening is one of the main step in the process of recruitment. Whether or not the applicant qualifies is determined by the screening process. In this phase, candidates resume playing a vital role. The main objective of the study is to determine the effectiveness of the screening process in recruitment consultancy firms and to include recommendations for the enhancement of the business and prospective jobseekers to make them eligible for selection. To get the data from the respondents, a structured questionnaire was developed. The questionnaire was circulated to workers working at different consulting firms.

The terms 'Human resource management' and 'Human resources’ have generally supplanted the term 'personnel management' and furthermore consider it as a cycle which is associated with dealing with the associations. Human Resource Management is the way toward enlisting the up-and-comers, choosing the correct candidate for particular job, accepting representatives, providing orientation, training and development, assessing the presentation of workers, choosing remuneration and giving advantages, propelling workers, keeping up legitimate relations with workers and their worker's organizations, motivating employees , ensuring employees safety, welfare and health measures of the employees. The objectives of HR in an organisation are as follows: Understand the scope of human resource management (HRM),explain what human resource management is and how it relates to the management process. Many organisations are managing with the Covid-19 coronavirus widespread by ordering or empowering representatives work from domestic all over the world. As the coronavirus spreads, working from domestic is the unused typical for specialists. Representative help programs (EAPs) will be important sources of organizational bolster to help representatives going through challenging times and progress their well- being and resilience. Again, a look on the Net of Science uncovers exceptionally few thoughts about EAPs in Asian nations. This activated organizational reactions such as decentralizing their operations and moving workers out of base camp, particularly in the event that found in huge urban ranges. This in turn driven to organizations re-examining their recompense arrangements to superior reflect emolument levels related with the nearby work showcase. A survey has been collected from the HR professionals from various organisations regarding the various challenges that have been faced by them during pandemic and in post pandemic and to find out the most influencing factors among the various challenges.

In this paper, I study about employee job satisfaction where employees need organisational and personal satisfaction. Employee job satisfaction is the key to success for any company. Job satisfaction is the key indicator of their attitude towards their work, superior and environment.  This study is to find about the level of satisfaction in the consultancy industry through implementation of a job satisfaction survey. Due to the stressful work environment prevailing  in the companies, the physical health and mental well-being of the employees are at stake.  Satisfaction is important because it improves the firm’s ability to predict needs and employee  dissatisfaction. The sample size is 30. Using a unique combination of firm-level data and  information from job satisfaction surveys, the empirical analysis reveals that the employee  needs job security at the most. 

Work-life balance is a significant constituent of a healthy workplace. Keeping up work-life balance lessens the pressure and forestalls burnout in the working environment. The objective of the study is to know the impact of work-life balance on success criteria and family issues. In spite of the fact that finding a work-life balance as a dental specialist is troublesome, it altogether impacts general satisfaction, so the significance of discovering this parity couldn't be more important. The personal family issues and the thrive to go forward in their career is highly influenced by the kind of balance they have between job and personal life. Descriptive research is used in the study and the study is focused on 67 female dentists. Work life balance affects the personal issues faced rather than the success criteria of female dentists. Based on the results, implementations are suggested for the female dentists to overcome the challenges and acquire balanced work life.

The research paper title work from home: A study on wellbeing of employees during work from home during coronavirus pandemic. The main objective of the study is to know how the employee wellbeing is affected due to work from home. Especially in the IT industry the work life balance of the employees is affected badly. The descriptive research is used in this study as the research design and the sampling method is used as the convenience sampling. The size of the sample collected in this study is sixty (60) also the primary data is used. The statistical tools used in this study are frequency analysis, mean analysis and regression. Regression analysis is used to measure the wellbeing of the employees during COVID-19 pandemic. The components used to measure the impacts of work from home on employee wellbeing are work demands, home demands, work interfering with family, family interfering work and employee wellbeing. This analysis will be useful for the human resource managers to know the wellbeing of the employees during work from home.

The increase in recruitment activities using the Internet, especially during the pandemic, result in financial savings of up to 90% of the costs incurred in traditional recruitment.The objective of the study is to understand the perception of job seekers regarding the usefulness of E-recruitment. Descriptive research is used in the study and sampling method used is convenience sampling. The sample size of the study is 100 and data is collected through a structured questionnaire. The results prove that factors under perception of E-recruitment are information, effectiveness and efficiency, usage of site, social media, job availability, decision making, internet information and service. It states that there is no significant difference between the demographic variables and perception of E-recruitment in job seekers

Artificial Intelligence is an innovative technology that permits computers to learn and suggest activities dependent on recently gathered data or information. AI can introduce open doors for dominating new abilities and acquiring extra time, permitting HR experts to extend their present parts to be more strategic areas inside their enterprise. Artificial intelligence is adding an individual touch to the new contestants and is enlarging the onboarding encounters of HR by making altered administrations. The sample for conducting this study is collected from the Automobile industry (2 & 3 Wheelers dealership) and the data is collected from the low, middle and top-level management. Tool used to analyze the data collected is Analysis of Variance (Anova), a statistical test of whether two or more population means are different, and therefore generalizes the t-test beyond two means. Results for the test conducted provided that there is no significant difference between the age and the described factors. This study will be useful for the HR professionals, who believe that implementing AI in the field of HR will replace humans and will help them with spending more time for their strategic fields rather than spending time for less prioritized HR functions.

Work Stress is one of the most demoralizing and perilous hindrance which affects the overall effectiveness of any employee. Especially in the IT industry, where the intellectual ability of employees plays a major role, work related stressors need to be identified. The objective of the study is to examine the job-related stressors experienced by employees in the IT sector. Some of the work-related stressors considered in the study are job insecurity, workload, feedback and suggestions, daily challenge in work and daily hindrance in work. The sample size of the study is 60 and respondents were IT employees. Regression analysis is used to identify the significant stressors suffered by employees. The results suggest that workload is the significant stressor of work stress. Suggestions are given to line managers to help them handle the stress experienced by their workers.

The study focuses on understanding the association between organisational citizenship behaviour and employee engagement in the IT industry. Employee engagement is studied with two dimensions namely job engagement and organisational engagement. Convenience sampling method is used to collect data from 62 employees. Multiple linear regression is used to analyse the data. The results prove that both job engagement and organisational engagement are significant positive predictors of above citizenship behaviour. Suggestions for incorporating employee engagement activities in the workplace is provided for HR managers.

This research aims to assess the job satisfaction of workers of various IT employees in the Health care sector. It focuses on the relative relevance of factors of job satisfaction and their impact on employee’s actual job satisfaction. A sample of 114 employees from the hospital sector was used for this analysis. The study indicates the organizational development, policies of compensation and benefit, promotion and career development, work task, relationship with supervisor of the hospital are major factors of job satisfaction. The study is useful for evaluating employee satisfaction with their careers, whether or not they like jobs or specific aspects or measurements of work, such as job efficiency and supervision. 

The motivation of employees should be seen as a force that influences the leaders to attain specific goals and objectives of the organisation. Fundamental reason for this study is to find out what sort of elements impact employee Motivation. The samples are collected from 75 employees working in the retail industry (household appliances) through a self-managed survey. Regression analysis is used to identify the influence of employee motivation on employee performance, using four variables: employee inspiration, employee execution, helping variables, and adequacy. The consequences of this review indicate that there is a necessary and encouraging relation between the motivation of employees and the performance of employees. In addition, it is reasoned that intrinsic rewards have a large amount of huge positive relationships with representative execution and worker inspiration.

Workaholism is nothing but working excessive hours beyond workplace or financial requirements, by thinking continually about work, with lack of work enjoyment, which are unrelated to actual workplace demands. This study emphasis on examining the impact of workaholism on work engagement. Convenience sampling method is used to collect the data from 58 police professionals. Multiple linear regression is used to analyse the data. The results prove that the work addiction has negative relationships with work engagement, work life conflict and work perfectionism have positive relationships with work engagement. This study provides suggestions for workaholic people in the police profession.

Organisations spend a lot of resources for training talented employees and making them worthy, retention of such employees is a crucial task for an organisation. The target of the current study was to research explicit maintenance factors that prompted the authoritative responsibility of high innovation workers. The sample for the data is collected from the 62 expert IT professionals from a reputed IT company in Chennai. The Organizational Commitment Scale and a maintenance factor estimation scale were managed. The most applicable logical variables were pay, work qualities, employee’s assistance and work/life balance strategies, which seemed to impact the improvement of hierarchical responsibility in high innovation employees or representatives. The implications of the study are also examined. The study focuses to help the organizations to determine the retention strategies for the maintenance of employees.

Work stress plays a major key role in determining the level of job satisfaction of sales employees in the automobile sector. Sales force is the driving force which generates revenue for the top line growth of the company. The objective of the study is to determine the factors of job stress that causes in the sales employee job’s performance. The research had taken samples of 100 sales employees of the automobile sector and primary data is also used. The various tools used for the study are frequency analysis, mean analysis, T-test, ANOVA and regression analysis. This study states that by conducting the stress management programs periodically for the employees it does help to reduce their personal as well as their Professional stress. Organisation support is one of the major factors which influence one’s organisation outcome. Based on the findings it is clear that enriching welfare measures, maintaining reasonable working hours, and healthy working environment would definitely reduce the stress level of each individual and organisational stress among the sales employees and will also contribute efficiency to the organisation.​

People have been bombarded by advertising for decades; every TV channel watched in, every social media page posted, every magazine opened, the advertisements are there. Audiences have grown with this.We have learned to filter messages, prevent advertisements from our views and minds, and exercise selective attention and concentrate on only what we want In fact, consumers now have the potential to 'protect' themselves from different marketing ads with technology such as remote control, ad blockers, web filtering, and many more.From an ethical perspective, this paper will address the issue of stealth marketing within the scope of its practises. Issues to be addressed include the impact of stealth marketing on audiences, the rationale for the practise, and some recommendations. Here this study involves a descriptive research method as research design and samples for the finding purpose were collected from 85 respondents along with the help of primary data. The research findings were analyzed using tools like frequency analysis, mean analysis, independent t test and ANOVA analysis.

Pandemic impact is one of the major causes that has affected and disrupted the flow of the logistics industry. Specifically during the covid-19 days, the industry had been clueless to handle tough times. The main aim of this study is to know the factors that had caused impact on the industry during the Covid times and to identify the main reason behind the struggle in shipping various products on time. Here this study involves a descriptive research method as research design and samples for the finding purpose were collected from 90 respondents along with the help of primary data. The research findings were analysed using tools like frequency analysis, mean analysis, independent t test and ANOVA analysis. It is evident that the major impact reasons were due to shortage of labour, lack of safety measures, shipment difficulties, transport isolation that made the industry to face difficult times.

This paper is titled as the customer perception towards Tesla electric cars innovative features. The objective of this particular research was to study the minds and thoughts that the customers had towards electric cars. Electric cars are the future living cars that will be established soon for the customers experiences. The study involves descriptive methodology with the help of primary and secondary data and the survey was taken from 76 respondents, the target audience, the customers for the analyzing purposes. Further the finishing were calculated with the help of statistical tools.

This study is conducted to analyze mental wellbeing of employees’ and its organizational outcome during COVID-19. Due to this global pandemic, the Nation’s economy has declined and hence many organizations decided to cut down the cost by lowering the salary package and to terminate few employees. Organization shifted to remote working  but this caused a negative impact on employees’ mental health. Employees are stressed due to workload, lack of communication, work life balance, insecurity of job, anxiety and other reasons during COVID-19. The dependent factor called organizational outcome is influenced by the factors namely employee wellbeing, virtual communication, organizational support and social media. The researcher circulated questionnaires among Information technology (IT) industry employees. The sample size of the study is 90. Various analytical tools such as frequency analysis, mean analysis, T- Test, ANOVA and Regression for comparing the dependent and independent factor have been analyzed using SPSS software in order to analyze the primary data. From the results, It is inferred that the organisation's support is the most influencing factor. Providing mental wellbeing training and programs, implementing new policies which help in bringing positive impact on employees and their performance which results in effective organization outcome.

remote working and employee’s satisfaction, performance is  recently being discussed often as the world is in a pandemic situation, Need for doing research has become inevitable in this field as many employees are working from home with limited resources. many significant factors are chosen for this study. The objective of this study is to know the impact of remote working in the IT industry, to find out the positive and negative consequences faced by employees while remote working, to study the influence of demographic variables on the perception of employees regarding remote working, and to give suggestions to overcome negative consequences. The questionnaire was circulated to remote workers in the IT industry. A total number of 61 respondents were contacted and were given the opportunity to participate in the survey through a convenience sampling method. The results of this research were found to be that communication is the most influencing factor of creating job satisfaction among remote employees in the IT industry and remote working is becoming the upcoming trend.

Customer relationship management (CRM) is a mixture of individual, process and technology that tries to understand their company’s customers. Most of the tourism companies coordinated ways to deal with overseeing connections by focusing on customer maintenance and relationship improvement. CRM has developed from progresses in technology and hierarchical changes in customer driven processes. Tourism companies that effectively execute, customer relationship management will receive the benefits in customer loyalty and long run productivity or profitability. In any case, effective execution is most of the tourism company requires customer relationship management all inclusive, cross functional, customer focused business measure re-designing the framework. In spite of the facts CRM is a technology, customer relationship management is an only technology which helps the tourism industry in bringing solutions for the customers in order to satisfy their needs and wants. Dealing with an effective CRM execution requires a coordinated and adjusted way to deal with technology, process and individuals. The sample size of the study is 70 and tools which are used to find secondary data are frequency analysis, mean analysis, independent t test, ANOVA (one way), and regression analysis.

Workplace incivility is one of the major concerns in the healthcare industry. The objective of the study is to understand the concept of workplace incivility, to examine the factors causing workplace incivility, to examine the various steps to eliminate workplace incivility, to find out the influence of demographic variables on workplace incivility and to give suggestions to the targets to cope up with workplace incivility. Descriptive, exploratory and casual research methodology is used, the statistical tools used for analysis are frequency analysis, mean analysis and one way ANOVA. The key cause for workplace incivility among nurses was found to be physicians, and none of the demographic variables such as age, gender, and work experience, hospital location, marital status, and qualification affected workplace incivility.

Artificial Intelligence is used in all the sectors, among which chatbot is a new trend. Chatbots are used in many sectors, where HR chatbot have taken over the HR industry This research paper titled HR Recruitment through chatbot helps to know about how chatbot is useful in recruitment for HR managers and to know whether these chatbots will replace hiring managers in the upcoming years or not. A descriptive research is used in the study for a sample size of 113. The tools used in the study are mean analysis, frequency analysis, Independent sample T test and ANOVA. It is found that factors influencing the study are need for chatbot, technical issue, evaluation and installation. From the study it’s been inferred that chatbot can help the HR manager in saving their time by selecting the qualified and helping the HR manager by bringing the recruitment to further process but it can’t replace a HR manager.

As far as the Indian subcontinent, shipping plays a vital role within the transport sector of India’s economy. Indian Shipping companies,  Indian marine sector is  at an advantageous position the large coastline of 7,500 km. With a coastline close to 7517 km and twelve major and 187 minor ports India happens to be a possible destination for shipping and trans shipment . This paper comprises of the introduction, the background and challenges faced by the marine industry in logistics, literature review,  theoretical aspects of marine logistics. The data analysis and the research findings are discussed.   The outcome of the research analysis are mentioned the last  it has the details about how to overcome the challenges, methods to solve the issues and improve the marine logistics are  been  enlightened.

The main aim of the study is to determine the need and significance of Know Your Customer (KYC) in the financial sector. A descriptive research design is used in this study since it is most suitable due to the characteristics of the purpose of the study. In this study, a statistical method is used to determine the sample to ensure that the size of the sample is representable for the whole population. The size of the study is 72 and primary data is collected through questionnaire. Tools used in this study are frequency analysis, mean analysis, independent t test and ANOVA. It is found that there is no remarkable differentiation between demographic variables and perception towards the need of KYC.

Peer-to-Peer (P2P) refers to social lending and it is an emerging wealth management service that allows individuals to procure loans directly from investors without the intervention of a financial institution. P2P investors obtain better returns on their cash savings through lending in P2P lending platforms mostly through online web pages. The P2P model facilitates matching of individual investors with borrowers by assessing the creditworthiness on a periodical basis. P2P renders services for recovery of loan through this platform. Better interest rates are possible using these P2P online platforms. Borrowers who fail to obtain loans from traditional financial institutions can avail the services of these online platforms. The model also helps budding entrepreneurs to get their startups off the ground and it is a relatively new approach where borrowers can obtain loans from numerous individual investors pursuing multiple objectives when they pick loans to invest. Though P2P lending might seem like an attractive investment this is still a technically young industry.

The study of the research paper deals with the money market and the appreciation of home currency value. The exchange rate mainly depends on the value of the home currency and the investments made by the people in the country. Investment plays a major role in currency appreciation. Trading with more than one currency at global level is called as Foreign Exchange. The Forex market deals with the currency exchange at global level. The value of home currency depends on the rate of exchange. The exchanging rate of currency can affect the trading factors of the country. Even the currency value can be determined by the import export of the country. Inflation plays a vital role in the Forex market. The inflation is expected to have a pessimistic impact on the exchange rate, low inflation does not assure favorable exchange during high inflation rate has a negative impact. Investments made by people of the country helps to avoid inflation.

The NITI Aayog was implemented to carry new plans. Its first order is to go about as a research organization. It is well known as a bridge through which new and imaginative thoughts occur from a single imaginable source - industry, the scholarly world, common society, or unfamiliar authorities and stream into the administration framework for usage. It has customary meetings to generate new ideas with partners from different ventures and areas. We distinguish the prescribed procedures in various states in different areas and afterward attempt to imitate them in different states.          The information is then utilized at the most noteworthy policymaking levels to set up responsibility and improve execution. This exhibition and result based ongoing observing and assessment of government work can significantly affect improving the proficiency of administration. There's a need to legitimize direct charges for both corporate expense and individual annual duty, facilitating the assessment consistency trouble which alongside demonetization and GST will support India's expense to GDP proportion. Utilizing such information, additionally concoct execution-based rankings of States across different verticals to cultivate a feeling of serious federalism. Move Hack expected to achieve creative, dynamic, and adaptable answers for issues about portability. This study tries to examine whether the function of NITI Aayog is more reliable and find the perception of literate people on the functions of NITI Aayog in Chennai city.

This paper studies the perception towards essentials of corporate governance practices. Descriptive research is applied using a convenience method of sampling with 64 respondents. The data is collected from the private limited employees. The majority of respondents were Female and the majority of the age group were less than 35 years. The tools and techniques utilized for the examination and results are mean investigation, frequency test and ANOVA. It is discovered that there is no huge distinction between the perceptions towards essentials of corporate administration and the demographic profile of the employees.

Investing in the stock market has its own benefits. Investing in the stock market will primarily help to grow money, by earning more profit from the invested amount. Taking high risk, by investing in risky investment avenues like in the stock market, would eventually help to increase or grow money. As taxes and inflation of a country have a major impact on wealth, investing in equities would protect and slow the negative impact on both. By regular payment of dividends to shareholders, regular investment income would be maintained by the investors which would help to meet their financial goals. Stock market has wide choices of financial instruments for investing like bonds, shares, derivatives, etc., which would benefit an investor to reduce the risk level by diversifying. Irrespective of shares owned by the investors, a portion of ownership is acquired and would benefit in voting rights and advice in strategic decisions made by the company. An analytical study is conducted on shareholder value creation with a sample of 87, through which different types of investors have delivered their perception on value creation. Different statistical tools are applied to identify their perception.

Descriptive research is applied by using a convenience method of sampling with 70 respondents. The data is collected from the farmers. The majority of respondents were both male and female and their majority of age group were less than 35 years. The tools used for the study are mean analysis, frequency analysis, t-test and ANOVA. It is found that farming is the factor influenced by climate and farming has barriers to adapt to the climate. Cultivating expects a fundamental part in the economy of non-modern countries, and gives the essential wellspring of food, pay and work to their common masses. It has gotten logically clear over the last couple of years that the start of both monetary master and system makers regarding the work of cultivation in money related improvement has experienced a huge headway. Around one fourth of the Earth's bound surface is as of now a work in progress with more land changed over to manage creation. Humanity has similarly gotten skilled at raising yields through using inputs like manures, pesticides and common waste products. Anyway in various more shocking countries with low benefit rates and creating masses, agribusiness continues wandering into immaterial and sensitive grounds. It adds to the monetary new development. In light of the public compensation level, similarly as people's lifestyle is improved. 

Microfinance moneylenders give little credits to current and hopeful entrepreneurs. These advances help give individuals who might not have the credit or the admittance to conventional financing the chance to procure a higher pay and give occupations to their nearby networks. The measure of microfinance advances differ by loan specialist and can go from $25 up to $2,000. Descriptive research design is adopted to measure the selected topics. The sample size of the study is 46 members of MSME. The study primarily uses primary data. The tools of frequency analysis, mean analysis and ANOVA used in the study to analyse the data.

This study tries to examine the role of financial intermediaries in capital market. And also looks over the impact of financial intermediaries on capital market development. Financial intermediaries exist for the profits within the Financial system. Capital market is the place where the savings and the investment have been done between the suppliers and the people who need the capital. The financial intermediaries arise to reduce the information of risk management and the mobilisation of the savings. These intermediaries assist the investors to grow their money by the way of investments. This paper comes to the opinion that financial intermediaries play a major part in the economy and helps the investors easily make investment in the capital market.

The main purpose to conduct this study is to know how to implement time management and cost reduction while doing a project. Also to understand the perception of employees in the IT industry about cost reduction and time management practises. This is an empirical study. Descriptive research methodology is used in the study as the research design and  sampling method used is convenience sampling. The size of the sample collected in this study is 77 and primary data is used. The responses are collected from IT employees. The software supported to interpret and analyse the data is IBM SPSS software which is widely used for finding many quantitative solutions. The tools used for the study are frequency analysis, mean analysis and ANOVA to analyse the data. The results of this research were found to be cost management helps to eliminate unnecessary cost elements.

