Prevalence and Severity of Gingivitis Among 19–22-Year-Old Patients Attending Private Dental College, Chennai: A Hospital Based Cross-Sectional Study
Keywords:
Adults ; Gingival index ; Gingivitis ; innovation; Prevalence.Abstract
Gingivitis is the most common form of periodontal disease which is considered to be the second most common oral disease affecting more than 75% of the population worldwide. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and severity of gingivitis among 19- 22 years old South-Indian population visiting Saveetha dental college , Chennai. This study included the data of 165 patients who visited Saveetha Dental college in the period of June 2019 - March 2020. The required data was collected from the patient records and their Gingival index score was taken into account. Data was entered in Microsoft excel spreadsheet and analysed using IBM SPSS software version 20.O(Armonk, NY: IBM. Corp).Numerical data were presented as mean and standard deviation values. For the test, a p value of <0.05 is to be considered statistically significant.Shapiro Wilks test used to test the normality of the data set.Gingival index scores were continuous variables. Hence, it was presented as mean and standard deviation values. Independent T test was used to find the difference between the different age groups and gender with respect to the mean Gingival index score. Of the 165 people, 109 were male and 56 were female patients of the age group 19-22 years. Gingivitis is found to be more severe in 21-22 year old patients than patients who are 19-20 years old. Also, Gingivitis is highly prevalent in the male population with the mean gingival index score of 1.29 than females.
References
Ababneh, K. T., Abu Hwaij, Z. M. F. and Khader, Y. S. (2012) ‘Prevalence and risk indicators of gingivitis and periodontitis in a multi-centre study in North Jordan: a cross sectional study’, BMC oral health, 12, p. 1.
Abdul Wahab, P. U. et al. (2017) ‘Risk Factors for Post-operative Infection Following Single Piece Osteotomy’, Journal of maxillofacial and oral surgery, 16(3), pp. 328–332.
Addy, M. and Adriaens, P. (1998) ‘Consensus report of Group A. Epidemiology and etiology of periodontal diseases and the role of plaque control in dental caries’, plaque control.
Angst, P. D. M. et al. (2013) ‘Response of molars and non-molars to a strict supragingival control in periodontal patients’, Brazilian oral research, 27(1), pp. 55–60.
Antunes, J. L. F. et al. (2008) ‘Saúde gengival de adolescentes e a utilização de serviços odontológicos, Estado de São Paulo’, Revista de Saúde Pública, pp. 191–199. doi: 10.1590/s0034-89102008000200002.
Ashok, B. S., Ajith, T. A. and Sivanesan, S. (2017) ‘Hypoxia-inducible factors as neuroprotective agent in Alzheimer’s disease’, Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology, 44(3), pp. 327–334.
Australia.*, A. R. C. F. P. O. H. T. U. of A. S. et al. (2008) ‘The relationship between diabetes and oral health among Australian adults’, Australian Dental Journal, pp. 93–96. doi: 10.1111/j.1834- 7819.2007.00014.x.
Baehni, P. C. and Takeuchi, Y. (2003) ‘Anti-plaque agents in the prevention of biofilm-associated oral diseases’, Oral diseases, 9, pp. 23–29.
Broadbent, J. M. et al. (2011) ‘Dental plaque and oral health during the first 32 years of life’, The Journal of the American Dental Association, pp. 415–426. doi: 10.14219/jada.archive.2011.0197.
Califano, J. V. and Research, Science and Therapy Committee American Academy of Periodontology (2003) ‘Position paper: periodontal diseases of children and adolescents’, Journal of periodontology,74(11), pp. 1696–1704.
Chrysanthakopoulos, N. A. (2016) ‘Prevalence of gingivitis and associated factors in 13-16-year-old adolescents in Greece’, European Journal of General Dentistry, 5(2), p. 58.
Craig, R. G. (2009) ‘Destructive periodontal diseases, systemic inflammation, and atherosclerotic complications: the emerging role of the dental profession’, Journal - California Dental Association, 37(11), pp. 773–777.
Dadlani, H., Mehta, D. S. and Triveni, M. G. (2010) ‘Efficacy of an electrically active sonic toothbrush and an oscillating/rotating powered toothbrush in the reduction of plaque and gingivitis: A comparative clinical trial’, Journal of the International Clinical Dental Research Organization, p. 136. doi: 10.4103/2231- 0754.95287.
Danda, A. K. (2010) ‘Comparison of a single noncompression miniplate versus 2 noncompression miniplates in the treatment of mandibular angle fractures: a prospective, randomized clinical trial’, Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery: official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, 68(7), pp. 1565–1567.
Devi, V. S. and Gnanavel, B. K. (2014) ‘Properties of Concrete Manufactured Using Steel Slag’, Procedia Engineering, 97, pp. 95–104.