The latest trend in marketing is advertising and purchasing through social media. Currently the majority use social media and are greatly attracted towards the new brands which are advertised in social media. Consumers are highly influenced by online advertisements that come in various social media platforms like Facebook, Instagram, Pinterest, YouTube, etc. social media easily take the attention and impel the consumers to go beyond the window shopping which is purchasing. Social media has become an effective marketing tool to create brand awareness. The consumer’s choices have narrowed down and in need of an influence to convince the consumer choices. Attractive and informative or well drafted content can glue the consumers towards specific brands or services. Surveys have been taken to find specific impacts on the consumers purchasing behaviour through social media advertisements. The main aim of this paper is to study the impact of social media advertising on consumer purchasing behaviour.

Online media is fundamental to advanced promoting of brands. Organizations use it to arrive at a huge number of potential and current clients. There are some different web-based media like Instagram, Facebook, twitter, LinkedIn, etc., by which consumer buying behavior is decided. A questionnaire was prepared and data was collected from a sample of 100 consumers who live in and around Chennai. The data was analyzed by variables such as Names of the Social media, Advertisement, and Customization. The findings show that Name of the Social media (0.26) and Advertisement (0.184) having positive linearity. Relationship with respect to Product purchase. The Customization (0.491) has a higher number of positive responses with respect to Product Purchase intention.

The research paper titled customer satisfaction in E-commerce industry. The objective of the study is to identify the factors that influencing customer satisfaction in E-commerce industry. Descriptive research is used in the study as the research design and the sampling method used is convenience sampling. The sample size of the study is 150 respondents and it is analyzed using SPSS tool. The collected data were classified, tabulated and analyzed with statistical tools such as frequency analysis and Regression analysis. It is found that factor affecting customer satisfaction are delivery problem, privacy and security, service recovery. Among the factors, Service recovery factor positively influences the customer satisfaction.

The research paper titled the customer perception in online food delivery safety during covid. The objective of the study is to identify the factors that influencing customer perception in online food delivery safety to satisfy customer. Descriptive research is used in the study as the research design and the sampling method used is convenience sampling. The sample size of the study is 170 respondents and it is analyzed using spss tool. The collected data were classified, tabulated and analyzed with statistical tools such as frequency analysis and mean analysis. It is found that factor affecting customer perception in online food delivery are delivery problem, preventive and secure,safety service.Among the factors, safety service factor  are major  influences the customer perception at the time of covid.

The research paper titled the consumer behaviour towards sportswear. The objective of the study is to analyze the consumer behaviour towards sportswear. Descriptive research is used in the study as the research design and the sampling method used is convenience sampling. The sample size of the study is 90 respondents and it is analyzed using SPSS tool. The collected data were classified, tabulated and analyzed with statistical tools such as frequency analysis, T-test, Mean analysis and ANOVA test. It is found that factor affecting consumer preference, brand preference, price, quality and comfort on sports products.

The study discusses the best ways for manufacturers to introduce JIT systems successfully. In order to achieve this aim, a survey is carried out to evaluate the relative significance of choosing JIT implementation strategies and to analyze expert results. It is also used to research and factors influencing the implementation of JIT and to study the implementation of JIT challenges. In order to analyze the primary data, various analytical methods such as frequency analysis for demographic issues, regression for the comparison of the dependent and independent factor were analyzed using SPSS software. The results of this study may provide some insight into the relative value of JIT techniques with regard to the objective of increasing production quality and efficiency. The findings may provide some guidance to those companies that are interested in restructuring their own production systems according to the concepts of JIT.

The research paper titled the service quality in E-commerce logistics services. The objective of the study is to identify the factors that influence service quality in the E-commerce logistics industry. causal research design is used in the study as the research design and the sampling method used is convenience sampling. The sample size of the study is 85 respondents and it is analyzed using the SPSS tool. The collected data were analyzed with statistical tools such as frequency analysis and Regression analysis. It is found that factors affecting customer satisfaction are packing factor, communication factors, delivery speed and quality factor. Among the factors, The packing factor has a strong positive linear relationship with customer satisfaction.

The research paper titled to study about the impact of consumer buying behaviour on celebrity endorsement. The objective of the study to study and examine the purchase intention of celebrity endorsement in respect to brand quality, brand usage and brand recognition. The tools used in the study are frequency analysis, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, regression analysis. It is found that consumer behaviour relates t the brand perception, brand quality and brand image.

The research paper titled a study on customer’s perception towards electric two-wheeler. The objective of the study is to identify the factors that influence electric bikes purchase. Explanatory research is applied using convenience method of sampling with 145 respondents. The tools used of the study is frequency analysis, independent T-test, one-way ANOVA, regression analysis. It is found that factors related to customer perception are charging time, a smaller number of models, distance travelled for one full charge and environmental concern.

Representatives are the main resources of an association. Additionally, in the present exceptionally serious world representatives are the elements which decide achievement or disappointment of an association. They are the ones who cooperate with the client on an everyday premise and complete the entire activity. As such the associations need to focus on the happiness of the representatives. What's more, as quality HR gets an ever increasing number of meager, the organizations need to pay more notice as per the general inclination of workers. Likewise, notwithstanding the fulfillment of the representative, the business has a task to carry out in the inspiration of the worker. In the event that the worker is propelled towards the work, at that point it is probably going to yield more outcomes.

The main aim of the study is to find out the customer satisfaction on logistics quality service of ecommerce. To provide valuable suggestions to the logistics and the e-commerce business to enhance the customer satisfaction, With the help of the real time data collected from students and employees by issuing questionnaires with the help of google forms. By getting the real time data we can easily predict the needs and wants of the customers. analyzing the data by working on SPSS software with various statistical tools. The results derived from this report will be useful from many e-commerce and logistics businesses. This study has been conducting By finding out the gap between customer satisfaction and logistics on e-commerce. 

Stress can exist when working at a fast place, doing difficult problems, or listening to someone shout at you. It can be brought about through conflicts, making decisions, or otherwise straining abilities, or it can exist because of numerous social demands on time. We have noted that emotional states tend not to be long lasting, whether they are unpleasant emotions like fear, or pleasant ones, such as joy. Yet on occasion such states may persist for long periods of time, or they may reach excessively high levels. When this happens, the result typically is labeled "stress", and its manifestation in psychological as well as physiological terms. The sample was selected by using a simple random sampling technique. The present study reveals that the higher secondary students are having moderate level of academic stress and irrespective of sub samples of the higher secondary students are having moderate level of academic stress. The male student's academic stress is higher than female students. The urban student's academic stress is higher than rural student. The students whose parent's education as literacy level academic stress is higher than their counterpart.

The part of clients in the green supply chain, the board should be distinguished and perceived as a significant research zone. This paper is an endeavour to investigate the contribution part of clients towards the Green Supply Chain (SC). An observational exploration approach has been utilized to gather essential information to rank various factors for successful client association in green idea usage in Supply Chain. Relevant connections among factors have been built up utilizing specialists' suppositions. The exploration may help rehearsing directors to comprehend the communication among factors influencing client contribution. Further, this comprehension might be useful in encircling the approaches and procedures to green Supply Chain. Examining connection among factors for powerful client association in GSCM to build up the basic model in the Indian point of view is an exertion towards advancing condition cognizance.

This study evaluates the football achievement development in a special sports class high school level in Gunungkidul Yogyakarta. This study uses the CIPP (Context, Input, Process, Product) evaluation model approach. The data were collected using interview guidelines, observation sheets, and document study. This study's Respondents involved the principal, the teacher in charge of implementing a special sports class, and the football coaches. The data analysis technique used qualitative data analysis through data triangulation. The study results reveal that in the context aspect, the implementation of a special sports class is based on a decision letter from the Head of the District Education Office and a decision letter from the DIY Provincial Education Office. In the input aspect, the admission of new students for the special sports class is carried out through administrative selection, tests of physical abilities, and sports
skills. Besides, the budget for implementing Special Sports Class still relies on sources of funds from the provincial level Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget, School Operational Assistance, and school committee. The condition of equipment availability is considered good, and the football field facilities used for the training process are in category C. Also, the coach's license who handles the sport of football is in categories B and C. In the process aspect, the time allocation for soccer sports achievement falls into categories B, and C. Football match trials have been carried out both by the school and the coach himself. Meanwhile, in the product aspect, students' achievements have been achieved by students in the special sports class at the regency level, and achievements at the provincial level are still considered minimal.

In this research study we are getting to see about mutual funds in India. There are many investments in India like equity share, mutual fund, fixed deposit, public provident fund, land, gold, etc. open-end fund may be a pool of cash for several investors in India. Mutual funds are one among the important investments that a lot of investors get good offers to take a position in. The securities purchased by the investors are referred because of the fund’s portfolio. Mutual funds give opportunities to small investors to require part within the capital market with none high risk. This study was conducted to research and compare the performance of various sorts of mutual funds in India and concluded that equity funds outperform income funds. This study further concludes that equity fund managers possess significant market timing ability and institutions funds managers are ready to time their investments, but brokers operated funds didn't show market timing ability. Further, it's been found empirically that fund managers are ready to time their investments with the conditions within the market, and possess significant timing ability.

Companies are also looking for new ways to enhance their operation, customer loyalty and remain ahead of the game with their rivals in the dynamic world of production. For the past decade or so, reverse logistics has been considered a method to bring these items to life.This thesis paper aims to shed some light on the fundamentals of reverse logistics and how a management approach can be used for reverse logistics. This paper highlights the basics of reverse logistics and discusses what kind of decisions today's logistics managers have to take to develop their logistics model on a daily basis.A increasing concern to control rising global emissions has been emerging, this paper also highlights some of the impact on the environment of reverse logistics decisions and vice versa. In the theoretical history portion, the study begins by collecting the work of scholars and logistics experts in the field of logistics.A small picture of the degree to which reverse logistics has entered the manufacturing world has been drawn through a study conducted in a few manufacturing firms in India.

The purpose of this study is to determine the factors influencing retirement planning  among young professionals in the private sector .There are certain factors which determine  retirement based on financial literacy, job satisfaction and savings behavior. Financial  plan helps  with funds. Financial  plan should be goal oriented and it should take care of needs in the most crucial period of life. This paper aims to evaluate the relevance of demographic and  psychological factors in making saving and investment decisions with focus on retirement  financial planning. The study is based on primary as well as on the secondary data.  To understand various frameworks and predict the variables, research papers and articles  would be referred. Most of the people preferred bank deposits by  investing for purchasing home and long-term growth but, most of the  investors were not aware of investing their money in mutual funds and shares. This  research would be relevant in getting insight into factors and issues faced by the  individual while making financial plans for retirement. Primary data on demographic  and psychological variables would be collected through structured questionnaires. In  which it helps encourage the young professionals to save and invest for retirement.

The aim of this research is on perspective of retail investors towards equity investment decisions in this report its deal with how an individual or retail  investor view of perspective towards  equity investment.Each and every person perspective is different that will based on the situation the investor been through, education status, experience of investors towards stock, there financial positions, families, friends, relationships and lot more will be directly influenced the individual or retail investors perspectives towards the equity investment. But the thing is their perspective may be different based on lot situations but the main motivation or intention of any type of investor is the same that is to get maximum return of the investment made on the equity of the shares. And this paper helps to understand how the investors, that is the individual investors or retail investors, determine equity based on the need of investors and also their perspective among equity. Also this research report states with shares, stock market, NSE, BSE, SEBI, India economy influenced by stock markets and lot more this paper. This paper concluded with the very basic methodology of stock , share, equity of the individual or retail investors perspective in India.

The research aim is to assess the Investigation on Portfolio Decision making of Individual Investors. This study helps the investors to make an investment in various kinds of avenues like Mutual funds, Shares, Gold, Saving account, Real estate, Fixed deposit, etc. The Primary purpose of any investor is to limit hazard and maximize return. A sample of 152 employees from various organizations and students by providing the google forms and collecting the real time data and it is used for this analysis. This study helps us to find out to know about the individual preferences on investment, to maximize return on investment, to know the knowledge of investment and to know about the factors considering investment decisions.

Climate consists of a collection of features that define an organization, differentiate it from other relatively long-term organizations and influence the actions of people in it.. The purpose of this article is to present, by using ability of a model, the determinants of organizational way of life which influence creativity and innovation and to check whether or not a relationship existed between the variables job delight and organizational tradition of personnel within a service organization. The populace is collected from thermal power plant industry, and the data is collected from all levels of management (low, middle, top-level) 200 personnel of which fifty had been excluded from the research because of low levels of literacy.. The relationship between creativity, innovation and way of life is discussed in this context. Against the history of this model, the determinants of organizational culture were identified. The determinants are strategy, structure, support mechanisms, commitment, and job satisfaction, behavior that encourages innovation, organizational climate and open communication. The impact of every determinant on creativity and innovation is discussed. Values, norms and beliefs that play a position in commitment and job satisfaction can both support or inhibit creativity and innovation depending on how they have an effect on character and employees’ performance and behavior. This is additionally defined in this article.

Work stress can affect  doctors physical and mental health by reducing their efficiency and having a pessimistic effect on their  quality of life. Stress among doctors is a synergy between the challenging nature of their work and committed personality .Doctors are having a highly demanding nature of work ,both the lack of control and inadequate rewarding systems in the workplace making doctors stressful.  Handling unexpected responsibilities may increase the  Stress .Work stress  can be induced by various factors such as excessive workload and extended work hours to handle critical cases and serious working environments..work stress will  also cause a negative impact on their family life . Many factors can enhance stress , including  low career growth, lack of managerial relationship with staff, poor working environment and prolonged working hours. Innovation should be implemented in order to reduce work stress among doctors.

Ethics is characterized as the moral standards that regulate the actions of a person or individual. Healthcare professionals are people who provide health care services and treatment based on their knowledge and experience. Medical ethics is the relevant subject of ethics that analyzes scientific medicinal drugs and associated medical research. Medical ethics is primarily based on the set of values that an expert can talk to in case of misunderstanding or conflict. Ethical Norms followed by Healthcare professionals is influenced by various factors such as Behaviour, Knowledge and Working environment. This study focuses on the various ethical factors influencing health care professionals. This study is conducted to find out the ethical norms followed by the healthcare professionals and to find out the determinants of ethical norms followed by Healthcare Professionals. The conclusion of the study shows that among the factors behaviour, knowledge and working environment behaviour factor have a positive linear relationship and innovation towards Ethical norms.

The study is to identify the variables such as digitalization, convenience and privacy categories which includes the factors like telecommunication, smart watch, medical devices, social media, health apps, cost reduction, long travels, waiting time, potential adopters, specialist care, data privacy, security, doctor-patient interaction, confidentiality, patient’s doubt clearance and electronic medical record, all together showing to what level it influences people to approach telehealth. Telehealth innovations influence the people with their services where technology has the potential to increase the quality of healthcare and make it available to more people. Telehealth  provides opportunities for health care to become more efficient, better organised and closer to home. The study finds out people's understanding on Telehealth services and measures the relationship among various factors that influence Telehealth practices among people. The conclusion of the study states about various factors that influence people to prefer Telehealth, such as digitalization, convenience factors and privacy factors, where it all has a positive linear relationship towards telehealth approach.

Many people will be experiencing the fear of going to hospitals. These fears have been raised due to many factors. Including the sufferer in medical care security sharpens has prolonged to an extent of require and significance. But amid pandemics, numerous individuals are not going to the healing centre due to the fear of spreading disease. Five phases of fear were identified: at household after conclusion, in the midst of course of action for incision at the clinic, the day of enucleation, the post-clinical surgery visits, and the period after the follow visits at residential. Fear of clinics can be caused due to a traumatic event that has struck the person gravely. In most cases, pros endeavour to recognize the traumatic circumstance to cure the calm. In a few cases, clinical dread may be caused due to Trypanophobia which means the Fear of needles or undoubtedly the panic due to seeing blood. Some people as well make this condition due to the fear of taking medicine. There are a couple of other causes of clinic fear that can be annihilating and this seems to turn out to be life threatening in case cleared out untreated. The usage of Anaesthesia will also influence the fear of patients during hospital visits. A survey has been collected from the patients and people and has analysed the most influencing factor which causes patient fear. The innovations implemented in the health care sector can reduce the patient's fear to a greater extent.

Medical services laborers are the individuals whose work it is to ensure and improve the soundness of the networks. Together these wellbeing laborers, in the entirety of their variety, make up the worldwide wellbeing labor force. Medical care laborers to be all individuals occupied with activities whose essential aim is to upgrade wellbeing. Despite the fact that it's conceivable to forestall or decrease medical services specialist openness to these dangers, medical care laborers keep on encountering wounds and ailment in the work environment. Clinics have numerous exact dangers which can surely affect the wellness of workers. These dangers include natural and compound dangers, ergonomic dangers, hazardous medications, ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, move work, stress, and viciousness. They might be taken out or diminished through heaps of innovations in positive control techniques, for example, design end, replacement, designing controls, authoritative controls, and private protecting hardware, so as of inclination. Medical services staff are presented to a wide scope of wellbeing dangers in the workplace, including biological,chemical , physical, ergonomic and psychological Hazards. This paper considers the main word related openings of medical care laborers.

Media is one of the most novel and helpful creations by humankind. In this day and age it's almost unimaginable for somebody to dodge the media absolutely in their everyday life. This is on the grounds that it has a more noteworthy impact among individuals. It has gotten a fundamental part in human existence. Media can be utilized for different exercises, for example, sharing data, realizing what occurs far and wide, becoming acquainted with new innovations, likewise accommodating in investigations, explores, business related exercises and so forth. In the healthcare field also it has its own impact, directly from thinking about the emergency clinics to counselling the specialists. It has been created over recent years and appears to be incredibly open by individuals. Impact of media has its own effects in medical services which is both positive and negative. It is demonstrated that the media somewhat improves the way of life. The impact of media varies from individuals to individuals contingent on their use of media, for example, TV, radio, Whatsapp, Facebook and so on having a review on the media's impact there are more certain components than that of the negative ones. The major goal of the study is to interpret the media’s ascendancy and innovations in the healthcare industry.

Electronic Medical Record (EMR) framework is a longitudinal electronic record comprising all patient data. It allows patient data information to keep an advanced clinical report. In others viewpoint, should be a digitalised variant to hospitalised persons clinical report should documented in manual outline.EMRs are something beyond a substitution for paper records. They adequately permit correspondence and coordination among individuals from a medical care group for ideal patient consideration. Digital medical record exploits medical assist regarded a record registered report diverse extensive stretches. An EMR is standard online medical data used by physicians and other healthcare professionals for examination and treatment of patient issues. The frameworks coordinate accurate documentation involved to implement changes in setting appointing, charging, check out. EMR became an important innovation and a tool for record keeping and transferring medical records. Improve quality, security, effectiveness, and decrease health variations. Maintain privacy and confidentiality of patient well-being data. Although patient clinical records are more available and accessible than ever before, processing system upgrades are continually enhancing medical data information workflow and physician-patient interactions.

Biomedical waste management The effect of hospital waste on health and the environment is important. It can be seen from this research that there is an immediate need to raise alertness, education on medicinal waste issues.To assure health and environmental protection, a proper waste management strategy is required. More information on effects, disposal to specific conclusions is needed to be collected. For developing countries, find options and suitable technology. Need thorough analysis of waste and aspects. Partly because agriculture has become less and less productive. By 2030, 65 percent of the world's population is projected to be living in cities. Due to low and lack of awareness, the infrastructure needed for this lop-sided growth of the cities is due to waste collection in the unplanned extensions in larger cities. The air quality in the city's surroundings is so bad that is estimated that about two million children under the age of five die each year from respiratory infections..It is a mystery how the wealthy are callous to the climate, such as doctors and higher officials working in such public places and part of their day time in these places. In fact, hospitals produce a large amount of hazardous waste. In establishing countries such as India,the amount of non liquid waste produced by hospitals has increased rapidly and innovations are implemented.

The main reason of this study is to determine the relationship between the Consumer and choosing Hospital in the Indian Healthcare Industry and to know about Factors Influencing Consumers in Choosing Hospital. This paper studies factors influencing consumer’s perception towards Choosing Hospital. The study is made on a descriptive basis and the primary data is collected from Patients. The data is collected on probability basis from 108 respondents and is analyzed with the SPSS tool .The collected data were classified, tabulated and analyzed with statistical tools Frequency analysis, Mean analysis. Results express the majority of  respondents were female and of age majority were Less than 25. The need of the study is to Access the factors that influence behaviour of the consumers towards choosing the hospital, to access the facilities from medical centres to access  needed consumers in specific medical service, it is used to identify patient reference in choosing the hospital and to analyse the factors that are considered by consumers while choosing hospital. The objective is to find out factors influencing consumers in choosing hospital, to calculate factorization of factors influencing consumers in choosing hospital and to find out difference between demographic variables and factors influencing consumers in choosing hospital. It is found that choosing a hospital is influenced by Hospital preference, Timing preference and treatment preference and there is no significant difference between Hospital preference, Timing preference and treatment preference. Innovations implemented in hospitals also play a major role in hospital choice.

In India, the elder population is one of the fastest growing populations among the world. India has about 110 million of ageing citizens which ranks to the second largest global population and therefore by 2050, it is expected to raise up to 240 million. These elderly people are easily prone to get affected by some mental health problems, in which depression along with anxiety affects their total health and reduces their quality of life. This study identifies some of the factors that contribute to anxiety and depression in elderly people are Loss of pleasure, dependency, self-confidence, isolation, medical conditions, financial status, memory problems, sufferer, identity and physical limitations, death fear, loneliness and being treated badly. Among those factors, loss and sleeping disturbances greatly contribute to the reasons that cause anxiety and depression in elderly people. Future studies to be conducted for the preventive measures for anxiety and depression among elderly people.  Some innovation in preventive measures should be implemented to reduce depression and anxiety among elderly people.

This study is especially executed to coordinate, spread and accelerate improvements in patient safety within the hospitals. Patient safety discipline is the coordination of actions to avoid harm to patients caused by the healthcare tactic itself. Hospitals were founded to permit care to people who need it and to remain patients safe in their moral duty. The best goal of this text is to reduce the prospect of associated infections. Improve the protection of using the medications. Kinds of safety measures found through this study are environmental safety, medical safety, hygiene, bio medical waste management, sanitation infection control. Because of unsafe medical procedures, numerous patients pandemic suffer annually from disorder, accidents and death. This contributed to the greater understanding of the value of the wellbeing of patients. Patient protection in medical assistance has not been studied to the same extent as there has been more research on new therapies in hospital settings. Attaining a culture of safety requires cherishing the values, attitudes, beliefs and standards that are important to health care organizations and what attitudes and behaviors are relevant and expected for patient safety. Innovation in hospitals is essential to improve the safety practices. 

The Chinese-born Noval Corona infection disease (COVID-19) It has crossed borders exponentially, infecting individuals around the world.Health care staff face an unparalleled level of emotional pressure associated with COVID19 across technical and personal realms. The goal of this study was to find the impact of mental health on hospital personnel particularly in Andaman and Nicobar Islands government and private medical care frameworks. The examination consisted of 61 participants. Survey questionnaire was provided digitally and manually in person to the respondent. The pervasiveness of stress (37.2%), worry about relatives (41.0%) and isolation (36.1%) were accounted for in the study as an outcome. Protective measures while taking care of patients, checking manifestations, awareness programs, and strategic planning at hospitals should be done. Innovation should be implemented in the healthcare setting to improve the mental health of hospital personnel during pandemic.

The world is changing everyday with that the risk and uncertainties also increases. The research paper titled ‘A study on consumer perception on general insurance’. The objective of this study is to analyse factors which affects the consumer perception on general insurance. The research design used in this study is descriptive research design and the technique used is Simple random technique. The sample size of this study is 110 respondents and primary data is used. The tools used for this study are Frequency analysis, Mean analysis, Independent T test and ANOVA. In this study we found that there is a significant difference among Age, Education and Occupation with respect to consumer perception towards insurance policy and there is no significant difference among income with respect to consumer perception towards insurance policy. We can conclude that Appropriate and Timely service, Reliability of the company, Quality of service, Customers convenience and Relationship with customer are the factors which affect the consumer perception towards General Insurance.

The study is to identify the elogistics service quality dimensions and customer satisfaction on e-commerce the variables such as Information technology, convenient service reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, tangibles.E-logistics is a new industry, in specific computerised arrival of worldwide business and strong network in e-commerce. The incorporation of technology with management of logistics has become a necessity for effective logistics management. The effect of models and activities of e-logistics include the organisation’s forward and reverse logistics functions. In today, The business climate is highly competitive, the importance of rapidly changing knowledge, and the importance of communication systems have been well known for overall success and in some situations even the sustainability of every operation in logistics.The study finds out the customer satisfaction on elogistics service providers by the e-commerce industry. The conclusion of the study states various factors that influence people to buy on e-commerce, such as customer satisfaction on responsiveness, assurance, empathy and tangible factors increase positive relationships but when the reliability factor decreases the customer satisfaction.

The study tries to examine the process involved in Freight Forwarding service. With worldwide rivalry today, numerous associations have understood the need of having overall customer issue arrangements inside and outside the business. Some of them have upgraded their vital business base on the client. Drucker stated that making clients is the reason for a business. It additionally intends to build a profundity relationship with mongrel lease clients, keeping them and pulling in new clients. With that specific circumstance, the client relationship with the executives (CRM) has been created as an arrangement and seen as an actualized procedure for client association with the board. client unwaveringly depends on correspondence and connection between people, it isn't about CRM programming.

The research paper titled “ A study on trend analysis of spices export from India” is an attempt to predict the factors influencing the export of spices in India. In this analysis we have predicted the export quantity and value of spices for the year 2021 by using the secondary data of quantity and values for the past 5 years. Through this analysis exporters will be able to analyse the international market and predict the demand for export of spices in future.

This study is all about effective online grocery delivery. Delivery changed into a hassle which affected the ease of online purchasing. However to conquer this many outlets which includes on line outlets in Taiwan introduced in a shop choose up service. This now supposed that clients may want to buy items online and choose them up at a close-by comfort shop, making online purchasing greater fine to clients. In the occasion of a hassle with the object (e.g., the product changed into now no longer what the patron ordered or the product changed into now no longer satisfactory), purchasers are worried with the convenience of returning an object in trade for the suitable product or a refund. Consumers may also want to touch the retailer, go to the publishing workplace and pay to go back shipping, after which await a substitute or refund. Some on line corporations have greater beneficent go back regulations to atone for the conventional benefit of bodily shops. This study takes four companies, for example Flipkart, My Kirana, Big Basket and Grocery Bazaar. This shows how they are doing the online grocery business effectively.

This article is all about Supply Chain Management in “Advance Tech Energy Edibles India Ltd.” is the research work that deals with different processes and techniques adopted by various FMCG retail Organizations, specifically and to find gaps that needed to be filled for improvement in FMCG retail. Supply chain management for retail companies strives to control product quality, inventory levels, timing and expenses. A clear supply chain strategy with differentiated service offerings and delivery terms is essential to optimizing the balance of cost and required customer service. An integrated approach considering supply, production, transportation, operations and service is crucial to design the most competitive retail logistics concept for the company. We collected primary data and secondary data about oil manufacturing and how they make logistics on it. To study the influence of demographic variables on customer perspective. To know the relationship between profession and delivery. The article was basically based on the customer's view on the logistics system in the edible oil industry but it consisted of so many things which I learnt, like how to manage people, how to get maximum output from the people and how to make a balance in sales. If a company’s product is good then it does not have to worry about things and competitors.

Online shopping is a form of electronic commerce which allows consumers to directly buy goods or services from a seller over the Internet using a web browser. Consumers find a product of interest by visiting the website of the retailer directly or by searching among alternative vendors using a shopping search engine, which displays the same product's availability and pricing at different e-retailers. As of 2020, customers can shop online using a range of different computers and devices, including desktop computers, laptops, tablet computers and smartphones. An online shop evokes the physical analogy of buying products or services at a regular "bricks-and-mortar" retailer or shopping center; the process is called business-to-consumer (B2C) online shopping. When an online store is set up to enable businesses to buy from another businesses, the process is called business-to-business (B2B) online shopping. This Study explains how the customer gets satisfied with the quality of online shopping websites. we collected various response from 201 respondents based on the satisfaction with website quality of ecommerce websites.

In a shrimp exporting the SIMP (Seafood import monitoring program), Turtle excluding device, Antidumping, Price fluctuations are the most trade barrier in global market. This paper examines the perspective of trade barriers in exporting shrimp to the other country. This study revealed major trade barrier information on exporting shrimp to US and EU.

As there is a rise in the online and customized learning platforms, learning style preferences give us insight into better utilization of educational resources available. VARK learning styles are developed by Fleming and Bonwell on the premises of preferred intake of information by the students. VARK model describes four sensory modalities Visual, Kinesthetic, Read/Write and Auditory respectively for the input. Initially learning styles are calculated using the VARK questionnaire as an instrument. In this case machine learning and predictive analytics can help classify learning style by including all the descriptors including demographic and behavioural. This study will explore the data mining process from the raw data collected from the college students through a questionnaire which is an integral part before the analysis to determine possibility to use different descriptors. This study primarily aims to classify the students based on VARK learning styles based on their sensory modalities and build a predictive model using the variables that can influence the learning styles. This study explored the relationship between demographic factors like school and place people grew up. Results proved to contradict those factors. We concluded that with the growth of big data learning style classification, a blend of model algorithms or stacked algorithms like voting classifier can be used to adapt to a user application.

India became the fourth largest auto market in 2019 displacing Germany with about 3.99 million units sold in the passenger and commercial vehicles categories. As the industry grows employment and pressure on employees too grows. This article investigates the influence of overtime on employee’s job satisfaction. It establishes the importance of impact of job overtime on employees, increases work load and creates work family conflicts on them. This study is carried out to analyze the factors influencing job satisfaction, to study the factors that leads to work family conflict and to study the effect of work family conflict on job satisfaction

Continental drift is the process of Continental plates moving. The movement is very slow, and it might take even years to show the impact on the Earth. The movement depends on gravity, convection drift, and plate formation. Gravity impacts the movements as the mantle(The layer below the crust) is always spinning because of gravity and the plates are located on the mantle. Convection drift impacts on the movement because convection drift  is a cycle of melting and cooling of rocks in the mantle which can slowly impact the movement of the Plate. Plate Formation also affects the way the plates move as the new plates formed pushes the nearby plates causing Movement.

The present study focuses on the customer satisfaction towards mobile wallets. This study examines the factors that influence customers satisfaction while using mobile wallets. Nowadays everyone uses their smartphones to make their day today transactions using mobile wallets. Mobile wallets create a huge impact among the people. The present study is carried by a survey conducted among the mobile wallet users to identify the satisfactory levels of them. The study focuses on the level of satisfaction and factors that satisfy the customers in using mobile wallets.

The purpose of the study is to know about the stress management in HDFC Bank. The study focuses on knowing the stress level in the banking sector particularly in HDFC bank. In recent times the employees in the banking sector are facing stress, depression, sleeping disturbance, etc. This is due to inability of employees to cope up with the updating technology, trends and strategies in the banking sector. The emerging new technologies and over use of computers leads to stress for the employees. Not only the wellbeing also the physical wellbeing is affected due to stress. This is an empirical study with descriptive research methodology. Surveys were taken through questionnaires. Totally sixty responses were collected from the employees of HDFC bank. The questionnaire contains nine questions that measure the employee involvement and stress overcome strategies. The software used in this study is SPSS software. The analytical tools used to measure the demographic variables are frequency analysis and the mainstream that relates the research that is analysed by mean analysis, t-test and one way anova test. This research finally concludes that banking sector employees are undergoing stress due to that they are not willing to leave the job instead they are trying to overcome stress with different strategies.

Electronic banking is a form of banking in which funds are transferred through an exchange of electronic signals rather than through an exchange of cash, checks, or other types of paper documents. Transfers of funds occur between financial institutions such as banks and credit union . Electronic banking system has progressed in the recent years . The study is to understand the customer satisfaction in electronic banking . The main reason that electronic banking came into existence is to ease customer money transaction in any time , any place with out visiting the bank . The study is carried by a survey among the electronic bank users to identify the customer satisfaction . A sample of 205 was used to analysis the research .

Training and development makes employees more productive. Training and development are becoming big business nowadays and more important for any organization that wants to take advantage of changes, techniques and improvements. The existing workforce is trained to increase their productivity, newly joined employees will also be trained and motivated to contribute their best towards the organization. The employees will be more confident about themselves and passionate about their job. They will adapt to technological changes and innovations more readily. Training and development need assessments, training design and delivery and transfer of training. Growing business environment needs new ideas like updated and strategic training and development to make business grow fast as well , we need to adapt ourselves for the future business environment, making our employees updated will give the best result for the organization. Nowadays many organizations are spending much to train their employees and make them updated. The training program has to be designed perfectly for the employees to achieve long and short term goals of the organization and employees as well. After the training and development program every employee has to be evaluated by their performance and should get their feedback.

The main aim of this study is to determine the various retention strategies adopted in an IT industry and also to know its impact on employee’s satisfaction towards these retention strategies undertaken by them. Here the study involves a descriptive research method as research design and samples for the finding purpose were collected from 180 respondents along with the help of primary data. The research finding was analysed using tools like Frequency analysis, Mean analysis, Independent T-test, One way ANOVA analysis and Regression analysis. Regression analysis is used to identify the employee satisfaction rewards retention strategies in an IT industry. It is evident from the result that the majority of  respondent employees are highly satisfied towards the growth and recognition strategies undertaken by IT companies.

The main purpose of the study is to work out the factors affecting IT employees' job satisfaction and to seek out the extent of job satisfaction. The study is completed on a descriptive basis, and IT employees collect the first data. The info is collected from 110 respondents on the idea of probability and is analysed with the SPSS tool. Statistical methods Frequency analysis, mean analysis and multivariate analysis were wont to define, tabulate and interpret the info collected. The result revealed that the bulk of respondents were female which the group of but 30 workers is permanent. Interpersonal friendship, personal growth and career advancement features a positive influence on the worker Job satisfaction among the "Pay and benefits" factor."

The aim of this paper is to study digital marketing in consumer purchase decisions and to find out as to whether the consumers are aware of digital marketing and the digital channels influence in their purchase decision. The study is carried out through surveys from101 respondents. The results of the survey are analyzed using Regression .The findings revealed that customers are aware of digital marketing and shopping goods through digital channels in their purchase behaviour. The study is performed in a particular need to learn to meet global customers where they spend most of their time on the internet. So digital marketing helps you create brand awareness through channels such as social media ,e-mail,website,search engines to get the clear picture about the impact of digital marketing on customer purchase decisions.

Banks are struggling with challenges related to NPA’s. The objective of the study is to examine the reasons for the rising NPAs and its impact on public and private sector banks.The research findings were analysed using tools like frequency analysis, mean analysis and ANOVA analysis.The sample size of the study is 83 and respondents were customers of the bank.This paper focuses on the reasons behind the NPA and its impact on public and private sector banks.

Online banking is increasingly becoming popular because of convenience and flexibility. The present paper explores the major factors responsible for internet banking based on respondents’ perception on various internet  applications. It also provides a framework of the factors which are taken to assess the internet banking perception. The banking industry has been rapidly developing the use of  online banking as an efficient and viable tool to create customer value. It is one of the popular services offered by the traditional banks to provide speedier and reliable services to online users. With the rapid development of computer technology as a commercial tool, Internet banking can be used to attract more customers to perform banking transactions in related banks. However, the main problem of Internet banking faced by the providers is that a large number of the banks’ customers are not willing to use the Internet banking services offered. This happened due to the services offered through Internet banking have yet to satisfy their customers. Customer satisfaction is an important factor to help banks to sustain competitive advantages. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to search and examine the factors which influence customer satisfaction towards Internet banking. 

The research paper titled Performance  Appraisal : A study on analysis of performance appraisal at IMIND Technologies. The  objective of the study is to find  out various performance appraisal techniques followed and to know the awareness of performance appraisal system,analyse the performance appraisal system practiced in IMind Technologies ,to  know the employees opinion regarding Performance Appraisal system practiced IMind Technologies,  and also to know the important factors influencing the employees in Performance System. Exploratory  research and causal research is used in the study and the sample size of the study is 86.The tools used in the study are mean analysis, frequency analysis, Independent sample T test and ANOVA. It is found that  the performance appraisal system is followed in the organization but it is not outstanding and Also  clear that employees are satisfied with the content of the appraisal system in the relation to their job but the performance appraisal system in organization does not help them in identifying their potential for growth and also employees accept  that  purpose of performance appraisal practiced is for promotional rewards  and for training but here in the organization where the respondents don’t get both monetary and promotional reward.

The research project titled A study on venture capital investment and survey on problems and prospects faced by the entrepreneur. This paper studies problems and prospects of the entrepreneur  on venture capital investment and importance of venture capital investment. Descriptive research is applied using a convenience method of sampling with  60 respondents. The tools used for the study are mean analysis, frequency analysis, Independent t test, ANOVA and factor analysis. It is found that individuals seeking venture capital might need to adjust their  approach to different capitalists, recognising the diversity involved. Niche’s of venture capital exist due to structure and rules of capital markets.

Human resource department (HRD) have undergone many changes in the present scenario.There are various innovations happening in HRD. The sourcing of candidates is transformed into e-recruitment. The study is aimed at understanding the perception of job seeker’s towards the effectiveness of E-recruitment. Descriptive research design was adopted as it explains the study and aims at finding the Perception of Job Seekers towards the Use of E-recruitment in Chennai. Primary data was collected from the 86 respondents by using Convenience sampling. The questionnaire is divided into various sections like demographic variables, independent variables includes attitude and dependent variables as intention to use. The collected data were classified tabulated and analyzed with statistical tools like frequency, mean analysis and Regression analysis. The results showed that the variables Comfort and Attitude are influencing the Intention to use.

The research paper titled “Innovation of  SWIFT: How It Works – Gains & Risks” explores the various aspects of the interbank transfer worldwide including the gains and opportunities along with the risks involved in such transactions. Descriptive research is applied using Snowball sampling with 117 respondents. The tools used for the study are frequency analysis, mean analysis, factor analysis, independent t-test and ANOVA. It is found that six major factors which  influence SWIFT  are services, control, comprehensive, features, efficiency, attributes. There is no significant difference between SWIFT awareness of customers with respect to perception of SWIFT and is a significant difference between Gender with respect to the variable Service, Control and Attributes. Moreover there is a significant difference between interbank transfers with respect to Control. Also there is a significant difference between education with respect to efficiency and Income with respect to control, comprehensive and efficiency. Moreover there is a significant difference between occupation with respect to services, control and comprehensive.

Banking sector in India witnessed a tremendous growth because of innovation technology and product. The research paper titled the role of banks in the growth of Indian economy. This paper studies factors influencing the role of the Bank in the growth of Indian economy. Descriptive research is applied using a convenience method of sampling 109 respondents. The tools  used for the study are mean analysis, frequency analysis, t-test, ANOVA and factor analysis. It is found that Modern business, business facilitator, employment opportunity, banking services, finance assistance, agricultural sector, trade, loans are the factors influencing the role of the Bank in growth of Indian economy and there is no significant difference between the customers and perception towards Indian economy.

Presently the financial service sector in banking industry is undergoing various innovation.The paper titled is to determine the impact of E-banking on Customer Satisfaction. The objective of this study is to determine the E-banking factors on Customer Satisfaction. Descriptive research design is used in this study.The data is collected on probability basis from 117 respondents and is analyzed with the SPSS tool. The collected data were classified, tabulated and analyzed with statistical tools Frequency analysis, Mean analysis, Independent sample Test,One way Anova and Regression analysis. The result showed that majority of the respondents were female and of age is between 18-25 years who uses E- Banking. Findings of regression analysis is the factors of E-banking is influencing the Customer satisfaction.There is no significant difference between Gender,Marital status and Type of account with respect to perception of E-Banking and Customer satisfaction and there is no significant difference among Age level,Education,Place of Residence,Occupation,Reason with respect to use, Transaction and Encourage to use E-banking with respect to perception of E-banking and Customer satisfaction.

Health care industry is witnessing a potential growth sector for investment. Many potential investors wants to startup the enterprise and became the Entrepreneur in this sector.The research paper titled Empirical relationship between Patient care and ability to pay. The objective is to study the impact of Patient care on the ability to pay. Descriptive research is applied using convenience method of sampling with 102 patient. The majority of respondents were Female and their age group is 18-25 years. The tools used is mean analysis, frequency analysis, T-test, Anova and Regression analysis. It is found that factors influencing the patient care is influencing the ability to pay and there is no significant difference between demographic variable with respect to Patient care and ability to pay.

The research paper titled the relationship between Job Satisfaction and Job Performance. This paper studies factor influencing Job Satisfaction toward Job Performance. Descriptive research is applied using convenience method of sampling with 71 respondents. The data is collected from the Rice Mill workers. The majority of respondents were Male and their majority of Age group were36-25 years. The tools used of the study is mean analysis, frequency analysis, t-test, ANOVA and  Regression. Through analysis it is found that there is no significant difference between the Job Satisfaction and Job Performance because of the improper working of machineries and lack of technologies in Rice mill Sector.

The research paper titled “The role of tax payers in India and the growth of Indian economy. The objective is to study the factors influencing the taxpayers perception towards the Indian tax system. Descriptive research is applied using a convenience method of sampling 80 respondents. The data is collected from taxpayers, employees, businessmen. The tools used here are mean analysis, frequency analysis, t-test, Anova and regression. It is found that the majority of the age group is 36-45 years. The objective of the study is to find out the measure cost of compliance with the income tax of Indian corporations. The allowances, deductions, exemptions, rebates and reliefs were given as per legal regulations according to the law.

Banking sector growth is infinite due to various innovation services.The main reason for this study is to determine the Effect of Credit Cards on Customer Satisfaction in Chennaiand to know about the factors which influence customer satisfaction. The data is collected on probability basis from 107 respondents by using Convenience sampling and is analyzed with the SPSS tool .The collected data were classified, tabulated and analyzed with statistical tools Frequency analysis, Mean analysis, Independent t test one way anova and Regression analysis. The results showed that the majority of the respondents were male and aged 18- 25 years who use credit cards. The result shows that the customers are agreeing towards credit cards and the factors of credit card influencing the customer satisfaction.

The research paper titled a Study on green initiatives and its reflection on green human resource management in IT Company. Descriptive research is applied using a simple random method of sampling with 74 respondents. The main aim of this paper is to show the impact of green human resource and its practices in the IT industry. Green Human Resource Management (GHRM) is a set of practices used by a company to reduce its carbon footprint. It has been observed that there is an increased awareness within the business environment on the motivation on going green and adopting various techniques to manage the environment. GHRM is a budding concept which is ready to explore green economic sides of business as the business world is going global. It is important for the company to follow GHRM to maintain its image by being an eco -friendly company which results in greater efficiency, low costs and better employee engagement and retention. It is found that practicing GHRM is influenced by factors like Green focus on CSR, Green Recruitment and Selection, Green Training and Development, Green Transportation, Green Printing, E-filing and Energy savings.

This study has been conducted to examine Employee Retention Strategy used in the IT sector to retain their employees. Employee Retention refers to the different practices which let the employees retain in an organisation for a longer period of time. Each organisation invests time and cash to prepare a new employee, make him a corporate prepared material and carry him at standard with the current employees. The organisation is totally at loss when the employees give up positions once they are completely prepared. Employee retention considers the different estimates taken with the goal that an individual stays in an organisation for the greatest timeframe. Retention strategies are policies and plans that organisations follow to decrease worker turnover and attrition and guarantee employees are locked in and gainful long haul. The critical test for organizations is guaranteeing a retention methodology lines up with business objectives to guarantee the most extreme degree of profitability. The questionnaire was conducted to gather primary data, and it is directly led from the employees to recognize the elements that make them resolved to serve their current organisation. The findings of the study reveals that the increase in rewards and recognition, good working environment, supervisor support and contribution of increased supervisor support career opportunity has a positive significant impact on Employee Retention in the IT sector.

The hyping quantity of small - sized shipments and their frequency variation, due to the growth of e-commerce, pose a great challenge to logistics service providers. At the same time, new technologies and contrivances are being developed with the object of hyping the efficaciousness of logistics service providers. Delivered at their position of choice for business this means increased competition. On demand hyperlocal delivery business model connects the transplanted offline business holders to guests through a digital platform. Transplanted offline retailers and service providers got a new development of life for their business ever since the arrival and rise of hyperlocal platforms and Packing the outbound delivery done manually as well as automatically. The findings of the study reveals that the increase in packing, tracking, payment, pricing, schedule delivery having positive linear relationship with respect to customer perception and behaviors. The aim of this paper is to know the perception of customers while delivering a product.