Eapen, B. V., Baig, M. F. and Avinash, S. (2017) ‘An Assessment of the Incidence of Prolonged Postoperative Bleeding After Dental Extraction Among Patients on Uninterrupted Low Dose Aspirin Therapy and to Evaluate the Need to Stop Such Medication Prior to Dental Extractions’, Journal of maxillofacial and oral surgery, 16(1), pp. 48–52.
Gamonal, J. et al. (2010) ‘Clinical attachment loss in Chilean adult population: First Chilean National Dental Examination Survey’, Journal of periodontology, 81(10), pp. 1403–1410.
Gopalakannan, S., Senthilvelan, T. and Ranganathan, S. (2012) ‘Modeling and Optimization of EDM Process Parameters on Machining of Al 7075-B4C MMC Using RSM’, Procedia Engineering, 38, pp. 685– 690.
Gopinath, V. (2010) ‘Oral hygiene practices and habits among dental professionals in Chennai’, Indian journal of dental research: official publication of Indian Society for Dental Research, 21(2), pp. 195–200.
Govindaraju, L., Neelakantan, P. and Gutmann, J. L. (2017) ‘Effect of root canal irrigating solutions on the compressive strength of tricalcium silicate cements’, Clinical oral investigations, 21(2), pp. 567–571.
Haas, A. N., Wagner, M. C. and Oppermann, R. V. (2014) ‘Risk factors for the progression of periodontal attachment loss: a 5‐year population‐based study in South Brazil’, Journal of clinical. Available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jcpe.12213.
Idrees, M. M. et al. (2014) ‘Prevalence and severity of plaque-induced gingivitis in a Saudi adult population’, Saudi medical journal, 35(11), pp. 1373–1377.
Jain, M. et al. (2009) ‘Oral hygiene and periodontal status among Terapanthi Svetambar Jain monks in India’, Brazilian oral research, 23(4), pp. 370–376.
Jain, N. et al. (2012) ‘Oral hygiene‑awareness and practice among patients attending OPD at Vyas Dental College and Hospital, Jodhpur’, Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology, p. 524. doi: 10.4103/0972- 124x.106894.
Jain, Y. (2013) ‘A comparison of the efficacy of powered and manual toothbrushes in controlling plaque and gingivitis: a clinical study’, Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dentistry, 5, pp. 3–9.
Jeevanandan, G. and Govindaraju, L. (2018) ‘Clinical comparison of Kedo-S paediatric rotary files vs manual instrumentation for root canal preparation in primary molars: a double blinded randomised clinical trial’, European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry, pp. 273–278. doi: 10.1007/s40368-018-0356-6.
Jordan, R. A. et al. (2011) ‘Pilot pathfinder survey of oral hygiene and periodontal conditions in the rural population of The Gambia (West Africa)’, International journal of dental hygiene, 9(1), pp. 53–59.
Kannan, S. S. D. et al. (2017) ‘AWARENESS AND ATTITUDE TOWARDS MASS DISASTER AND ITS MANAGEMENT AMONG HOUSE SURGEONS IN A DENTAL COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL IN CHENNAI, INDIA’, Disaster Management and Human Health Risk V. doi: 10.2495/dman170121.
Kavitha, M. et al. (2014) ‘Solution combustion synthesis and characterization of strontium substituted hydroxyapatite nanocrystals’, Powder Technology, 253, pp. 129–137.
Khatri, S. G. et al. (2019) ‘Retention of moisture-tolerant fluoride-releasing sealant and amorphous calcium phosphate-containing sealant in 6-9-year-old children: A randomized controlled trial’, Journal of the Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, 37(1), pp. 92–98.
Kumar, R. P., Pradeep Kumar, R. and Vijayalakshmi, B. (2017) ‘Assessment of Fluoride Concentration in Ground Water in Madurai District, Tamil Nadu, India’, Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, p. 309. doi: 10.5958/0974-360x.2017.00063.4.
Kumar, R. P. and Preethi, R. (2017) ‘Assessment of Water Quality and Pollution of Porur, Chembarambakkam and Puzhal Lake’, Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 10(7), pp. 2157– 2159.
Lang, N. P., Schätzle, M. A. and Löe, H. (2009) ‘Gingivitis as a risk factor in periodontal disease’, Journal of clinical periodontology, 36 Suppl 10, pp. 3–8.
Leelavathi, L. (2019) ‘Nicotine Replacement Therapy for Smoking Cessation-An Overview’, Indian Journal of Public Health Research &. Available at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=09 760245&AN=141274498&h=gYL53P0RTDuihXfEOqLsBmolOVY%2Fn1jwd7eokhNcHN%2F5g8CVaY Kbt1wU4UOsqeCY51fRbe6Ner1I6TkeG%2FuwDg%3D%3D&crl=c.