The present study focuses on the purchasing behaviour of women towards cars. The study examines the factors which influence women buyers while purchasing a car. Women are prone to various factors while purchasing any automobile, such as driving comfort, performance, after sales service, opinion from their friends, parents, partner, and colleagues. The survey has been conducted in analyzing women consumers preferences on purchasing a car. Data collected among 100 women respondents from different fields. This study attempts to understand the buying decision process of women individually or in group. The main aim of the study examines the preferences of women while purchasing a car. This survey will be helpful for the automobile industry and others who like to study the purchasing behaviour of women consumers.

Career is an imperative aspect of everyone's life and it has a huge impact on the lifestyle, quality of life, and thereby happiness. Hence, a lot of variables are involved while selecting an organisation. Variables can often differ according to an employee’s personal obligations, life requirements and career path. The objective of this research is to compare the major factors that can influence a potential candidate while selecting an employer. The factors considered for this research are financial benefits, commuter benefits, paid leave benefits and healthcare packages. This study involves quantitative analysis where a questionnaire was distributed to 106 UG/PG graduates. The hypotheses were tested using the Anova analysis method. The results of the research revealed that the health care package is the important factor that can influence the candidate to select an employer. This research can be useful for an organisation to improve their recruitment policy and employee wellness.

The research paper titled A Study on Perception of Corporate Executives on Career Development. This paper studies Executive  perception towards Career Development. Descriptive research is applied using a convenience method of sampling with 46 respondents. The tools used of the study are mean analysis, frequency analysis, t-test , ANOVA and Regression analysis.From the study it is found that Career Success is influenced by Career Development.

Cervical abrasion is the wear of the hard tissues in the neck of the tooth, produced by a constant frictional mechanical process. Clinically, cervical abrasion initially appears as a small horizontal groove near the cementoenamel junction. Later , on progression ,  the walls form a wedge with polished glassy surfaces. These lesions usually have a multi-causal origin. Dental abrasion is most commonly seen at the cervical necks of the teeth, but can also occur in the interdental area from vigorous and incorrect use of dental floss. Toothbrush abrasion has long been held as the prime cause of cervical abrasions. Mild cervical abrasions can be restored , whereas deep cervical lesions have to be treated endodontically or extracted based on the prognosis of the tooth. The aim of the study was to determine the number and teeth distribution of cervical abrasions requiring root canal treatment and to evaluate its association with age and gender. Totally 115 patients who had cervical abrasions with pulpal involvement visiting Saveetha dental College for treatment were included in the study. A total of 173 teeth with cervical abrasions requiring endodontic treatment were identified. Data tabulated in excel sheet and exported to IBM SPSS software version 20.0. The results showed that more than half the teeth affected were the premolars (56.07%). Males  and population in the age group 40-60 years had more number of teeth with cervical abrasions requiring root canal treatment. A significant association was found for the type of teeth affected with age  (P value- 0.030 >0.05; Fisher’s exact test) but not with gender(P value- 0.219 >0.05; Chi square test). Early diagnosis and intervention can prevent the progress of the cervical lesion.

In the automobile industry after sale service plays an important role whether it is before
buying a product or after buying a product.The main reason of this study is to determine the impact
of Customer Satisfaction on after sales services in the context of Automobiles in Chennai and to
know about the factors which influences customer satisfaction. The data is collected on probability
basis from 71 respondents and is analysed with the SPSS tool. The collected data were classified,
tabulated and analysed with statistical tools Frequency analysis, Mean analysis, Independent t Test,
One-way Anova and Regression analysis. The results showed that the majority of the respondents
were male and of age between 21-30 years who use a car or bike. It is found that Speed of Service
and Cost of Service of after sales service is significant on the Customers

Civil society played significant role in strengthening democracy and good governance. The purpose of the current paper was to analyses the effectiveness of the civil society and examine the relationship between the dependent (civil society effectiveness) and independent variables (civic engagement, civic participation, civic association, and co-operation/ partnership). A survey questionnaire was distributed to all the seven categories of participants, and in response of 650 questionnaires 600 were received back. For empirical verification, in depth statistical tests were applied, including Standard Regression, Structural Equation Model (SEM), One Sample T-test, and correlation to test various assumptions of the study. Statistical analysis revealed that independent variables significantly contributed to the dependent variable. This study signifies the impact of independent variables (civic engagement, civic participation, civic association, and co-operation/ partnership) to achieve the effectiveness of civil society. Along with this, both (national and international) databases have been used for the qualitative analysis. Therefore, databases and survey results showed similar results. This research revealed that civil society does not hold good history in Pakistan. Both civilian and military dictators did not give free space to the civil society in the country. This showed that civil society organizations had a limited political space in the country. Therefore, CSOs have limited impact on policy making and implementation. We recommend that civil society should move beyond the awareness raising to mitigate the conditions conducive to spread of terrorism and extremism, which include marginalization, injustice, and violation of human rights, lack of rule of law, fragile democratic culture, and poor governance.

COVID-19 has resulted in national lockdown in various countries which has resulted in most citizens of those countries to remain at home. With the lack of social interaction and increase of boredom, children are extremely prone to be irritated and agitated. This can result in bruxism which is clinically manifested by clenching of teeth. Though not life threatening, bruxism can result in various deleterious effects which can affect the quality of life of individuals. Many children who have bruxism have been known to continue the habit as they become adults, resulting in unwanted visits to the hospital. This can be possible only if doctors, parents and children have knowledge about bruxism. With stress and strain increasing during the spread of COVID-19, there is a high chance that most practioners and parents have missed out in identifying bruxism in children. Parents themselves have been found to be anxious and occupied with “work at home” which can result in them being occupied and paying less attention to their children as the workspace and home space have been merged into one area which was not so common before the emergence of COVID-19. Hence this review was undertaken to illustrate how various factors which have become the ‘new normal’ due to COVID-19 can result in sleep bruxism in children

Bruxism is a disorder characterized by grinding and clenching of teeth which may be due to various etiological factors. Though various etiological factors have been associated, the exact cause is known. Stress has been positively associated with bruxism. The prevalence of bruxism is seen to be high in children and reduces with age. The lockdown imposed due to COVID-19 has been stressful for children and parents with the introduction of work from home for parents. This study was initiated to find if work from home is a stress factor for children with bruxism. An online survey link was shared to 156 parents of 6–8-year-old children who visited the department of pedodontics and preventive dentistry. 111 parents responded to the survey. 71.2% of the parents found their children to be stressed of which 30.4% believed online classes and the lack of parental interaction due to work from home caused stress. 71.2% of the parents believed that consultation was necessary despite of lockdown. Within the limits of the study it has been found that work from home can be considered as a stress factor for children with sleep bruxism

Introduction: Bruxism is habitual involuntary grinding or clenching of teeth that is seen in both children and adults. Diurnal or nocturnal para-functional habit has also been called bruxism. The etiology of bruxism has remained controversial and some investigators believe that psychological factors may play a major role in promoting and perpetuating this habit. Aim of this study is to identify how educational system affects bruxism
Materials and methods: 250 students of different educational syllabi were randomly chosen and examined. Questionnaire was given to their respective parents to  the bruxism in children
Result: Out of 250 children, 147  were studying in state government boards of education, 91 children studying in CBSE, and 12 children studying in montessori system. 60 out of 91 children studying CBSE, and 4 out of 12 children studying montessori system give a history of  bruxism.
Conclusion: Children studying in CBSE and Montessori had less number of bruxers compared to those children in state board curriculum.

The enormous rise in information technology (IT) usage has benefited human in numerous ways in recent years. Meanwhile, it also increases power consumption that deleteriously affects the natural resources. Environmental awareness focuses on the utilization of green Information technology (GIT) among consumers. The current article aims to examine the behaviour to use GIT based on planned behaviour theory (TPB). The data collected from university students who were familiar with GIT. Personality trait conscientiousness included as a moderator in the research model.  The findings through the statistical technique of partial least square structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) revealed that green attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behaviour control significantly impact the intention to use GIT. While conscientiousness significantly moderates the relationships between green attitude and intention to use GIT. The present study provides several implications by extending the TPB theory through the moderating effect of conscientiousness and further delivering guidelines to policymakers in higher education institutes to improve students' personality traits for better intention towards using green information technology.  

^{The pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease (CVD) includes inflammation which ultimately leads to the development of atherosclerosis and thrombosis. Increasing evidence supports oral infections and in particular the common periodontal diseases, to be associated with CVD development. Periodontal infections are common worldwide and in moderate to mild form in about 35% population according to the World Health Organization. The aim of this study is to present a brief review of recent literature available on the association of red complex pathogens in development of CVD. A brief description of oral bacteria, periodontal diseases, atherosclerosis, underlying pathophysiology has been included. There is growing evidence on the association of periodontal diseases and CVD as given by epidemiological studies. The relationship between periodontal red complex pathogens and CVD deserves further research because of its consequences for public health.}

^{The dietary lipids have a significant job in tweaking the onset of autoimmunity, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Several studies have been led to build up the adverse impacts of saturated fats in humans and animals. The intake of oils containing both monounsaturated omega-9 and polyunsaturated fats in essentially emerging over certain nations. Yet, the increased uptake of certain vegetable oils of ω-6 series is anyway to be seen as proinflammatory and it is one of the potential causes for the steady ascent in some malignant tumors, rheumatoid arthritis and autoimmune disease that are basically caused because of the increased production of proinflammatory cytokines. Diets dependent on ω-6 enhanced oils can elevate the level of linolenic acid in tissue phosphoglycerides and can lessen cholesterol levels. Yet these lipids tend to increase unnecessary rise of arachidonic acids. In contrast, ω-3 fatty acids-enriched fish oils or omega-3 precursors from certain vegetable oils are found to give protection against cardiovascular disease, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer and against the seriousness of some viral diseases.}

The Temporomandibular joint acts like a sliding hinge, connecting the jawbone to the skull. A temporomandibular disorder can cause pain in the jaw joint and in the muscles that control jaw movement. Some people who have jaw pain also tend to clench or grind the teeth called bruxism.
Injury to the jaw, the joint, or the muscles of the head and neck can lead to temporomandibular disorders. Stress, which causes tightening of facial and jaw muscles or clenching of teeth can also be one of the most common reasons for temporomandibular disorders.The aim of this study is to check the prevalence of Myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome and Disc Condyle disorders in patients suffering from Temporomandibular disorders. Data from 86000 patients visiting Saveetha Dental College during the time period of June 2019 to March 2020 were reviewed and the data was collected. The data was taken from the category - temporomandibular disorders. A total of 61 patients were taken and analysed for MPDS and Disc condyle disorders. The results were tabulated and analysed using SPSS software by IBM. Out of 61 patients, 57.4%of them had disc condyle disorder, 34.4% had MPDS, 3.3% of them had Degenerative disorder and 4.9% of the patients did not show any disorder. The prevalence of disc condyle disorder is much higher than myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome.

^{The emergencies are unpredictable and non-assuming they are arising naturally while some are caused due to human activities and the need to evade and mitigate the seriousness of the risk is quite important and the successful strategies are to be carried out during medical catastrophe which causes devastating changes in human life and the emergency strategies of the country include the proper diagnosis of the population and the assigning and the availability of the certain emergency service numbers which helps to navigate and mitigate the prognosis of the disease and the improvement in technologies help to us to shield from the disease. A literature review was carried out from the scopus pubmed database. Aim of the study was to collect the successful strategies carried out by the government both in India and abroad. The first step for increasing awareness would be starting various advertisement campaigns.The next step would be implementing a unified emergency number (112 in India) to address all kinds of distress calls such as police , fire and ambulance. Awareness campaigns and training sessions for the general public should be conducted for the same,it is also necessary to spread awareness and help to populace know about the good samaritan law and even a short videos and catchy songs to demonstrate the seriousness of medical emergencies which is a great initiative by the government}

The world is seeing a quick segment move towards a more established populace, a pattern with significant clinical, social, monetary and political ramifications. Maturing is a multifaceted procedure, including various sub-atomic and cell components with regards to various organ frameworks. A urgent part of maturing is a lot of useful and auxiliary adjustments in the invulnerable framework that can show as a diminished capacity to battle contamination, lessened reaction to inoculation, increased incidence of cancer, higher prevalence of autoimmunity and constitutive low- grade inflammation, among others. In addition to cell-intrinsic changes in both innate and adaptive immune cells, alteration in the stromal microenvironment in primary and secondary lymphoid organs plays an important role in age-associated immune dysfunction. This review will provide a broad overview of these phenomena and point out some of their clinical and therapeutic implications. This review study setting, discussing the gradual aging immune system. Data for this study is collected from different search engines like PubMed, Google Scholar, MeSH, Semantic scholar, Cochrane, NCBI, Medline, core science. A total of 53 articles were selected. The aging of the immune system is associated with dramatic changes in the distribution and competence of immune cells. Anti-Aging therapy should aim at prolonging T cells’ survival while weakening inflammation prone to innate immunity.

Air pollution is one of the major problems of recent decades which has a serious toxicological impact on human health and the environment. Air pollution is defined as all destructive effects of any sources which contribute to the pollution of the atmosphere or deterioration of the ecosystem. Air pollution is caused by both human interventions and/or natural phenomena. Air pollution is a mixture of solid particles and gases in the air. It is a type of environmental pollution that affects the air and is usually caused by smoke or other harmful gases. The sources of pollution vary from small units of cigarettes and natural sources such as volcanic activities to large volume of emission from motor engines of automobiles and industrial activities. During this lockdown period, there was a dramatic decrease in air pollution in different parts of the world. This is primarily due to lockdown of industrial establishments. The impact of human civilization during the pandemic provides evidentiary data. There was significant improvement in global air pollution.
The aim of this review is to understand the correlation between COVID-19 lockdown and its impact on air pollution.

Body is a biological clock where the cyclic process that occurs within every twenty four hours is called circadian rhythm. Circadian rhythms are autonomous . Circadian rhythm helps to diagnose the onset and severity of the disease. Circadian rhythms are lost due to systemic inflammation. These rhythms  are created and maintained by interactive positive and negative transcriptional and translational feedback loops. The understanding of how peripheral clocks drive physiology is relatively poor. Hence this study is done to identify when blocks occur during peak flow of circadian rhythms and to reduce the inflammation. The aim of this study is to determine the influence of circadian rhythms on lungs function and sleep cycle of normal healthy subjects The study is based on cross sectional analysis.  A survey was conducted among random populations to study the influence of circadian rhythm on lung functions and sleep wake cycle using a questionnaire named morningness and eveningness scale.. The questionnaire was distributed through an online survey link (i.e) google forms. Nearly 150 members participated in it. The results were collected and statistically analysed through spss software , version 22 and  frequency and percentage analysis was used to present  the data . Statistical analysis used was chi square test and the significance value was fixed at p<0.05 . The results showed that participants had difficulty in getting up from sleep with poor appetite.  They felt more alert in the evening   even till 11 PM. Evaluation on respiratory function revealed that most of the participants were normal , but in a few breathing difficulty was more pronounced in early mornings.The present study concluded that circadian rhythms influences lung function and breathing pattern which was assessed by the self developed questionnaire and morningness eveningness scale analysis showed that circadian variation also influences their sleep and wake patterns in normal subjects.

Coronavirus disease COVID-19 is an infectious disease, first discovered in China. This outbreak of 2019 novel virus disease in China spread quickly worldwide. In 2002 the humankind first witnessed SARS-COV, and COV was believed to be zoonotic. The source of origination and transmission are important to determine and understand the virus and to discover new preventive strategies. Coronavirus being a highly mutable virus made it difficult for the discovery of the vaccine. Most of the people infected experience mild to moderate respiratory illness. Other common symptoms include fever, cough, and myalgia or fatigue. Some patients may have a headache or hemoptysis and can be relatively asymptomatic. The best way to prevent and slow down transmission is to be aware of the COVID-19 virus, the disease it causes, and how it transmits. The government has taken various health measures against the COVID19 outbreak like practising respiratory etiquette, quarantining and social distancing, practising 1m apart, use of personal protective equipment, hand hygiene, water sanitation, and hygiene, waste management, surface infection, hospital and home isolation, mental health management, immunization and ban on smoking and travel restrictions. The government thus implemented these measures and it is the role of every citizen to follow these measures and pave the way for a better living.

The Coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic is very worrying for global public health. This pandemic fallout highlights how the failure in the urban ruling caused a social impact of threats facing the world. Despite all the threats, the well to do urban settlements manage to get through the difficulties with public benefits, education, and all other necessities of life and despite this progress seen in humanity, slum dwellers lack even the most basic public services i.e access to clean water and sanitation. Such unsanitary conditions due to failure of extension of cleaning sewage in clustered slum areas like in Chennai, the COVID-19 will take a toll and lead to massive community spread. The congestion has currently led to an easy spread and if not controlled by the people themselves with precautionary measures, the disease rate may doubly rise. It is therefore very much necessary to spread awareness regarding the massive pandemic COVID -19 to slums in Chennai as the control of the spread becomes impossible without each and everyone's support.

Mesiodens is a supernumerary tooth which is placed in the midline between two central incisors or the position may change according to the individuals. Supernumerary teeth are a developmental disturbance occurring during odontogenesis resulting in the formation of the teeth in the excess of normal numbers. The aim of the study is to assess age and gender predilection of mesiodens among the general population. Retrospective analysis of all cases with a diagnosis of mesiodens. A total of 61 case sheets were reviewed from patient records. Tabulated in excel sheet. Imported to SPSS Version 20.O. Descriptive analyses were reported. The p value is not significant, in spite of the association presence of mesiodens in male population compared to female, hence the study should be done with a larger sample size.

Introduction: The review is about alternatives to alginate impression material. It is an irreversible hydrocolloid used to study cast and fabricate models for intraoral appliances and is commonly used impression material. It is effective but hydrophilic which makes it difficult. Alginate impression materials produces an imprint which provides all the details which has good accuracy and undercut is also recorded. It is a most commonly used material in daily practice. The applications of alginates includes thickeners and stabilizers in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. It is well tolerated by patients and accounts for the primary prosthetic, orthodontic and dental imprints.
Method: Articles were collected from search engines like PubMed, Google scholar, Medline etc

Engineering students belong to a large scale of educated and professional group of people who are prone more to stress and oral health related problems. This study is conducted in order to associate the level of awareness engineering students are of dental treatments and their extent of knowledge about implementing at need. To study the extent of awareness and knowledge about various dental treatments among engineering students. A set of questionnaires were prepared, developed and circulated among the engineering students in relation with the awareness and knowledge about various dental treatments. A total of 217 responses were collected and analyzed. The results were compiled for analysis.The obtained results show that engineering students are widely aware about various dental treatments.The study concludes that of the growing and enhancement in technology, the extent of awareness and knowledge about various dental treatments among engineering students is quite good.

Smiling is one of the important factors of life that creates an impression on a person. Being dentally aesthetic and physically well presentable boosts your confidence on a higher level. Yet this might be affected by certain habits during the growth of permanent teeth. Prevalence of malocclusion and misalignment is higher in adolescent children, thereby the confidence might get hit. The aim of this study is to see how much importance is given to dental aesthetics by young adults. The study subjects were 165 young adults aged 12-20 years, where they answered a questionnaire of 11 questions dealing with dental aesthetics and its psychological impact. Statistical  analysis (Chi-square) was run on the data collected using SPSS software version 23. The results showed that even in such a competitive world to stand out from the crowd most people still chose to flaunt their flaws and lead a happy life and be successful. The results of the survey showed that there is no significant relationship between misalignment and mental wellness on the respondents. It also showed that the respondents did not find any impact in their professional or personal success due to the incidence of misalignment.   The future scope of this study is that it would create awareness among people on the effect of dental aesthetics on a person and change the behavior/ way of treating people.

^{COVID 19 is due to SARS-CoV2 and has a  vital role as a  causative agent of a potentially fatal disease which targets the human respiratory system.  Generalized additive models are used to explore the effect of diurnal temperature, humidity on COVID 19. COVID 19 has played a crucial role in revitalizing the Earth causing enticed changes worldwide. Efforts have been made to prioritize investments for adopting a shift to cleaner energy alternatives, thereby sustaining human lives. COVID 19 has a positive impact on the global climatic conditions making it favorable for the inhabitants. There is a significant reduction in the level of greenhouse gas emissions, the use of fossil fuels, coal, non-renewable resources, relative humidity, air pollution. The global calamity has led to a serious threat to human lives. To control the pandemic, special attention and efforts are taken to protect the person-to-person transmission. Social distancing must be maintained to prevent the spread of the disease. The only treatment option available is using broad-spectrum antiviral drugs such as  nucleoside analogs and also HIV-protease inhibitors that can alter the viral infection until the special antiviral agents are invented. The study aims to explore the associated climatic changes due to COVID-19.}

Hydroxychloroquine is a widely used anti-malarial drug that has been under study for its effect against coronavirus. It has a wide range of applications for various reasons. It also causes certain side effects in the human body when consumed for long. HCQ has been a proven treatment plant for autoimmune disorders like rheumatoid arthritis and SLE. Hydroxychloroquine is a widely used anti-malarial drug. It possesses various benefits and is also used in autoimmune disorders like lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. Hydroxychloroquine sulfate is known to be a derivative of Chloroquine.  In this review, we aim to analyze the properties of HCQ, know about the side effects and understand its role in treating COVID-19 and summarize our observations. A systematic search strategy was employed and articles were found using keywords. Literature was taken from databases like PubMed and Google Scholar. Articles that discussed the use of HCQ in COVID-19 were included. Other articles which had data regarding HCQ- side effects, structure and its applications were also included.  A total of about 70 articles were collected initially. Multiple articles were added later from other sources. After eliminating articles that did not meet the inclusion criteria, more than 30 studies were finally obtained.This review summarized the use of HCQ in COVID-19. Its structure, and other roles in treatment of Autoimmune disorders were also discussed in detail. 

The personal protective equipment is used in the prevention of infection during pandemic. Non pharmaceutical intervention intervention is like masks play a major role in the prevention of community spread of infection. There are different types of March which have different functions and should be indicated only for certain people, not any person can wear any type of mask.The role of face mask has played a major role in controlling and prevention of spread of disease through aerosol  contamination in COVID- 19. It is a key control, which drops down the respiratory infection of virus spread and not only for COVID-19,it was highly used for tuberculosis, influence patients and the doctors who treat them.Appropriate choosing and using it and a disposal mask is very important as wearing a mask to prevent infection.This review emphasises the need, use of appropriate mask in infection control.With the possible literature masks  are used as a key in prevention of infection at community level but there is an acute demand which arises due to improper use so it is essential in choosing a proper mask so that the resources are available for the entire population.

Oral bacteria have evolved to form biofilms on hard tooth surfaces and dental materials.Dental materials used in root canal treatment have undergone substantial improvements over the past decade.However,in one place that still has the ability of passage fillings to effectively entomb, kill bacteria, and stop the formation of a biofilm, all of which will prevent reinfection of the root canal system.The most important work of the sealer is to seal the root canal system by  removing the  remaining bacteria and filling of inaccessible areas of prepared canals.Sealer selection may influence the outcome of endodontic treatment endodontics,root canal sealers is from observations of bases and liners containing the material and their antibacterial and tissue repair abilities.There are three types of endodontic sealers Group 1: Zinc oxide eugenol based sealers, for example, DSI Zoer, Tubli-Seal .Group2 :Calcium Hydroxide based sealers, for example, Sealpex, Group 3: Resin-based sealers, for example, AH26, AH Plus, Diaket,in order to enhance the antimicrobial properties of sealer ,nanoparticle has been incorporated into the sealers. It can reduce the microorganism’s growth in the canal. The aim of this review article is to convey which endodontic sealer has good antibacterial effect and which has least antibacterial effect ,so several articles have been collected and analysed and concluded.

Impression making for completely edentulous patients is one of the critical factors in determining the success or failure of complete denture therapy. Precise reproduction of an edentulous foundation is essential for removable prosthesis retention, stability, and support. Evidence indicates that materials and methods differ in the way impressions are produced for complete dentures. An online survey involving 100 individuals by random sampling method which included Prosthodontics Postgraduates, Undergraduates, and General Practitioners from different locations in India after getting proper consent from the participants about various impression techniques performed for completely edentulous patients. The results were collected and then analyzed through SPSS software. Descriptive statistical analysis was carried out and the chi-square test was  used and the p-value was calculated. This survey analysis has provided a clear view about the impression techniques and practices followed by Dental Practitioners in the process of taking an impression for completely edentulous patients which included theory followed during impression making, primary impression-tray, border molding material, primary and final impression material, border molding material, correction material, use of the custom tray, tissue stop, spacer, posterior palatal seal, flabby tissue and neutral zone for the taking of better impressions for completely edentulous patients. The present study about the knowledge and practice of impression techniques followed by Indian Dental Practitioners has provided a clear view about the current procedures undertaken by them and also provides a better view to improving certain procedures and techniques for the betterment of patients in future

A calcified canal is a root canal system complication due to hard tissue deposition which makes the canal narrower. Calcification is uncontrolled due to enzyme failure that could result in reduced blood supply to the tissue. Canal calcification is usually termed as an obliteration of the pulp canal. Pulp canal obliteration (PCO) or calcific metamorphosis as sequelae of dental trauma may also occur as sequelae of aging, dental caries, tooth loss or critical pulp therapy, orthodontic care. Extreme physiologic PCO in geriatric patients can arise from secondary or tertiary dentine apposition. Despite the application of high-magnification and cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) imaging, access cavity preparation for such cases is prone to procedural errors that may result in substantial loss of dentin structure, thus reducing the long-term prognosis. With the aid of advanced technology, early detection of canal obliteration will save a lot of frustrations. Early intervention as a prophylactic measure may not be reasonable, due to the low incidence of such teeth developing periapical pathosis. Hence, it is important to explain prophylactic action, if intended. Upon failure of other treatment modalities surgical intervention may be a possibility. Given the difficulty in its management, it is recommended that teeth showing signs of obliteration be referred to an Endodontist who can handle such cases with minimal errors in conjunction with specialist training, magnification, proper equipment, and detailed knowledge of dental anatomy, thereby providing a better prognosis. This analysis assists in information about the calcified canals about their etiology, possible modes of growth, diagnosis, and management, thereby helping to provide better treatment quality.

The COVID-19 is a pandemic disease that is transmitted by contamination through the droplets spewed from the infected patient to the common people. Research and Examination on coronavirus are required to provide knowledge on Covid-19 among Dentists and to educate dental practitioners on the importance of spread on COVID -19 transmission. This study raises awareness among the dentist and dental students to prevent the spread of COVID -19 disease to common people. A survey-based self-structured questionnaire was prepared with 15 questions using a random sampling method and was circulated among 100 dental students and dentists through an online portal link. The results were collected and then analysed through SPSS software. Descriptive statistical analysis was carried out and chi square test was  used and p value was calculated.  The results prove that 53.7% of the dentists want the dental treatments to be carried out, with 94% of the dentists agreeing to use facemask and 94.4 % agreeing to use sanitisers while carrying out procedures. However, 61% of the dentists have expressed their concerns in communicating with the patients soon after the reopening of the clinics.From this study, it was concluded that since the p value was more than 0.05 with respect to anxiety levels in dentists, use of sanitisers for protection,preventive measures taken by dentists and choice of dental treatments carried out, there is no significant statistical difference that has been analysed. Thus the dentist’s role in COVID-19 spread is represented and awareness is created among dentists and dental students and the steps followed by the dentists to prevent the spread  of COVID-19 was observed.

The remarkable capacity of some viruses to adjust and adapt to a new host and environment is highly dependent on the capacity to generate de Novo diversity in a short period. Rates of spontaneous mutation shift abundantly among viruses. RNA viruses change quicker than DNA viruses, single-stranded virus transforms quicker than double standard infection and genome size seems to connect adversely with transformation rate. Viral change rates are equalised at various stages, like polymerase fidelity, Sequence content, template secondary structure, cellular microenvironment, application mechanism, proofreading and post replication repair. The mutation rate of an organism is defined as the probability where a change in genetic information is passed to the next generation. In viruses, a generation is often defined as a cell infection cycle, which includes an attachment to the cell surface, entry, gene expression, replication, encapsidation, and release of infectious particles. Also, enormous quantities of changes can be presented by some virus-encoded diversity generating elements, as well as by host-encoded cystine/ adenosine deaminase. Our recent knowledge on viral change rates explains that viral hereditary variety is determined by multiple viruses and host interaction and the viral mutation rates can evolve in response to specific selective pressures.

Aim: The aim of the study is to create awareness about fluoride releasing dental materials.
Introduction: Fluoride was introduced in dentistry over 70 years ago and it is now recognised as the main factor responsible for the dramatic decline in caries prevalence that has been recorded and observed worldwide. The effect of fluoride on demineralisation and remineralisation of incipient caries lesion in enamel and dentin is recognised as the most important mechanism of fluoride action.
Materials and method: The sample size of the study was about 300 participants of undergraduate dental students. A set of questionnaires is being created by the use of google form software, the data collection software score and represent the participants answer in pie chart.
Result:  After getting statistical analysis results. It is clear that people were moderately aware about the fluoride releasing dental materials.
Conclusion: The report had concluded about the role of fluoride releasing dental materials and its property of increasing the efficiency of caries control and preventing biofilm formation. From the limitations of the survey, students were moderately aware about the fluoride releasing dental materials.

Ozone is a triatomic oxygen molecule that is formed when ultraviolet rays or a discharge of electricity causes oxygen atoms to combine in groups of three temporarily. It has been found to kill bacteria fungi viruses and parasites. The aim of this study is to create awareness and knowledge of use of ozone therapy in dentistry among dental students. The Questionnaires have been prepared and distributed to 100 participants of undergraduate and postgraduate dental students. The resulting data have been analysed using statistical software. Descriptive statistical analysis was carried out and chi square test was used and p value was calculated. Most of the participants of the survey were aware about the use of ozone therapy in dentistry. 68% of people accept that ozonated nanobubbles water has a bactericidal effect. 73% of people accept that gaseous ozone has more effective microbicidal properties than aqueous ozone. Within the limitations of study, a level of moderate awareness was present among the dental students.In future usage of ozone therapy can be incorporated in dental practices.

^{Climatic changes are the totality of the climatic variability and changes which consists of it’s descriptions, causes, implications and interactions. In the last 5 decades, human activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels have released sufficient quantities of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases and this trap the additional heat in the lower atmosphere which therefore affect the global climate and temperature. Each of these effects have caused significant changes in the human health cycle and causes harm to our body and environment Around 40 articles from online databases like Pubmed and Google Scholars are taken. The articles which are related to the topic are taken. The relevant articles are taken and discussed. The various effects of climate changes are discussed. The direct and indirect changes, effect on infectious diseases, population and the major risk factors are assessed. The climatic changes are the mainstream issue of today’s generation. Potentially huge health defects affect the society and people in it. Hence measures should be taken to prevent climatic changes and global warming}.

Handwashing is thought to be effective for the prevention of transmission of infectious pathogens. Scientific studies have shown that after hand washing 80 % of individuals retain some pathogenic bacteria on their hands. The purpose of handwashing is to remove potentially harmful organisms from hands preventing the transmission from person to person. Handwashing with non-antibacterial soap and sanitizer was more effective for the removal of bacteria in the prevention of transmission of infectious diseases. Effective handwashing with soap requires reliable access to the quality of water used. The antimicrobial antibacterial, antiviral efficacy of alcohol-based hand sanitizers and soap were compared. The use of soaps for hand hygiene appeared to be less efficacious against Gram-negative organisms. The comparative study addresses the feasibility and health impacts of promoting hand sanitizer as an alternative hand hygiene option for which water-constrained environments should be assessed. However, both hand sanitizers and soaps can be used as effective measures to control the spread of diseases.

The pandemic of coronavirus has affected millions. The fast spreading virus has to be controlled and preventive measures should be taken. Since there is no vaccine or cure, sanitisers are 99.9% effective against germs and can kill SARS-COV2 by attacking its envelope. Usage of sanitiser is extremely important for the control of spread of coronavirus, and so, people should accordingly stock up on it. A survey questionnaire of 15 questions was conducted to test the awareness of properties of sanitisers and to encourage people to use them, among 100 random sample size belonging to the urban background. Majority of the people think that sanitisers are a convenient and effective way of fighting germs. Since they know that clean hands are the first line of defence in fighting infections, they use it often and accordingly stock up on PPE. Majority of people know the important facts about sanitisers and have started using them. Most people think that sanitisers are useful in controlling the spread of coronavirus and have accordingly increased their usage of it during the global pandemic.

Nanotechnology is the science and technology which brought revolution in the field of medical settings. The extreme small size allows for homogenous deposition leading to a longer future. The nanotech is based on the size of the object, that is less than . They are either spherical or irregular. Spherical is mostly used because they are extremely homogeneous, henceforth for a longer duration. This provides a working friendly environment. The aim of the study is to create awareness on nano technology in dental restorations. A questionnaire of 15 selective questions were made and circulated among dental students and practitioners. They were asked to fill in. The data was then collected and statistics were done using SPSS. The graphs were drawn and analyzed. The total 100 responses were taken, the data was analysed in SPSS by drawing graphs and piecharts. When comparing the awareness of nanoparticle based dental materials with gender, it was shown that females had a higher level of awareness when compared with males, but (p= 0.858), which was statistically insignificant. Most of the people were aware of nanoparticles and their applications. The reports concluded that the students and the dental practitioners are moderately aware of nanotechnology in dentistry.

^{The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence of Dental Caries in relation to dietary habits and oral hygiene in the outpatient population. Dental caries is the most prevalent of Dental diseases. It has a very high morbidity potential that brought this disease to the main focus of the oral health professional. The prevalence of dental caries has long been considered as an important task for the dental health profession. The problem related with dental caries leads to a decrease in the quality of life of the affected individuals. Data was collected from the patients visited  Dental college in a time period of June 2019 - March 2020 and calculation was done. The reports included the age group, gender of the patient with ID and name. Records of each case were examined and tabulation was done  in excel sheets followed by statistical analysis using SPSS software in IBM. The results was observed as graphs and charts from the data exported to SPSS. From this we obtained that male predilection was more when compared to female (53.6% :46.4%). High caries severity in adults aged 46 - 50 years (22.2%).Within the limitation of the study; high caries severity in adults aged 46-50 years in which was associated with individual characteristics and it is statistically insignificant (p>0.005).  Male are affected predominantly more than females.}

COVID -19 is a harmful virus. It is caused by SARS-CoV2 that is Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. Coronaviridae is the family to which it belongs. The study report says that SARS will also lead to complications such as MERS that is middle east respiratory syndrome. Worship places should be cleaned frequently if people are allowed to enter the holy places during the pandemic situation. The aim of the study is to find out whether COVID-19 patients attending religious gatherings lead to communal riots or not. A survey-based study consisting of self structured questionnaires was prepared and circulated through social networking. The results were collected and then analysed through SPSS software. Descriptive statistical analysis was carried out and chi square test was  used and p value was calculated.From the results obtained, we came to know that COVID-19 patients attending religious gatherings will pave the mark for the communal riots and people should avoid contact with the devotional objects and avoid contact with people attending religious faith services. Therefore we conclude that COVID 19 patients attending religious gatherings will be marked by the communal riots.

Water is a vital component in the body. Dehydration is defined as a decrease in water content in the body as a result of fluid loss or reduced water intake. Lack of hydration happens when the measure of water leaving the body is more prominent than the sum being taken in. Sicknesses of the gastrointestinal tract that cause spewing or looseness of the bowels may prompt lack of hydration. There are various different reasons for drying out including vomiting, diarrhoea, heat exposure, fiery exercise, kidney ailment and medicines that cause diuretics. Aim of the study is to know whether the people are aware of dehydration. A self developed online questionnaire was created and was completed by the participants. The questionnaire consisted of ten questions regarding the knowledge towards dehydration. The study shows that 96% of people are aware of dehydration and its health effects and have realised the need for awareness. The study concludes that most of the participants are aware of causes, symptoms and effects of dehydration. The study population has thus displayed good knowledge on dehydration and its effects.

Information on awareness of public towards viral infections, it’s coverage in general public, prevention of viral infection is like Covid-19 is the major challenge for every country and it formed the basis of healthcare forces. Therefore, it is important to assess the attitude and awareness towards viral infections after Covid-19 pandemic, for the further health policies implementation as well as taking safety measures and following the guidelines. The study objective was to assess the awareness about viral infections and its prevention among the public after Covid-19 pandemic, from the various places of the country. Study was carried out by using multiple-choice structured questionnaires among 119 attendees. The questionnaire was prepared in such a way as to assess the knowledge of the public towards the infection, transmission, screening and prevention of viral infections. The data was collected and it analyses statistically.Although most of the attendants were aware of the existence of COVID-19 and the many other viral infections, the level of awareness regarding prevention, transmission and following the safety guidelines was found to be dissatisfactory. Direct correlation was found between educational level and awareness, which reversed the fact that the attendants with better knowledge and information had better attitudes towards the infection and prevention of COVID-19. Within the limitations of the study, the moderate level of awareness about viral infections and prevention after COVID-19 pandemic is observed

Introduction: Rearing animals and birds at home are in practice in all culturesin the world, many families have a variety of pets. Pets are emotionally connected to family. Many pets have moved from outdoor protectors to indoor family members. When there is a high prevalence of pet keeping, pet allergens are also found relatively in higher concentrations. Humans are exposed to different kinds of allergy at least once in their lifetime. Some studies have shown that the frequency of allergic diseases has increased. Pet keeping was considered to be one of the risk factors for allergy development. Exposure of pet allergens in sensitive people causes diseases.
Materials and method: An online and offline survey was conducted among 53 pet keeping people. The data was collected, analyzed, and results were tabulated.
Results: In this study, the results show 67.9% of the population participating have pets at home. 86.8% of the population have mostly dogs at their home. 52.8% of participant’s pets are staying outdoors.
Conclusion: Animal danders are proved to be allergic to many clinical conditions. The study aims to associate allergy and having pets at home.

Fresh fruits are always nutritious whether  taken raw or made as a juice and consumed. Everyone has an addiction towards fresh fruit juices. But fresh fruit juices always carries a risk of having contaminants in it. These contaminants are risky when it is a pathogenic agent. The risk is more when there is an outbreak of infection. Episodes of disease related to utilization of natural product juice have been a developing general medical issue since the mid 1990s. Because of epidemiologic examinations of episodes in which juice was entrap, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration actualized the process and control measures to manage the creation of organic product juice. The last squeeze guideline, which got powerful in 2002, 2003, and 2004, contingent upon the size of the business, necessitates that juice tasks conform to a risk investigation basic control point (HACCP) plan. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) gets reports of food-related episodes of ailment. We looked into natural product juice–related flare-ups of disease answered to the CDC's Foodborne Outbreak Reporting System. From 1995 through 2005, 21 juice-related flare-ups were accounted for to CDC; 10 ensnared squeezed apple or juice, 8 were connected to squeezed orange, and 3 included different sorts of organic product juice. These episodes caused 1,366 diseases, with a middle of 21 cases for each flare-up (2 to 398 cases). Among the 13 flare-ups of known etiology, 5 were brought about by Salmonella, 5 by Escherichia coli O157:H7, 2 by Cryptosporidium, and one by Shiga poison delivering E. coli O111 and Cryptosporidium. Less squeeze related flare-ups have been accounted for since the juice HACCP guideline was actualized. Some juice tasks that are excluded from handling prerequisites or don't conform to the guideline keep on being involved in flare-ups of sickness.

Diabetes is one of the most common systemic conditions seen in middle-aged and elderly people in India. It has severe health and lifestyle complications which have a negative impact on the health of the individual, one of them being poor oral health. Numerous studies have shown the correlation between diabetes and periodontal diseases. However, very few studies show a relation between diabetes and edentulism[partial and complete]. The aim of this study was to find a correlation between diabetes and complete edentulism in a teaching hospital-based study. A retrospective descriptive study was conducted using the patient records from June 2019-March 2020 and patients who were diabetic and completely edentulous at the time of the visit at a university dental hospital in Chennai were analyzed. Out of the 62 patients, the age group most commonly associated with complete edentulism was 51-70 years[69.35%] followed by 71+ age groups[17.17%]. The population showed an equal ratio of male to female patients. The most common period of edentulism in the 51-70 age group was 36 months. The same in the 30-50 age group was 3 months and in the 71+ age group, it was 12 months. Only 4.8% of the patients were smokers. The most common group with complete edentulism was found to be males between the age of 50-70 who had no other systemic conditions except for diabetes and had their period of edentulism to be 36 months with a prevalence of 11.2%. The study found a significant association between diabetes and duration of edentulism(p=0.012). The limitations to the study are that other factors which might influence edentulism such as stress and socioeconomic status of the patient were not considered. The results might vary if a larger population with a greater geographic diversity will be studied. This study showed an association between diabetes and complete edentulism

^{Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder, which is a high risk factor for periodontal disease. Diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease shows bidirectional relationship. Oral health professionals to treat asymptomatic patients with undiagnosed diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus is characterized by polyuria, polydipsia and weight loss. Diabetes will cause delayed wound healing. Management of diabetes mellitus is to delay microvascular and macrovascular complications.
Aim: To study the knowledge and awareness of diabetes mellitus among dental students.
Material and Method: A questionnaire-based study was conducted among 310 students of Saveetha Dental College, Chennai.
Results and Discussion: The obtained results showed that dental students are aware, but still have to gain some knowledge about diabetes mellitus. 89.4% say to check Blood Sugar level before any dental surgical procedure. Only 3.9% were aware of HbA1C blood investigation. 72.9% says that there is a bidirectional relationship between DM and periodontitis. 65.8% of dental students were aware of symptoms of diabetes mellitus.
Conclusion: Within the limitations of the study we can conclude that there is an adequate level of awareness about diabetes mellitus among dental students. The dental students lack knowledge about the risk factors associated with diabetes mellitus such as obesity and they are not aware of certain blood investigations for diabetes mellitus such as HbA1C.}

The 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) is rapidly spreading and it originates from  Wuhan City of Hubei Province of China which causes infectious disease Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Most people infected with the COVID-19 will experience mild-to-moderate fever ,cough,sneezing and respiratory illness with no specific treatment available. With the internet, social media have become the most acclaimed tool for freedom of speech, democracy, truth and source of infotainment. In a pandemic situation like the Covid-19 outbreak ,social media has become the most searched venue for information gathering . There are thousands of people spreading information,sensationalism, rumours ,misinformation making it crucial for Governments and experts to fight the  pandemic as well as infodemic.The way people use the internet and social media is changing slowly. The speed at which information spreads on social media is unimaginable nowadays. The aim of the study is to evaluate role of social media on  covid 19 pandemic to understand whether social media is diffusing real information or fake information to the public about covid 19 pandemic.A questionnaire has been prepared regarding the role of social media on covid 19 pandemic and distributed to 100 General public. The resulting data have been analysed using statistical software.More than 70% of the participants(general public ) having negative opinions on the role of social media on covid 19 pandemic .Based on the findings of the present cross sectional study, It can be  concluded that most of the General public of them having a negative opinion on the social media role on covid 19 pandemic and they are aware about the impacts of fake news spreading in social media about covid 19 pandemic .The aim of the study is to evaluate the role of social media on  covid 19 pandemic to understand whether social media is diffusing real information or fake information to the public about covid 19 pandemic.

The pandemic is  an outbreak of disease which spreads across a particular region or regions. The key features of pandemic include wide geographic extension, disease movement, novelty, severity, high attack rates and explosiveness. It also involves minimal population immunity, infectiousness and contagiousness which helps us to understand what pandemics are and its effect on the public. Viral pathogens can transform quickly, which allows them to pass from wild animals to humans. These emerging diseases endanger human lives and have major socioeconomic impacts. The aim of the review is to know about the viral pandemics and its effect on the general public. Human behaviour and demographic factors significantly increase these risks, and the speed with which humans travel between continents can cause the runaway spread of pandemics. The literature review was carried from scopus and pubmed databases from 2000 till date. The viral pandemic disease and its effect on the general public is the outbreak of global scale. Children, older people, pregnant women and people with weakened immune systems are often affected by these pandemics. The cause, prevention and control of pandemics had been studied.