Lekha, L. et al. (2014a) ‘Schiff base complexes of rare earth metal ions: Synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity for the oxidation of aniline and substituted anilines’, Journal of organometallic chemistry, 753, pp. 72–80.
Lekha, L. et al. (2014b) ‘Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization and antibacterial studies of lanthanide(III) Schiff base complexes containing N, O donor atoms’, Journal of Molecular Structure, pp. 307–313. doi: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2013.10.014.
Li, Y. et al. (2010) ‘Prevalence and severity of gingivitis in American adults’, American journal of dentistry, 23(1), pp. 9–13.
Löe, H. (1967) ‘The Gingival Index, the Plaque Index and the Retention Index Systems’, Journal of periodontology, 38(6), pp. Suppl:610–6.
Loe, H. and Silness, J. (1963) ‘PERIODONTAL DISEASE IN PREGNANCY. I. PREVALENCE AND SEVERITY’, Acta odontologica Scandinavica, 21, pp. 533–551.
Mallatt, M. et al. (2007) ‘A controlled 6-month clinical trial to study the effects of a stannous fluoride dentifrice on gingivitis’, Journal of Clinical Periodontology, pp. 762–767. doi: 10.1111/j.1600- 051x.2007.01109.x.
Marsh, P. D. (2012) ‘Contemporary perspective on plaque control’, British dental journal, 212(12), pp. 601–606.
Mathew, M. G. et al. (2020) ‘Evaluation of adhesion of Streptococcus mutans, plaque accumulation on zirconia and stainless steel crowns, and surrounding gingival inflammation in primary …’, Clinical oral investigations. Available at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00784-020-03204-9.
Menon, S. et al. (2018) ‘Selenium nanoparticles: A potent chemotherapeutic agent and an elucidation of its mechanism’, Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces, 170, pp. 280–292.
Mizutani, S. et al. (2012) ‘Effects of self-efficacy on oral health behaviours and gingival health in university students aged 18- or 19-years-old’, Journal of Clinical Periodontology, pp. 844–849. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2012.01919.x.
Mohapatra, S. et al. (2019) ‘Assessment of Microhardness of Enamel Carious Like Lesions After Treatment with Nova Min, Bio Min and Remin Pro Containing Toothpastes: An in Vitro Study’, Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, p. 375. doi: 10.5958/0976-5506.2019.02832.8.
Neelakantan, P. et al. (2015) ‘Antibiofilm activity of three irrigation protocols activated by ultrasonic, diode laser or Er:YAG laser in vitro’, International endodontic journal, 48(6), pp. 602–610.
Neelakantan, P. et al. (2015) ‘Influence of Irrigation Sequence on the Adhesion of Root Canal Sealers to Dentin: A Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Push-out Bond Strength Analysis’, Journal of endodontia, 41(7), pp. 1108–1111.
Neelakantan, P., Grotra, D. and Sharma, S. (2013) ‘Retreatability of 2 mineral trioxide aggregate-based root canal sealers: a cone-beam computed tomography analysis’, Journal of endodontia, 39(7), pp. 893–896.
Neralla, M. et al. (2019) ‘Role of nutrition in rehabilitation of patients following surgery for oral squamous cell carcinoma’, International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 10(4), pp. 3197–3203.
Oswal, K. C. (2013) ‘Oral Hygiene Practice Among Patients Visiting Terna Dental College’, Journal of Oral Health & Community Dentistry. Available at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=09 737316&AN=91732210&h=iFWq9jU3H2v6h9DgKcNTK0EWwQ9rUdGGwU706pBtiWdEW3nY9D4Km 1V3j2Vuu6CiZyuhH9Xt1QagJZQjFuPorQ%3D%3D&crl=c.
Ower, P. (2003) ‘The Role of Self-Administered Plaque Control in the Management of Periodontal Diseases: 1. A Review of the Evidence’, Dental update, 30(2), pp. 60–68.
‘Parameter on plaque-induced gingivitis. American Academy of Periodontology’ (2000) Journal of periodontology, 71(5 Suppl), pp. 851–852.
Pari, A. et al. (2014) ‘Gingival diseases in childhood - a review’, Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR, 8(10), pp. ZE01–4.
Parthasarathy, M. et al. (2016) ‘Effect of hydrogen on ethanol-biodiesel blend on performance and emission characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine’, Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 134(Pt 2), pp. 433–439.
Patil, S. B. et al. (2017) ‘Comparison of Extended Nasolabial Flap Versus Buccal Fat Pad Graft in the Surgical Management of Oral Submucous Fibrosis: A Prospective Pilot Study’, Journal of maxillofacial and oral surgery, 16(3), pp. 312–321.
Pavithra, R. P. and Jayashri, P. (2019) ‘Influence of Naturally Occurring Phytochemicals on Oral Health’, Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 12(8), pp. 3979–3983.