The aim of the study was to determine the compliance of lockdown and social distancing among the community during the corona outbreak. The current outbreak of the novel coronavirus also known as COVID-19. Social distancing The social distancing is carried over generations to minimize the spread of coronavirus by limiting its production rate among communities. Coronavirus is severe acute respiratory syndrome. Social distancing is a non - pharmaceutical infection prevention and control intervention implemented to avoid contact between those who are infected with a disease causing pathogen. It helps in slowing down the rate and extent of disease transmission in a community. In lockdown people are stressful, the secondary workers getting less salary and the economical status is low due to lockdown. The poor people have no job,shortage of food and shelter. Our study contributes to better understanding but compliance of lockdown and social distancing among the community.

: A respiratory viral outbreak is the outbreak of viral disease related to respiration and respiratory system. Respiratory viral diseases are classified into two types. They are upper respiratory viral diseases and lower respiratory viral diseases. Some of the common respiratory viruses include influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, adenovirus, rhinovirus, human metapneumovirus. The route of entry of the virus is from the outer environment the microbe gets inside the host body and reaches the target cells and starts multiplying inside the target cells and then burst opens, the newly formed viruses are released into the bloodstream of the host and those new viruses get new target cells in the host body, till it reaches the particular amount virus, there will be no symptoms seen. And the dental clinics are considered the high-risk zones for the outbreak of viruses. The aim of the review was to create awareness among the dentist about the respiratory viruses and to be safe and prevent outbreaks in dental clinics. This is a review study setting, evaluating the respiratory viral outbreaks in dental clinics. Data for the study were collected from search engines like PUBMED, GOOGLE SCHOLAR, MeSH, Cochrane, Semantic scholar. A total number of 70 articles were selected. In this review, the viral disease outbreaks are limited to the respiratory system. With this we can conclude that the data obtained from the present study may be useful for practitioners to be safe, prevent outbreaks and easy diagnosis of diseases and give treatment after precautions and preventive measures for the viral disease are taken.

Parafunctional habits are any abnormal behaviour or functioning of the oral structures and associated muscles. Abnormal behaviour commonly includes bruxism, thumb-sucking, breathing disorder and lip biting. The aim of the study was to assess parafunctional oral habits like tongue thrusting, mouth breathing and thumb-sucking among  the South Indian population. Completed case sheets were collected from patients reported to a private Dental Hospital, India during the time frame from June 2019 to March 2020. Data was retrieved and evaluated by 2 reviewers.In this study, more children were associated with parafunctional habits between the age group 5-9 compared to children in the age group of 10-14 years. Parafunctional habits were found to be gender related. The Incidence of these habits were found to be more in boys than in girls, but not statistically significant correlation. Parafunctional habits like lip biting, tongue thrusting and thumb-sucking were found to be associated more in the age group of 5-9yrs old. Fixed appliances are the preferred treatment option when compared to removable appliances.

Atherosclerosis is characterized by thickening and loss of elasticity of the arterial walls, associated with the presence of atheromatous plaques.It is associated with diabetes mellitus and leads to increased risk of stroke.The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of atherosclerotic plaques in panoramic radiograph in patients with diabetes mellitus.A retrospective study was carried out in diabetic  patients who took panoramic radiographs for routine dental examination visiting Radiology department.The data were obtained from analysing 86000 patients records between June 2019-March 2020.The data comprised of 220 diabetic patients who visited Radiology department.The collected data were entered into Excel sheet and subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS software.A chi square test was done between variables.Results  showed that prevalence of atheroscleerotic plaque  on panoramic radiographs in  patients with diabetes mellitus was found to be 34.09% . Out of 34.09%, 61.11% had unilateral atherosclerotic plaque and 38.89% had bilateral atherosclerotic plaque.Statistically significant association was found between age and presence of atherosclerotic plaque (p-value:0.014).The present study concludes that presence of atherosclerotic plaque was found highly in female diabetic patients and patients under 40-60 age group.

The prescribing of antibiotics by dental practitioners has become an important aspect of dental practice. For this reason, antibiotics account for the vast majority of medicines prescribed by dentists. Allergy to antibiotics is a rare phenomenon which can occur from any group of drugs, such drugs should be avoided as possible and alternative drugs should be prescribed. The aim of the study is to analyse the incidence of antibiotic allergy during 2019-2020. Evaluation of 126 reports of patients reported to saveetha dental college and hospitals were analysed and the results were statistically analysed and tabulated using chi square test. intraoperative photographs were checked for cross verification. Out of 126 subjects, in the age group of 1-30 years, 15 patients(11.90%) were allergic to antibiotics and 21 patients(16.67%) were clinically healthy and in the age group of 31-60 years, 39 patients(30.95%) were allergic to antibiotics and 36 patients (28.57%) were clinically healthy. and in the age group of 61-80 years, 7 patients(5.56%) were allergic to antibiotics and 8 patients (6.35%) were clinically healthy. Among the 126 patients, 64 patients were males in which 33 patients were allergic to antibiotics(26.19%%) and 31 patients were healthy(24.60%). 62 patients were females in which 28 patients were allergic to antibiotics(22.22%) and 34 patients were healthy(26.98%) and the results obtained were statistically insignificant (P>0.05). Within the limits of this study of antibiotic allergy, incidence in males were higher and majority of the patients of the age group of 31- 60 years were allergic to antibiotics.

Face is the seat of an individual’s identity. Hence treatment plan and execution of corrective esthetic surgeries are challenging. The average age at which patients become self-aware of dentofacial deformities and seek professional help is usually in the second decade of life when they begin to develop a sense of individualistic identity to integrate into the society. However, it is observed that individuals in the older age groups are seeking treatment for correction of dentofacial deformities. The aim of this study was to identify the age at which individuals report for orthognathic surgery. For the purpose of this study, data collection was done retrospectively from the hospital archives for patients undergoing orthognathic surgery during a period of ten months from June 2019 to March 2020. In our study it was observed that despite differences in chief complaints, 54.17% females and 45.83% males seek jaw corrective procedures. Though the association between age of patients and osteotomy procedure was not of statistical significance (p=0.470 > 0.05), there was a substantial increase in those seeking treatment in the fourth decade of life (16.67%) implying a marked clinical significance. This increase is due to the multidisciplinary team involved in functional rehabilitation of patients in this age group.

Social presence in online learning environments refers to the degree to which a learner feels personally connected with other students and the instructor in an online learning community. In search of better, more cost effective ways to deliver instruction and training, universities and corporations have expanded their use of e-learning. Although several studies suggest that online education and blended instruction can be as effective as traditional classroom models, few studies have focused on learner satisfaction with online instruction, particularly in the transition to online learning from traditional approaches. The aim of the study is to know the perceptions of online teaching and classroom teaching among students. A self structured questionnaire was prepared containing 17 validated questions.The survey was circulated through an online survey Google form link. The data was collected and represented as a pie chart using SPSS software. Among the respondents 20% of the population prefer to take up online class while 80% prefer classroom teaching. 19.23% of the population says the classes are more interactive in online teaching whereas 80.77% says it is interactive during classroom teaching. 47.69% of the population says socialisation is possible in online teaching, whereas 52.31% says socialisation is possible in classroom teaching. This study concludes that students did not seem to gain the same amount of knowledge using an online course as they would if they used the traditional classroom method. The majority of students in this study were uncomfortable with the setting of online learning and prefered traditional classroom teaching.

Fried food is a cooking method in which food is submerged in oil. The more we consume these , the less is the intake of essential nutrients and vitamins in the body. Consumption of junk food can lead to a lot of health problems. Fried food can cause dental distress, headache, acne and a lot more. More oil is unhealthy as it elevates the amount of cholesterol in the body. The type of oil used determines the health risks related with fried foods. The aim of the study is to determine the awareness of the harmful effects of fried food among dental students. Self administered questionnaire was designed based on the effects of fried food. The questionnaire was distributed through an online survey planet link. The study population included dental students. The participants were explained about the purpose of study in detail. The questions were carefully studied and corresponding answers were marked by the participants. The data was collected and statistically analysed. 76% of the participants agree that junk food is unhealthy. 94% of the participants felt that fried food makes them fat. 82% of them consume fried food once in a week, 12% consume everyday and 6% consume fried food once in a month. 62% of the participants were willing to give upon fried food considering their health. The study concluded that awareness on the harmful effects of fried food among dental students was satisfactory.

Road traffic injuries are one of the most important leading causes of death and disability in many of the developed and developing countries. Road accidents are major public health problems faced by the society. The crash can be defined as an incident or collision which may or may not lead to injury, occurring on a public road and involving at least one moving vehicle. In a developing country like India with a dense population there is a need to check the awareness level among the public about traffic signals and rules among the adult population, this survey was carried out. To check the awareness level among the adolescents population a questionnaire containing 10 questions was prepared. This survey was carried between the month of June 2019 to March 2020 among the adult population living in Chennai. This survey was conducted in an online platform where the participants responded to their answers. Finally the results were analysed and tabulated. Around 85% had knowledge and awareness of violating traffic signals and rules and suggested the need for having awareness camps to be organised by NGOs/Traffic Police/Government to create awareness among the public to obey traffic rules and 15% had no idea. The survey participants had moderate knowledge about road traffic regulations and most of them mentioned that prime speed, drivers lack of awareness about traffic regulation and laws, and drivers non-compliance with traffic rules and regulation were the foremost important explanation for road traffic accidents

Travel speed is one of the most critical parameters for road safety; the evidence suggests that increased vehicle speed is associated with higher crash risk and injury severity. Both naturalistic and simulator studies have reported that drivers distracted by a mobile phone select a lower driving speed. Mobile phone use while driving is a major cause of driver distraction, affecting driving performance and increasing accident risk. The aim of the study is to analyse the impact of mobile phone usage in road traffic environment on the speed managing behaviour among young and aged population by survey.A questionnaire was created with a set of 12 questions related to mobile phone usage in a road traffic environment . 100 random participants of adults and aged males and females by random sampling method . The participants were asked to fill the questionnaire in an online forum . The results were collected and formatted in Pie charts, Chi- square test was used and statistically analysed using SPSS.90% of them are aware of road safety while driving. Most of the population wear helmets regularly  which is about 59%, 15% of the population wear helmets occasionally and 26% do not wear helmets regularly.84% of them responded that they use bluetooth or headphones while driving and 16% of them responded that they won't use bluetooth or headphones while driving. 70% of them responded that they get distracted using phones while driving. Mobile phone use while driving is a common driving behavior and poses a serious threat to public health. From the current study it shows that mobile phone usage while driving causes greater distraction. Thus we conclude further measures to be taken in control of usage of mobile phone while driving.

Anabolic steroids, also known more properly as anabolic–androgenic steroids (AAS) are steroidal androgens that include natural androgens like testosterone as well as synthetic androgens that are structurally related and have similar effects to testosterone. Health risks can be produced by long-term use or excessive doses of AAS. Therefore, the aim of this present survey was to create awareness about usage of anabolic steroids among basketball players in tirupur. Self administered questionnaire was designed about awareness of usage of anabolic steroids  among the population of basketball players. The questionnaires were distributed through a survey planet link and 172 subjects answered this survey. Data was collected and results were represented in pie charts. Results showed that 58.70% participants were aware that usage of anabolic steroids leads to a compensated life  and 41.30%  of the participants were not aware about it. Majority of participants 72.70% were not aware about different methods of intake of anabolic steroids and About 52.70% participants are not aware that anabolic steroids cause cardiac and liver disorders. It concludes that there is a moderate awareness about use of anabolic steroids and its complications among the participants. So , more awareness might be required about anabolic steroids in further studies among the general population to lead a healthy life.

^{Binge eating disorder is when a person eats an excessive amount of food, losing control over what and how much is eaten, followed by feelings of guilt, shame or disgust. Factors like stress, food restriction, presence of palatable foods and environmental conditioning may also lead to binge in individuals. Early assessment and more extensive and suitable treatment may prevent more severe disorders. The main aim of this survey was to analyze binge-eating patterns among school students.Questionnaire was prepared and administered to 102 participants through a survey planet – an online survey. The study participants were people of age between 13-17. Data was collected from the link and was represented in the pie chart form. 31.2% binge eat more than 3 times a day, 32.3% binge eat more than 5 times a day, 19.4% binge eat more than 7 times a day. Stress, depression, negative feelings are some of the reasons, which influences binge eating, which is very common among school students. 48% consume more than normal level of calorie a day, 37.8% consume normal level of calorie, 13.3% consume less than normal level of calorie per day. Consumption of spicy food and junk food is also related to binge eating. Individuals with binge eating disorder experience impaired functioning in both social life and at home. From the survey, it was evident that binge eating is common among school students as the majority (32.3%) of them eat more than 5 times a day for which depression and hunger is the major cause.}

Oral hygiene refers to the practice of keeping the mouth, teeth and gums clean and healthy to prevent oral disease. Oral hygiene is often taken for granted but it is essential part of our daily life.Oral hygiene is the practice of maintaining a clean oral cavity to prevent dental diseases such as dental cavities, gingivitis, periodontitis and bad breath. A total of 150 cricketers were involved in the study . Self administered questionnaire related to the oral hygiene practices along with sociodemographic details was prepared and it was distributed through an online survey link. Based on hypotonic and isotonic content of the sports drink , the majority of the participants(58.7%) prefer isotonic sports drinks and the remaining participants( 41.3%) prefer Hypotonic .About 58% of participants eat chocolate regularly. 54.6% of participants agreed that dental erosion affects oral health . 56% of participants think oral health has an impact on sports performance. In the present study, the knowledge,attitude and practice of oral hygiene is moderate.For further improvement, awareness about maintaining good oral health should be created among the public. Erosion can be prevented by educating the subjects about the risks associated with carbonated drinks which is more common among sportsmen and young adults.

Water is an essential natural resource for sustaining life. However, chemical composition has to be balanced in the available water to make it useful, in the current era of economic growth many natural and man made water bodies are getting polluted and becoming unfit for human use. Traces of fluorides are present in many waters; higher concentrations are often associated with underground sources. In areas rich in fluoride-containing minerals, well water may contain up to about 10 mg of fluoride per litre. The highest natural level reported is 2800 mg/litre.Many epidemiological studies of possible adverse effects of the long-term ingestion of fluoride via drinking-water have been carried out. These studies clearly establish that fluoride primarily produces effects on skeletal tissues (bones and teeth). Low concentrations provide protection against dental caries, especially in children. Fluoride being one of the most abundant anions present in naturally existing water bodies, its benefits or demerits in water depends on the amount/concentration, the results on comparing the samples from drinking water and collected river water the total dissolved salts concentration is almost double in collected water than that of drinking water,therefore it’s not completely safe for drinking. Thus the tested sample is unfit for drinking purposes.

More and more people, in spite of age and gender, are signing up for profiles on online social networks for connecting with one another during this virtual world. Some people  have many  friends and followers spread across multiple profiles. But at the same time there is proliferation of fake profiles also. Fake profiles often spam the  users like posting inappropriate or illegal content. Fake profiles are created while misrepresenting some known person to cause harassment to him/her.This is a cross sectional study conducted among the common people through a questionnaire with 10 questions. The sample was taken on common people. The sample size of the study wass 100 and the results were tabulated accordingly.From the response collected it is evident that there is no significant relationship among the public regarding cyber crime.  People who are associated with the IT sector are well aware than the general public on Cyber Crime. The Independent variable such as age and gender was taken into consideration and the dependent variable such as awareness about the ransomware and cyber crime was put forward to the public.The best of our knowledge, none of the previous researchers have adopted this approach.

Subepithelial vesiculobullous conditions are chronic autoimmune disorders that arise from reactions directed against components of the hemidesmosomes or basement membrane zones (BMZ) of stratified squamous epithelium to which the term immune-mediated subepithelial blistering diseases (IMSEBD) has been given.Subepithelial vesiculobullous disorders present as blisters and erosions, and diagnosis are confirmed by biopsy examination with  immunostaining.The sub epithelial disorders include Mucous membrane pemphigoid,Angina bullosa haemorrhagica,Linear IgA disease,Bullous pemphigoid,Erythema multiforme.These disorders post a challenge to the oral physician due to clinical and histological severity in a variety of disorders.Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment for oral lesions can possibly prevent further cutaneous involvement as in 70% of cases oral lesions precede to that of cutaneous lesions.Accurate and definitive diagnosis is done by immunofluorescence, direct and indirect.This article comprises of case series of immune mediated subepithelial blistering disorders.

Aim: This study was aimed to assess the antibacterial effect of alpha lipoic acids against various oral microorganisms.
Background: Oral microorganisms are responsible for oral related diseases.Oral microorganisms implicated in the etiology of dental caries, stomatitis, gingivitis and periodontitis. Gradual increase in the rate of resistance to antibiotics leads to increase in oral pathologies..
Materials and method: 100 mg of alpha lipoic acid was measured and dissolved in 2 ml of ethanol. 250 ml of Muller Hinton Agar (MHA) was prepared, sterilised, poured onto the petri plates. After solidification each MHA plates were swabbed by overnight culture of enteric organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Pseudomonas species, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans. Using a well cutter 3 wells were formed on each MHA plate. In each well, alpha lipoic acid was added at the concentration of 30, 60 and 90 ul and the petri plates were kept for incubation at 37 °C for 24 h. The zone of inhibition was  recorded in each plate
Result: Alpha lipoic acid prominently inhibited the growth of all the organisms invested. It possesses inhibitory antimicrobial effects even at low concentrations and it has shown maximum inhibitory antimicrobial activity at higher concentrations. Candida albicans was found as highly susceptible to alpha lipoic acid.
Conclusion: The potential use of alpha lipoic acids provided in a local delivery vehicle to infected sites in the oral cavity, could be considered as an additional therapeutic approach to improve oral health

Mobile phone addiction is a type of technological addiction or non substance addiction. The present study was conducted with the objectives of assessing an existing Mobile Phone Dependence Questionnaire scale among dental students and to assess the pattern and factors associated with mobile phone addiction-like behaviour. Nomophobia literally means no mobile phobia that is the fear of being out of mobile phone contact. A cross-sectional study with 177 participants was conducted with Mobile Phone Dependence Questionnaire self administered questionnaire among students of a dental college in Chennai. The questionnaire had demographic details and questions assessing their mobile phone pattern use and self perceived effects of mobile usage on health. Data was collected using a questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Among the study participants, 64% were above the age of 20. Around 59.3% used their phones for more than 4 hours, however no statistically significant association was observed between gender and duration of phone usage (p <0.05). About 45.8% reported they used their phones during class hours too. Eye strain was the most perceived effect among the participants. The present study results showed that the usage of mobile phones among the study participants was high, which is consistent with the rising trend of usage of mobile phones. . Mass media efforts should be made to raise awareness among people regarding the health effects of mobile phones and regulatory guidelines to reduce its exposure and using mobiles judiciously to avoid becoming independent of technology.

The earliest evidence of demineralization on the smooth enamel surface of a crown is a white spot lesion. It is one of the most commonly encountered esthetic problems post orthodontic treatment.  The conventional treatment of these white spot lesions includes topical fluoride application, improving the oral hygiene, and use of remineralizing agents. This article uses a minimally invasive novel approach to treat white spot lesions based on infiltration of enamel caries with low-viscosity light curing resins called infiltrants. This technique is a promising treatment modality for the prevention of caries progression and improving esthetics, by diminishing the opacity.

Maxillary sinus malignancies are rare worldwide. The disease usually presents at an advanced stage making its management challenging for all the medical personnel involved in its treatment. Because of its location deep within the maxilla and its proximity to critical surrounding structures, radiotherapy plays an integral role in sterilizing the area of malignant cells. Sinonasal malignancies occur twice as often in males as in females, and are most often diagnosed in patients 50 to 70 years of age. Maxillary sinus carcinomas are aggressive in nature which present with symptoms in the advanced stages when radical resection becomes the only choice. It is essential to study the basis of such carcinomas and create awareness among patients and dental students to ensure early diagnosis and therefore a good prognosis. A questionnaire based study was conducted among dental students of third, fourth year and interns at a private dental college in Chennai, Tamilnadu, India to assess their knowledge and understanding of carcinomas of maxillary sinus. A multiple choice questionnaire was presented to 103 subjects and their responses were noted, tabulated and statistical analysis was performed using SPSS by IBM by performing Chi-square test. Among 103 subjects, 28 were third year students (27.2%), 47 were interns (45.6%) and remaining 28 of the subjects were fourth year students Fourth year students had increased  awareness about carcinomas of maxillary sinus when compared to third year students and interns in most cases (p>0.05).

Dental implant surgery is the procedure in which replaces both the missing tooth and root with a stable, metal post called an implant. There are many significant drawbacks to the dental procedure and they include time consuming and invasive, a longer duration of treatment, patient cooperation, expensive, need for precision and subsequent follow up visits. A guided implant surgery is when the dentist utilizes advanced machinery and imaging technology to aid in the manufacture and placement of the dental implant in a more efficient, precise and accurate manner. The aim of this study is to assess the knowledge of Undergraduate students in the field of implantology and to check their views regarding easier and more accurate placement of implants. A questionnaire based survey was done among 100 dental students. Probing questions regarding their knowledge of guided implant surgery were asked. The results were tabulated and analysed to get the result. It was seen that the majority of the students were aware of the advances in dental implantology. They understood the advantages of a guided implant surgery

Opioid analgesics are prescribed by dentists either as an adjunct or as a definitive treatment for pain management and also for some common dental diseases in which they can relieve pain when used appropriately.  Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the preferred analgesic agent by the majority of dentists when compared with opioid analgesics, because they inhibit inflammatory reactions in addition to providing analgesia. The appropriate and inappropriate use of opioid analgesics can lead to serious adverse drug events and these drugs have the potential to be misused and abused including overdose. The study was conducted among the dental undergraduates. Data collection was done by the use of online questionnaire forms that had 13 questions regarding the use of opioid analgesics in dental management. Google form was used for data collection from the surveyors.Statistical test was run using chi-square test with statistical analysis software SPSS version 23 by IBM. From the results of the study we can observe that  57% of the participants do not prescribe opioid analgesics to their patients. 62% of the participants have known that opioids can be used as a medication to relieve pain after a dental treatment.  65% of the participants consider tramadol hydrochloride to be the safest drug, 19% consider hydrocodone as the safest drug and 16% consider codeine as the safest drug among  all the opioids and the results were statistically not significant. Higher interest was observed among the interns(34%)  to prescribe opioids to their patients post dental treatment and the results were statistically significant. Thus it can be concluded that opioids when used in appropriate doses in the supervision of the dentist can reduce the side effects and produce excellent analgesic effect in dental management.

Dentinal hypersensitivity (DH) is a common clinical condition usually associated with exposed dentin surfaces , dental pain which is sharp in character and of short duration, arising from exposed dentin surfaces in response to stimuli, typically thermal, evaporative, tactile, osmotic, chemical or electrical; and which cannot be ascribed to any other dental disease. It can affect patients of any age group and most commonly affects the canines and premolars of both the arches.This study aims to assess the prevalence of dentin hypersensitivity among a hospital population in order to assess the causes, preventive measures and awareness about dentin hypersensitivity among the medical and non-medical professionals in a hospital.There are many factors that cause dentin hypersensitivity including tooth brushing practices, brushing materials, diet and oral hygiene practices. A survey with questionnaires regarding brushing practices ,dietary habits, oral hygiene was distributed among medical and non-medical workers in the hospital. The results show that 44.3% experienced dentin hypersensitivity whereas 55.7% did not experience dentin hypersensitivity.73.2% used moderate pressure while brushing their teeth. A lower prevalence of dentin hypersensitivity was found as the population of the hospital have been practising accurate oral hygiene practices which includes the food habits, brushing pressure and selection of toothpaste.Reduction in prevalence of hypersensitivity is achieved when too hot or too cold, acidic substances come in contact with tooth surface.

Modified Gallego’s stain is a variant of Lille’s stain that uses basic reagents like hematoxylin, carbol fuschin and aniline blue. The study aimed at assessing the efficiency of  Modified Gallego’s stain in differentially staining dentin. To check the efficiency of modified Gallego’s stain in differentiating and understanding the histological morphology of dentin, 6 natural teeth (2 posterior teeth and 4 anterior teeth) were chosen using modified Gallego’s stain. Unlike the H & E stain that vaguely stains oral tissues, modified gallego’s stain specifically and differentially stains hard tissue components, especially dentin, which enables easier assessment of dentin morphology. Modified Gallego’s stain is one such stain which not only stains the decalcified sections but also differentially stains the hard tissues of the tooth. When stained with Modified Gallego’s stain, these components were stained with different colours. Hence, it was concluded that Modified Gallego’s stain can be used as a potential tool to stain the hard tissue components of decalcified and ground sections of teeth and can be considered to be used as one of the differential stains for hard tissues especially dentin and as an adjunct to routine H&E.

Saliva is an important and a complex secretion to be formed in the oral cavity. Salivary pH was done in patients with the presence of leukoplakia and a comparison is done to estimate the salivary pH in patients with leukoplakia and in healthy subjects, though saliva pH has an effect based on the usage of tobacco products and other substances, this study is done to prove that saliva can be used as a diagnostic tool in identifying the lesion which are pre-malignant based on changes in  pH. The results of the study show that there is a significant decrease in the mean pH of Saliva in patients with tobacco consumption as compared with non-users, though there are other studies that show in contrast, this study is done to prove the significance of salivary pH change in users of smokeless and smoking in patients with oral leukoplakia. Association analysis of mean pH of patients with oral leukoplakia and Type of leukoplakia shows no statistical significance(Chi-square: 30.000, p value: 0.414 > 0.05). 

The aim is to understand and create awareness about the oral manifestation of sarcoidosis among the dental students. Sarcoidosis is a common multisystemic granulomatous disease. Sarcoidosis is an inflammatory disease characterized by formation of non-necrotizing epithelioid granulomas. Granulomas are tiny clumps of inflammatory cells in one or more organs in our body. These can interfere with an organ’s function and structure, if our immune system is over driven by these clumps of inflammatory cells. The commonly affected organ is lungs and in the head and neck its salivary glands. Oral manifestations of sarcoidosis are very rare and usually appear as non-tender swelling and ulcers in the lips, hard and soft palate, buccal mucosa, tongue and tonsils. The intraoral localized sarcoid lesion is histologically similar to a generalized sarcoidosis. No single test is enough for diagnosing and the presence of granuloma is also not enough to conclude the diagnosis. Oral manifestation of sarcoidosis is unusual, dentists must be aware that oral manifestation is specific localization and it is usually the first manifestation of the diseases. Therefore by knowing the oral manifestation of sarcoidosis, the dental students can be more aware of the prevalence of sarcoidosis and spread awareness among the patients.

The aim of this study is to determine the understanding regarding resorbable suture material  and its role in dentistry among dental students. To create awareness and determine the understanding of resorbable suture material and its role in dentistry among dental students. This study was conducted based on a questionnaire which consisted of 10 questions through a web-linked application called Survey Monkey. A convenient sample size of 100 consecutive dental students who are currently practicing in Chennai participated in the study.  As an overall result, most of the participants are aware of resorbable suture material and their role in dentistry. As a conclusion, the awareness on resorbable suture material also its role and development among dental students in Chennai is adequate but certain knowledge has to be brushed up among them for a higher level. Furthermore, they need to be trained on these grounds to help them treat their patients with more consent and awareness.

Radiation protection refers to the implementation of practices to reduce radiation exposure to patients, workers and the public. The fundamental aim of radiation protection is to reduce risk of harm by ensuring that any dose received is justified and ‘as low as reasonably practicable’ (ALARP).  Exposure to Radiation has become common in Dentistry, patients are exposed to radiation by various radiation emitting devices such as OPG, CBCT,CT and IOPA. Apart from patients, dental surgeons and dental assistants are being exposed to radiations on a regular basis. Radiation effects on human cells cause various problems, increased risk of brain cancers, tumors of parotid gland and various problems in the head and neck region. Thus knowing about  Radiation protection is important for both patients and Dentists.The Aim of this study is to create awareness and determine the understanding of radiation protection devices and its role in dentistry among dental students.Radiographic examination plays an important part of diagnosis in dental practice.Majority of the dental students within the study were aware of the radiation protection devices and its usage.

Intramuscular Injections are given directly to the muscles as they are rich in blood supply and medications are absorbed faster. The common sites for IM injection include Deltoid, dorsogluteal, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis and ventrogluteal. Larger amount of medication can be given through the IM route compared to other routes of administration. Medications like Atropine, Naloxone, Ketamine, Penicillin, Diazepam, Hepatitis vaccine, Rabies vaccine, Influenza vaccines are administered through intramuscular routes. It is important to know about IM injections as improper administration of medications can cause various complications. Some of the complications include Tissue necrosis, Abscess and Nerve injuries.The Aim of the study is to determine regarding the usage of intramuscular injections and to create awareness among dental students on administration of IM injections. Majority of the dental students within the study were aware of the term intramuscular injections.

Concept of Laissez faire is deemed to be the most apt practice under the ambit of administrative jurisprudence, but under the Indian context, the picture is unclear with respect to the impact of the same during scarcities. The scarcity of water in the state of Tamil Nadu has become a burning issue in the current scenario. But as a result of the policy of laissez faire the administrative bodies have not taken a direct step to offer a solution for the problem. Under this kind of a administrative function and psychology a natural ambiguity arises with respect to the impact of laissez faire during scarcities and calamities in the state and a clear picture is required with respect to the administrative mechanism or policy of the government during scarcities and a natural question arises as to functions of administrative bodies during catastrophes and crises. Therefore the study is carried out with an aim to find out the impact of laissez faire policy in scarcities with the help of Tamil Nadu administrative regime. By the virtue of non-probability convenience sampling, existence of an adverse impact of laissez faire in Tamil Nadu water scarcity problem could be framed as the result of the study. The study concludes that policy of laissez faire lacks effectiveness during scarcities and the study recommends that the nature of functioning need to be changed during the times of scarcities and crisis. 

One of the most frequent indications of periodontal plastic surgery is the treatment of gingival recessions. This treatment has mainly been justified by the patient’s wish to improve the aesthetic appearance when there is an exposed root. The ultimate goal of a root coverage procedure is complete coverage of the recession defect with a good aesthetic appearance related to the adjacent soft tissues, minimal probing depth following healing and minimal postoperative discomfort. The selection of one surgical technique over another with the use of particular grafts depends on several factors to achieve optimal regeneration of the lost periodontal tissues via guided tissue regeneration (GTR). Over the years, various materials have been used as physical barriers in GTR. One such novel material that has been tried relatively recently is the amniotic or the placental membrane. The placental allografts possess various properties that may be beneficial as a barrier membrane in periodontal therapy. Therefore, this review article elaborately explains the basic features, actions and applications of amniotic membranes that can be used as a remarkable tool in the field of periodontal regeneration. 

India has been popular on global outreach due to its encouragement in the Information innovation industry and as a result of the huge number of Indian I.T. experts working abroad. In this juncture various offences related to cyber network and social networking sites in respect of security have also increased at a great deal. The rate of cyber security offences focusing on social networking sites is directly proportional to rate of social networking site users. It could be understood that exposure to security risk in social media and networking sites is increasing day by day at an alarming rate. In Spite of the recent amendment in criminal law and Information technology offences and chances of victimhood could not be reduced. an ambiguity prevails in respect to the chances of exposure to risk in the cases of interchangeable characters. This ambiguity tends to be gleamed in the ambit of psychiatric jurisprudence in reference to Narcissistic personality traits, as it is a well founded principle that every perpetrator of cyber crime through social media networking sites suffer due to narcissistic personality disorder. Thus this research is carried out with an aim of identifying Narcissistic Personality Traits towards Exposure to security Risk in Social media Networking sites in India. By virtue of an empirical study with a sample size of 253  determined by convenient sampling through an  open sample frame statistically studied with help of graphs, pie charts, Pearson correlation, Mann Whitney U test, independent t test and Kendall's tau_b test, the study was able to find out that individuals with narcissistic personality traits are not exposed to security risk arising out of computer oriented and related crimes compared to individuals with low levels of narcissistic personality traits. The female population is more prone to the security risk compared to the male population due to the difference in the level of narcissistic personality traits among the 2 genders.

On the growing preferences of mediation over judicial resolution among parties for matrimonial disputes, various studies have hypothesized on effects and efficiency of mediation in matrimonial disputes and mediators. Though it is well founded that a mediator’s behavior is a subject of change, research has failed to recognize the dynamics in the behavior of mediators and the changes in the behavior of mediators. While a close understanding on the role of mediator and his behavior is attempted, an ambiguity arises with respect to reasons for changes in the mediator’s behavior, role of pre-existing, concurrent and background factors in the behavior of mediators. Therefore this research aims in identifying various factors influencing mediator’s behavior in matrimonial disputes. The study is carried out with the help of a convenient sampling method,  having 419 sample sizes from a sample frame in the mediators office and chambers . The statistical tools used for the purpose of deriving results are complex graphs, independent t test, Pearson correlations, Mann Whitney Utest. Every mediator is likely to get influenced by Place and hygiene factors. The study was able to find out that there is a significant difference between the number of mediators  in influencing the behavior of mediators. Thus the study makes a conclusion that there are various factors that tend to influence a mediator’s behavior in matrimonial dispute settlement processes which include  psychological factors, social factors and environmental factors.

Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles is a method which employs an environment friendly synthesis of nanoparticles with plant extracts and has gained importance over the recent years due to its reduced toxicity. The aim of the present study was to  synthesize gold nanoparticles using Averrhoa bilimbi leaf extract and to evaluate its anti-inflammatory activity and anti-microbial activity after characterisation using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The gold nanoparticles were synthesised using Averrhoa bilimbi leaf extract. The synthesised gold nanoparticles were confirmed by  using UV-Visible spectroscopy. The morphology of the Averrhoa bilimbi mediated gold nanoparticles was analysed using TEM. The green synthesised gold nanoparticles were further evaluated for its anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activities .Visual observation showed colour change from golden yellow to dark red indicating the formation of spherical gold nanoparticles of average size ranging between 4-40nm. UV-Visible spectroscopy showed a peak between 500-550 nm at 14^thh which indicated the presence of gold nanoparticles. The nanoparticles showed potent anti-inflammatory activity at minimal concentration when compared to diclofenac sodium and potent antimicrobial activity against C. albicans in comparison with E. faecalis and S. mutans.The present study, conclude that the green synthesis of gold nanoparticles is an effective, easy, affordable way to synthesize gold  nanoparticles of high reaction rate for various biological purposes.

Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is the most common cause of acute liver failure in the US, and decades of intense study of its pathogenesis resulted in the development of the antidote N-acetylcysteine, which facilitates scavenging of the reactive metabolite and is the only treatment in clinical use. However, the narrow therapeutic window of this intervention necessitates a better understanding of the intricacies of APAP-induced liver injury for the development of additional therapeutic approaches that can benefit late-presenting patients. More recent investigations into APAP hepatotoxicity have established the critical role of mitochondrial dysfunction in mediating liver injury as well as clarified mechanisms of APAP-induced hepatocyte cell death facilitates scavenging of the reactive metabolite and is the only treatment in clinical use. Mitochondrial oxidative and nitrosative stress is a key mechanistic feature involved in downstream signaling after APAP overdose. The identification of specific mediators of necrotic cell death further establishes the regulated nature of APAP-induced hepatocyte cell death. In addition, the discovery of the role of mitochondrial dynamics and autophagy in APAP-induced liver injury provides additional insight into the elaborate cell signaling mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of this important clinical problem. In spite of these new insights into the mechanisms of liver injury, significant controversy still exists on the role of innate immunity in APAP-induced hepatotoxicity.

This study aimed to determine the advancement of the medical field to cure diseases using drug and therapeutic agents. Therapeutic agents used in advancement are important in the combat of diseases. Multitargeted combination therapy has also been targeted by many clinicians due to the synergism interaction existing between many antifungal agents proven by in vitro studies. Bacterial infection which is commonly caused in the oral, neck and orofacial region. The knowledge of current concepts of orofacial  infections, causative agents, their classification and clinical manifestations and a basis for management  is essential for providing appropriate dental care to Patients

Olestra is known as a fat substitute or chemically derived as sucrose polyester. It’s also known by its brand name Olean. It does not add on calories or cholesterol to the product. It’s also used in food preparation such as potato chips. Originally it's been approved by The Food and Drug Admiration [FDA] for the replacement of fats and oil. It is majorly used to condition dough, as one of many ingredients and as flavouring agent in baking and frying or even generally used as dressing for salad. Olestra has zero calories opted for fat replacement in the various preparations of savory snacks. Nowadays, coronary heart diseases [CHD] are commonly known worldwide and research has proven that the type of our diet contributes to the elevation of blood cholesterol depending on the amount and type of fats consumed. Besides CHD, consumption of fats also accords the growth of cancer like breast, colon and prostate. However, Olestra has a few major drawbacks in playing its role in the human system as it is not absorbed into the human digestive system and henceforth not supplying any nutrition nor energy. Besides that, when consumed with other lipophilic dietary supplements, the absorption of Olestra is affected. This review article highlights in detail about olestra.

The mental foramen is an oval or circular opening on the anterior surface of the mandible. Mental foramen is the determinant of the mental triangle and forms an important landmark of the human mandible.  Mental nerves and vessels pass through it and supply the area from canine to first molar. The mental nerve is the neurosensory nerve. Mental Foramen it’s important landmark and orientation which serves surgical, local anaesthetic and other invasive procedures for oral and maxillofacial surgery. Understanding the anatomy of this region is important for effective nerve block and to avoid neurovascular bundles. It is also important to identify the ideal location of mental foramen for periodontal surgery, flap operation of lower tooth and for orthodontic surgery. Even so, in order to avoid neurovascular complications, particular attention should be paid to the possible occurrence of one or more accessory mental foramen during surgical procedures involving the mandible. The mental foramen is an important structure that needs to be considered in the surgery.

The healthful and nutritive properties of wine have been acknowledged for thousands of years. Moderate consumption of red wine on a regular basis may be preventative against coronary disease. Moderate wine consumption with reduced mortality, mostly due to reduced incidence cardiovascular disease. Diet rich in fruit and vegetables, together with moderate amounts of alcohol, but more specific red wine in moderation, is protective against various degenerative diseases. Variety of mechanisms that target all the crucial steps of atherosclerosis, from early formation of the atherosclerotic plaque to its life-threatening complications (ulceration, thrombosis, vessel occlusion and infarction). These effects are attributable to the synergic properties of several biochemical components of wine (alcohol, resveratrol, and especially polyphenol compounds), particularly the red varieties. Laboratory evidence to promote the consumption of grapes and wine as part of a balanced diet and lifestyle certain individuals to prevent cardiovascular disease. The presence of salicylic acid and other phenolic compounds that provide protection against platelet aggregation y altering eicosanoid metabolism in favour of increased prostacyclin and decreased thromboxane A.

Teeth that have become severely compromised by decay, large failing restorations, or fracture most often require full-coverage crowns to restore them to their original form and function. A core buildup is a restoration placed in a badly broken down or grossly decayed tooth to restore the bulk of the coronal portion of the tooth. This facilitates the subsequent restoration by means of an indirect extra coronal restoration. The strength of the tooth can be enhanced with intracoronal support. It should have compressive strength to resist intraoral forces and flexural strength to prevent core dislodgement during function. It should also have sufficient flexural strength, biocompatibility, resistance to leakage of oral fluids at the core-tooth interface, ease of manipulation, and ability to bond to remaining tooth structure. The primary purpose of a core build- up is to replace enough missing tooth structure to permit the creation of ideal retention and resistance form in the crown preparation. Materials used for core restoration after endodontic treatment include amalgam, resin composites, zirconia to name a few. The aim of this review is to evaluate the use of zirconia as a core material by assessing the studies available in comparison to other core materials.

Large law firms show affinity towards students who have participated in moot court. Because these understudies already spent many hours perfecting the analytical, research, and writing aptitudes that practicing attorneys must have. As a result moot court have gained high importance in the legal front but In the recent times presentation and arguments of students (mooters) in moot court competition vary from competition to competition, though academic pressures and preparation is put forth as a reason, it is apprehended that the responsiveness of judges may also be a reason for the same. Judges in moot courts occupy important role, the judges pave way for students to learn court manners and patience, in the moot court presentation. The recent behavior of students towards moot court presentation and participation gives way to apprehend that the judge’s responsiveness may be a reason for differential skillful and intellect presentation in competitions. Therefore this research aims at the influence of differential responsiveness of judges in the performance of participants. by the virtue of non probability convenience sampling and using chi square tests it could be found out that There is no relationship between student opinion on differential responsiveness of judges and year of study, There is no relationship between student opinion on Influence of judges responsiveness in participant presentation and year of study. The study put forth that the performance of students in moot court competitions is influenced by differential responsiveness of judges. Therefore the study recommends that only qualified experts of the subject matter must be preferred as judges in the moot court competitions.

A shareholder is considered as an investor and as a member of the company for the amount of capital that is contributed by him towards the company. The company has seen or perceived it as that the shareholder is a partner in the company and has taken various steps with respect to consideration and contemplations of the shareholders in the business entity. various studies has tried to identify the relationship between the companies and shareholders, research has failed to note or recognize the reason in the recent reduction in participation of shareholders in meetings, therefore a ambiguity comes into the glare of limelight with respect to the reasons for reduction in the participation ratio and it is curious note and identify whether there is any relationship that exist between the above stated problem and share investment, because it could be understood from company annual reports that investors with high share investment are given high priority in company decisions. Thus this research is carried out with a motive to identify the reasons for depletion in the rate of participation of shareholders in company meetings. by virtue of non-probability convenience sampling method it could be found out that there is no relationship between the number of share investment and lack of protection of interest of shareholders as poor reason for poor participation in meeting and there is no relationship between the number of share investment and lack of protection of interest of shareholders as poor reason for poor participation in meetings. Thus the study recommends that that the companies must take necessary steps for purpose of protection of interest of shareholders. The shareholders must also be motivated to ensure participation.

The study aims to assess the knowledge and awareness regarding clinical management of thin ridges among dentists practising dental implants. Deficient alveolar ridge is a common difficulty faced by dental practitioners during replacement of missing teeth by dental implants. Hence there is a need to gain adequate bone to place implants. There are various methods to manage thin ridges. Proper knowledge and skills are needed to manage this situation. This study was designed around a questionnaire assessing the knowledge and awareness among dentists on an online platform -   google forms was used to prepare the survey, the link of the survey was distributed to the volunteers using convenience sampling and snowball sampling methods. The data was collected, tabulated in excel sheets, and analyzed using the SPSS software. In this study most of the Prosthodontist, Oral Surgeon and Periodontist feel that managing reduced height is challenging and most of the specialists prefer bone expansion than ridge splitting. The commonly used graft material was autograft and the specialist preferred to augment bone when encountered a thin ridge.

For decades, across the country, there has been an ongoing debate on the powers and the steps taken for law enforcement by the police. Statistics prove that people oppose the steps taken by the police even when it is done under their official capacity.Though the CRPC, has given a well crafted and apt powers to the police for the purpose of investigation, several media reports prove that individuals are against the process of investigation carried out by the police this situation seems magnified in the case of rural areas, and thus an ambiguity arises as to whether the procedure requires amendment or are the general public not aware of the same. The study aims to find out the general awareness of individuals on the powers of police to investigate under crpc, using non probability convenience sampling and chi square tests. The study reveals that individuals in the urban areas are aware that the police may extend the duration but the individuals in rural areas are not aware of the same. In case of cognizable offence order of magistrate is not necessary, individuals in the urban areas are aware of this power whereas those in the rural areas aren’t aware. The people living in urban areas are aware that the police officer has got the power to subject the victim and the accused for medical examination but it is not in the case of rural areas. Thus it could be stated that there is a relationship between Awareness of General Public on Power of Police to Investigate under Criminal Procedural Code and place of living. It could be recommended that that awareness programs may be organized in rural areas by police and lawyers so that the negative perception over the police may change

As judgment in the Sabarimala case enabled the right of worship and religious practices of women, still a large sect of the society up hold the religious factors and principles. Various instances reported by social media prove that agitation lies in respect to entry of women into temple shrine. an ambiguity arises with respect to the balancing point between the religious rights and menstruating women at the same time When a close understanding of the cultural practices of menstruating women and the verdict in Sabrimala case is made, though the practices of religious constraints against menstruating women is an antiquity custom,  an absurdity prevails with respect to its validity in the current century.. This research aims in identifying what is the balancing point between the religious rights of women and constraints during menstruation. With the help of non probability convenience sampling with a sample size of 1758 and using chi square and correlation test it could be found out that there is  no relationship between Public opinion on Acceptance of religious constraints during menstruation and occupation. This helps in framing the conclusion that policy policy acts as a balancing point between women rights and constraints during menstruation. The paper gives a recommendation as that judiciary must give rationales governing individual statements and prospective while rendering judgments.

Dance is an artform that is used to express a person’s feelings. It is a good relaxation and good hobby for people. It has the ability to reduce stress and increase the blood flow of the body. Dental profession is one of the most stressful professions and management is very important. Dental students reported high stress levels which causes mood swings, change in attitude and decreased academic performance. The aim of this study is to analyse the frequency of dance as a hobby among dental students. The study was conducted by preparing questionnaires pertaining to the topic on dance as a hobby among dental students and was circulated through an online survey planet link.  Data were collected and analysed. According to the survey, 70.6% of dental students like dancing, 58.4% of them dance very often. 70.2% of them dance to fast beats, 53.9% of them dance due to stress. 72.3% of them feel happy when they dance and 69.2% are passionate towards dancing.
 
Dance is enjoyed by many as a hobby. But due to lack of time and workload, many are not able to continue dancing.
Dance is an artform that is used to express a person’s feelings. It is a good relaxation and good hobby for people. It has the ability to reduce stress and increase the blood flow of the body. Dental profession is one of the most stressful professions and management is very important. Dental students reported high stress levels which causes mood swings, change in attitude and decreased academic performance. The aim of this study is to analyse the frequency of dance as a hobby among dental students. The study was conducted by preparing questionnaires pertaining to the topic on dance as a hobby among dental students and was circulated through an online survey planet link.  Data were collected and analysed. According to the survey, 70.6% of dental students like dancing, 58.4% of them dance very often. 70.2% of them dance to fast beats, 53.9% of them dance due to stress. 72.3% of them feel happy when they dance and 69.2% are passionate towards dancing.
Dance is enjoyed by many as a hobby. But due to lack of time and workload, many are not able to continue dancing.
 

Background: Punctuality is a sign of professionalism and helps you to stand as a reliable and trustworthy individual.When a person becomes punctual , everything falls into places , you get discipline in life and also it helps you to reach greater heights . Punctuality is one of the major  concerns in the day to day life scenario. The level of punctuality largely influences one's confidence and  their attitude. Being Punctual is mainly based on time management and it is the main reason behind success .Time management issue is greatly influenced by perception and behaviour. Materials and Method: The questions were prepared and distributed through an online survey planet link the participants well explained about the study and the results were collected and statistically analysed. Result and discussion:  From the analysed results we can see that the majority of the dental students are punctual to their classes and there exists a pattern of punctuality among the students.Conclusion: From the survey, it was evident that majority of the dental students are punctual to their classes and there also exists a punctual pattern among dental college students.

^{Sleep is very important for the normal functioning of any individual. However, with all the responsibilities we face as students, practitioners, academicians and family members, getting the recommended amount of sleep can be very hard. Insufficient sleep can severely impact the health and well being of an individual and bring down their potential to do work. This has negative effects on both individual and societal levels bringing down the quality as well as life span of useful human resources.The aim of this study is to determine the quality of sleep among dental students in South India.A survey was initiated for a randomly chosen dental student population of 100. A questionnaire was prepared involving questions assessing the sleep quality and all its various aspects. This questionnaire was then circulated to all the participants via online basis. The results obtained from the survey were compiled and analyzed.It was found that 70% of students had unpredictable sleeping patterns. 50% had disturbed sleep. Only 17% students reported that they felt fresh after receiving the recommended 8 hrs of sleep per day. 95% of students stayed up late at night. Sleep latency was found to be around 10 minutes to 1 hour for 85% students. 26% reported that they suffered from nightmares. 56% woke up at night for even the small sounds.This study concludes that dental students have a poor quality of sleep owing to their busy schedules, vast syllabus and loads of clinical and practical work.}

Third-hand smoke (THS) is the residual tobacco smoke contaminant that remains after a cigarette is extinguished. It can react with the indoor air pollutant nitrous acid to produce a carcinogen. THS exposure may occur long after second-hand smoke appears (SHS). A cross sectional questionnaire study was conducted in which a close-ended self-administered 20 item questionnaire was prepared. The data was collected from the smokers and non-smokers. Demographic characteristics, tobacco use status, attitudes toward awareness of third hand smoke and its adverse effects, was filled by the surveyed subjects. A total of 100 members with the mean age of 15-45 years participated in the study. The awareness of Third hand smoke is more among the non-smokers than compared with the smokers. The precautionary principle, which is a “strategy to cope with possible risks where scientific understanding is yet incomplete,” is widely used in Europe and in radiation protection in the United States. Extended producer responsibility promotes total-lifecycle environmental improvements, placing economic, physical, and informational responsibilities onto the tobacco industry.  Efforts to further reduce THS exposure may ultimately reduce tobacco-related diseases and preserve the health of non-smoking adults and children.

Politics is so much required as it offers students a platform to develop their leadership skills. The absence of politics in college campuses threatens to make them authoritarian and undemocratic, which is not good. It was an agreed statement that political parties have already destroyed our country and now are bent upon misguiding our youths with financial and judiciary powers. Student politics is generally viewed by those in authority as a negative factor, something to be eliminated from Academic life. Student politics sometimes affects higher education and on occasions sweeps beyond the campus to have disruptive implications for the political system. The Cross sectional study was done on dental students in tamilnadu. A well structured. Questionnaires on basis of inclination of politics among dental students were taken into consideration. This is an online based survey study and taken in english language.The sampling method used was a simple random sampling method. 10 Questionnaires were prepared and were administered through Google forms. In this study, 100 dental students were given the questionnaire and then the data was analysed. Mostly(85%) first year students responded to our survey. 64% of students responded that they like politics and the remaining 39% responded that they don’t like politics. According to the above survey we conclude that the attitude of the students shows a positive response of interest towards politics among the Dental students.

^{Physically and mentally challenged individuals are a unique set of patient population whose health demands and oral care demands are considerably different from the normal patient population. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the oral hygiene practices followed by physically and mentally challenged people in Madurai district. The study was carried out in a homogeneous population of 100 physically and mentally challenged participants. The self structured questionnaire was distributed among the targeted population. The data were collected and presented in the form of pie charts.The population mostly consisted of mentally challenged people who were even unaware of the basic hygiene to be maintained whereas the rest of the population were visually and hearing impaired persons and handicaps. The most surprising result of the study is that the population was aware of their impact of disability on oral health.The result establishes that there exists a better awareness and knowledge among caretakers on oral hygiene practices that should be followed on such differently abled persons.Creating awareness and providing knowledge on oral hygiene practices would provide better oral health and thus avoiding complications in systemic health}. 

The study is based on the nexus of capitalization, risk-taking, and profitability of 187 commercial banks of the People‟s Republic of China (P.R.C) around the years 2011 to 2018. Research regulates a single threshold level for bank size and reviews the nonlinear correlation of capitalization, return on assets, and return on equity with the use of pmodels like panel ordinary least square (POLS), fixed effect (FE), and panel threshold regression (PTR). The value of threshold amounts to approximately 1,371,44 USD 1000 of total assets above this level market capitalization positively affect bank performance. The magnitude of capitalization declines from 3.14% to 0.65% for return on assets and from 21.9% to 1.56% for return on equity for banks is excessively larger after crossing the threshold level in the China banking sector.

Religion" is defined as a set of basic ideas and practices that unite people together and are linked together in a universe, in an orderly world. It has roots in the Latin word "ligare" to bind all aspects of the life of its adherents and permeates them. As an immense country, India has a number of people with different faiths that represent a rainbow of religion. In an Indian's daily and socio-economic and political life, religion plays a vital role. This paper discusses seven Indian religious groups' spatial concentration. For each religious group, areas of majority and minority (<50% share) are established by taking the district as a space unit to detail the concentration at a district level. The location quotient is also measured for each religious group by spatial concentration. At district level, minority and binary majority are explained. Secondly, this paper tries to develop religious regions of India for seven religious groups, using a cluster analysis technique, to examine religious cohesion and segregation of the Indians. The Hindus are the largest group followed by Muslims, Christians, Sikhs and Buddhists, while Jains are insufficient to demonstrate their presence in India's religious regions.

This research is descriptive research in its kind, and it uses the survey method in the context of what is related to allowing the target audience in the research in order to identify the students' opinions about the role of satellite channels in relation to issues of political awareness.
The research aims to reveal the most prominent issues of political awareness that the Iraqi satellite channels contributed to in arranging priorities for students, and to identify the most prominent satellite channels that contributed to the order of priorities, as well as an explanation of the job roles played by these channels regarding issues of political awareness.
The research required dividing it into three sections. The first topic dealt with the methodological framework of the research, which included the research problem, its importance, objectives and methodology, as well as the research community, its sample and fields. Practical research, which included the presentation and interpretation of the results of the analysis.

This paper analyses the impact of different political setups on foreign direct investment (FDI) in Pakistan and examines whether different political setups has any effect on FDI. The time series data from the period 1971-2018 is used. Ordinary least square regression model is run to check
the significance of the data and relationship between dependent and independent variables. Gross domestic product, gross capital formation, inflation rate, indirect taxes, exchange rate, trade openness and dummy variable for dictatorship or autocratic regime in Pakistan are taken as an
independent variables and FDI as dependent variable. The results of study indicate that in the long run GDP is the major determinant of FDI in Pakistan and is followed by gross capital formation or domestic investment and inflation. The results also indicate that during dictatorship or imperialistic regimes there are less FDI into Pakistan.

This study analyzes determinants of import demand for crude oil in Pakistan. For this purpose, Cointegration technique has been used to estimates long run relationship between crude oil import demand and its determinants; GDP per capita, price of crude oil, real effective exchange rate, and electricity production from oilsources. This import demand of crude oil function empirically tested for Pakistan. Results show that import demand elasticity of crude oil with respect to its different determinants is different. The import demand of crude oil is affected positively and significantly by GDP per capita and electricity production from oil sources. Price and real effective exchange rate have negative and significant impact on crude oil import demand in Pakistan. This study provides guidelines for macroeconomic policymakers in order to formulate comprehensive and appropriate import policy for crude oil.

The agricultural sector suffers from many risks and natural disasters, such as droughts and heavy rains that cause floods, as well as hail and agricultural pests, etc., that threaten agricultural activity and reduce it, which leads to the failure of farmers and peasants for fear of being subjected to continuous losses.
Nevertheless, we notice almost complete reluctance to move towards agricultural insurance, due to the dependence of farmers on the government, which adopts the principle of compensation instead of agricultural insurance when natural disasters happen despite the difficulties and financial hardship as well as the suspicion of corruption that haunt the compensation process and this represents the most important problem for research In addition to the weakness of agricultural insurance With its current mechanisms and the absence of its own law that includes government support.
The importance of the study is highlighted through the role of agricultural insurance in continuing to secure farmers ’income and ensuring food access to the citizen, as it is a true contributor to reducing agricultural risks. The research aims to analyze the current reality to find new frameworks by proposing a draft law on agricultural insurance and establishing a fund for managing agricultural risks that will be a substitute for the law in the event that it is not legislated or because of the delay in the legislative procedures of the law.
The research reached several conclusions, the most important of which is the absence of a law on agricultural insurance, in addition to the absence of any government support for this activity other than global experiences. Several recommendations were presented, the most important of which are:The necessity of having a strategy for agricultural insurance that includes government support for insurance premiums of no less than 30% and the establishment of a Shareholding company consisting of the public and private sectors, In addition to forming of specialized committees to establish a partnership between farmers and the Ministry of Agriculture to raise awareness of this type of insurance.

The pages of this research are an attempt to study that close relationship which links between the narrative event and time by studying the patterns of building the narrative event in the stories (The Apple of Socrates) by the storyteller (Mohammed Alwan Jabor) . This is due to the exceptional importance of these stories in the course of the short story for the prestigious position that its writer enjoys among the story writers in Iraq
Through research . We found that the formats for constructing the narrative event in this collection of stories were organized into only four types with the difference in the proportions of their use by the author from one format to another
The writer used (sequential construction) when the narrative events are moving in an ascending line . It is used (overlapping construction) when the narrative events overlap each other . And there is no need to know their chronological sequence . He also used (parallel construction) in those stories that include telling two stories or more at the same time. As for stories that include telling the same event several times and from different points of view where are used repetitive construction
This diversity has helped in the use of these methods of building on the storyteller ( Mohammad Alwan Jabor ) access to the field of narrative experimentation from its widest doors .

The author in this article studies the price volatility of Binance Coin to its volume and Bitcoin price and analyzes the theoretical and useful relationship between Bitcoin and Binance Coin cryptocurrencies. The current increase on the importance of cryptocurrencies is examined by gener­alizing the available literature on the essential characteristics and association of Bitcoin and Binance coin prices. On the basis of the problems and existing research on cryptocurrencies the relationship between Binance coin and Bitcoin prices is analysed. A statistical model of the cryptocurrency relation­ship analysis is offered, which may be useful to establish that the relationship among cryptocurrencies. The main findings is that that a relationship exists between the prices of Bitcoin and Binance coin, and this relationship can be applied for diversification of portfolio and risks when trading on the cryptocurrency exchange. The rationale of this study is to construct an instrument which can explain the relationship between the price of Binance coin and its volume and the price of Bitcoin and to forecast their changes over a period of  time. This article analyzes the price volatility of Binance coin as dependent on the price of Bitcoin.

Professional development and succession planning should ensure the institution's workers'
passion, as well as provide organizations with the opportunity to expand their professional
talents, provide them with a work perspective, and increase the attraction of joining the
business. The purpose of corporate succession planning is to guarantee that the company has
sufficient personnel resources to meet its long-term goals for a few employments. It is
increasingly essential to be able to readily alter paths in one's profession. Professionals'
workspaces are in jeopardy owing to organizational changes, the company's existence,
organization and the workers, insolvency, and so on; therefore, they must take responsibility
for their professional growth.

Teaching the basics of A.C.S. (Automated Control Systems) and programming through educational robotics applications is the focus of this study. The H&S Electronic Systems robotics package was employed in the STEM teaching method for this objective. Last, but not least, the interconnectedness of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) is a priority (STEM). As a means of accomplishing these objectives while also encouraging students to take an active role in their education, educational robots may be a valuable resource. Students must work in groups to create, develop, and implement programmes to govern the behaviour of their robotic constructs, using worksheets that have been specifically prepared for the purpose of this assignment.. A final goal of this research is to examine and emphasise the positive effects of data analysis on students' education.

The first step is to look for different limit cycles in particle physics. Following that, we look at the relationships between the limit cycle and the oscillation-wave, as well as the limit cycles in the gauge field and the dynamical model, and the gauge field and the qualitative analysis theory, among other things. In addition, we investigate the limit cycle as well as several unified theories on particles. In addition, the limit cycle is a specific string. It is possible to gain some new mathematical findings and equations. Last but not least, numerous scenarios for the limit cycle's future evolution are offered.

Observing daily tiny happenings from the lovely hills of Mussoorie, two vigilant eyes have been transforming them into the inspiration for numerous great literary works from the comfort of their home. These are the eyes of a normal-looking guy who is constantly immersed in his fantasies, as shown here. Despite his unfocused demeanour, he was a source of amusement for the group of people.vChildren and adults alike will benefit from this programme. A large number of people go up to the Mussoorie hills merely to have a glimpse of him. For a big number of his readers, he has almost become a celebrity in their eyes. Despite the fact that he has a name and is well-known, He has gained notoriety and recognition in the field of Indian-English writing, yet he prefers the life of a private individual. a person who is completely committed to nature Key words: exploration, alienation, loneliness, homelessness, running away from home, and human. Family and parental failure, separation, and the termination of a relationship are all topics that come up in conversations about relationships. both a source of discomfort and pleasure

Using fuzzy decision variables, this work examines the examination of the Multi-Objective Transportation Problem (MOTP). When solving a Transportation Problem, the decision variable is usually considered as a real variable. There are a lot of multi-choice fuzzy numbers in this work, but the decision variable in each node is chosen from a collection of those values. Multiobjective Fuzzy Transportation Problems are created when numerous goals are included in a transportation issue with a fuzzy decision variable (MOFTP). We provide a novel mathematical model of MOFTP that incorporates fuzzy goals for each of the objective functions. After that, the multi-choice goal programming methodology is used to define the model's solution method. For further proof of this article's value, a numerical example is provided.

Because of the huge effect sizes seen in crosses between inbred strains, high-resolution mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) in animals has proven to be problematic. Each has a little impact. We've discovered that mice are more scared than previously thought. small-effect QTLs may be fine-mapped in a genetically diverse population the stock market (HS). This is a great overall technique for fine-tuning. given that QTLs are found in crosses between inbreds, the mapping process The HS may be used to identify the strains that generated theHS. Weshow Only two of the five candidates are found in this study using a single-marker association analysis. In the HS, QTLs are predicted to be segregated, which presumably restricts the number of QTLs. For precise mapping, strategy is crucial. With this issue, we come up with a novel solution. allele descent probabilities may be calculated using multipoint analysis. from each of the HS's ancestors. Pedigrees are not used in the study. but instead calls for data on the haplotypes of the HS's founding fathers. We were able to locate all three previously unidentified loci using this strategy. Chr. 1 logP 4.9, Chr. 10 logP 6.0, and Chr. 15 logP 4.0 [chromosomes]. Wesinglemarker association fails because of this reason its inability to discriminate between the phenotypic impacts of competing QTLs when both markers are found on the same allele of the gene We've created a new product. QTL mapping in genetically diverse populations using a robust technique genetic testing on animals and claim that it is now cost-effective simultaneous, high-resolution examination of several complicated characteristics a group of mice

Proficiency in English language is the need of the hour in the present day scenario. It is not
sufficient to have a simple degree to get into higher studies or achieve good placement in a
reputed MNCs. English language Tests have grown in importance in the aspects study and work
overseas. These tests determine the level of proficiency for non-native speakers, and provide a
means to compare fluency among individuals. English language exams can be divided into three
categories: Academic, Business and General.
Academic English Exams include IELTS, STEP, APTISand TOEFL generally demonstrate the
levels of English proficiency.Business English language exams like the TOEIC and BULATS
are internationally recognized credentials required by the employers for the level of English in
the workplace. General English language exams like the CPE, FCE, KET are used to
demonstrate a level of English mastery.
This paper studies the significance of the current English language Testing system, preparation
strategies and score bands by shedding the light on the plight of Indian students. It widely
discusses the strategies of international boards like Cambridge, British Council and available
resources including Apps. The study conducts simple survey on the engineering students who
have taken STEP Exam. The findings are presented with an analysis of the performance of
Indian students by providing the suitable suggestions. Further, it makes a comparative analysis of these different tests and provides clarity for the aspirants.

Human behavior is pushed in many directions by a critical situation, with certain aspects of behavior being irreversible. Because the COVID-19 pandemic is not a typical crisis, several methods were implemented to restrict the disease's spread, including complete and then partial lockdown. Because all aspects of the economy are inextricably intertwined with public health measures and lockdown, the nations' economies have become unstable, indicating a shift in market dynamics. Customers are the drivers of competition in the market, growth, and economic integration in any market. Consumer behavior is changing as a result of
economic uncertainty, albeit how much of the change witnessed during the crisis will last remains to be seen. This essay examines consumer behavior during the COVID-19 crisis and the accompanying global standstill that lasted over a quarter of a year. Furthermore, the article tries to weave through the maze of available literature about consumer behavior in regular and downturn times, strengthens it with rapid review culled out by various consulting organizations during the lockdown stage, and substantiates the same with first-hand telling and retelling of experiences by consumers and professionals with marketing backgrounds to bring up a hypothesis of the pandemic causing a paradigm shift where consumer spiritualism has evolved
from consumer materialism. The thesis proposes more testable hypotheses for future study to better understand consumer attitudes or requirements in purchasing "what is enough" in a marketing setting, and how this may be reinforced post-COVID crisis to ensure business model sustainability. To build new consumer behavior theories, researchers should investigate the correlations of this forced consumer behavior with other variables such as learning from crises, changing demands, personality, nationality, culture, emerging market segment, and age.

Many novel protocols specifically intended for sensor networks where energy awareness is an
important concern have emerged as a result of recent improvements in wireless sensor
networks. The routing protocols, on the other hand, have gotten the most attention because
they might alter based on the application and network architecture. This research examines
modern sensor network routing protocols and assigns a classification to the various
methodologies taken. Data-centric, hierarchical, and location-based are the three key types
examined in this paper.
These networks are made up of a huge number of tiny devices known as sensor nodes. The
sensor nodes connect with one another using a variety of wireless communication methods.
Routing protocols are in charge of these communication mechanisms.
This research examines modern sensor network routing protocols and assigns a classification
to the various methodologies taken. Data-centric, hierarchical, and location-based are the
three key types examined in this paper.
WSNs are defined by denser node deployment, increased sensor node unreliability, and
severe power, compute, and memory constraints. Various design issues for routing protocols
in WSNs are highlighted, including energy efficiency, data delivery models, quality of
service, overheads, and so on.

According to IMF outlook report 2015, Pakistan is included in the list of emerging economies of
the world. Multinational corporations frequently use the brand extension marketing strategy in
the emerging markets of the world. But to know how do consumers assess the brand extension is hampered by the limited studies in the context of developing markets. To understand this gap,
the researcher in the present research study uses already established brand extension framework, namely Aaker model, and we extended this framework by adding one more factor which is „brand image‟. This new factor is added on the basis of previous literature. This new model is tested by using the consumers of Pakistan. The output reveals that brand image plays an important role in the consumers‟ evaluation of the brand extension in the context of emerging market. Managerial implications along with limitations and future research directions are also mentioned in the current paper.

Customers co-create value when they participate in a mass customization process. Past studies have focused on the changing attitude of customers during the co-creation process because of their participation in the process. The unique contribution of this study is that it seeks to examine the relationships between perceived risk in opting to mass customize a product, the perceived value of mass customization, trust on the brand that mass customizes and the customers’ intention to purchase mass customized product as a serial mediation model. The results indicate that when customers perceive high value in a mass customized product, irrespective of the risk they perceive and the brand from which it is offered, their purchase intention increases towards the customized product. However, when customers want to buy a product from a trusted brand, they would buy off-theshelf products designed and offered in an ‘as-is’ condition rather than opting to mass customize it.