Poyato-Ferrera, M., Segura-Egea, J. J. and Bullon-Fernandez, P. (2003) ‘Comparison of modified Bass technique with normal toothbrushing practices for efficacy in supragingival plaque removal’, International Journal of Dental Hygiene, pp. 110–114. doi: 10.1034/j.1601-5037.2003.00018.x.
Prabakar, J., John, J., Arumugham, I. M., Kumar, R. P. and Srisakthi, D. (2018) ‘Comparative Evaluation of Retention, Cariostatic Effect and Discoloration of Conventional and Hydrophilic Sealants - A Single Blinded Randomized Split Mouth Clinical Trial’, Contemporary clinical dentistry, 9(Suppl 2), pp. S233– S239.
Prabakar, J., John, J., Arumugham, I. M., Kumar, R. P. and Sakthi, D. S. (2018a) ‘Comparative Evaluation of the Viscosity and Length of Resin Tags of Conventional and Hydrophilic Pit and Fissure Sealants on Permanent Molars: An In vitro Study’, Contemporary clinical dentistry, 9(3), pp. 388–394.
Prabakar, J., John, J., Arumugham, I. M., Kumar, R. P. and Sakthi, D. S. (2018b) ‘Comparing the Effectiveness of Probiotic, Green Tea, and Chlorhexidine- and Fluoride-containing Dentifrices on Oral Microbial Flora: A Double-blind, Randomized Clinical Trial’, Contemporary clinical dentistry, 9(4), pp. 560–569.
Prabakar, J., John, J. and Srisakthi, D. (2016) ‘Prevalence of dental caries and treatment needs among school going children of Chandigarh’, Indian journal of dental research: official publication of Indian Society for Dental Research, 27(5), pp. 547–552.
PradeepKumar, A. R. et al. (2016) ‘Diagnosis of Vertical Root Fractures in Restored Endodontically Treated Teeth: A Time-dependent Retrospective Cohort Study’, Journal of endodontia, 42(8), pp. 1175– 1180.
Pratha, A. A. and Prabakar, J. (2019) ‘Comparing the effect of Carbonated and energy drinks on salivary pH-In Vivo Randomized Controlled Trial’, Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 12(10), pp. 4699–4702.
Praveen, K. et al. (2001) ‘Hypotensive anaesthesia and blood loss in orthognathic surgery: a clinical study’, The British journal of oral & maxillofacial surgery, 39(2), pp. 138–140.
Putchala, M. C. et al. (2013) ‘Ascorbic acid and its pro-oxidant activity as a therapy for tumours of oral cavity – A systematic review’, Archives of Oral Biology, pp. 563–574. doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.01.016.
Rajendran, R. et al. (2019) ‘Comparative Evaluation of Remineralizing Potential of a Paste Containing Bioactive Glass and a Topical Cream Containing Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate: An in Vitro Study’, Pesquisa Brasileira em Odontopediatria e Clínica Integrada, pp. 1–10. doi: 10.4034/pboci.2019.191.61.
Rebelo, M. A. B. et al. (2009) ‘Dental caries and gingivitis among 15 to 19 year-old students in Manaus, AM, Brazil’, Brazilian oral research, 23(3), pp. 248–254.
Sajan, D. et al. (2011) ‘Molecular structure and vibrational spectra of 2,6-bis(benzylidene)cyclohexanone: a density functional theoretical study’, Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy, 78(1), pp. 113–121.
Samuel, S. R., Acharya, S. and Rao, J. C. (2020) ‘School Interventions-based Prevention of Early- Childhood Caries among 3-5-year-old children from very low socioeconomic status: Two-year randomized trial’, Journal of public health dentistry, 80(1), pp. 51–60.
S, S. and Shetty, S. (2016) ‘Comparative Evaluation of the Effect of a Herbal Dentifrice and a Regular Dentifrice on Beneficial Oral Microflora – A ClinicoMicrobiologic Study’, International Journal of Dentistry and Oral Health. doi: 10.16966/2378-7090.117.
Uthrakumar, R. et al. (2010) ‘Bulk crystal growth and characterization of non-linear optical bisthiourea zinc chloride single crystal by unidirectional growth method’, Current applied physics: the official journal of the Korean Physical Society, 10(2), pp. 548–552.
Vijayakumar, G. N. S. et al. (2010) ‘Synthesis of electrospun ZnO/CuO nanocomposite fibers and their dielectric and non-linear optic studies’, Journal of alloys and compounds, 507(1), pp. 225–229.
Vishnu Prasad, S. et al. (2018) ‘Report on oral health status and treatment needs of 5-15 years old children with sensory deficits in Chennai, India’, Special care in dentistry: official publication of the American Association of Hospital Dentists, the Academy of Dentistry for the Handicapped, and the American Society for Geriatric Dentistry, 38(1), pp. 58–59.
Wahab, P. U. A. et al. (2018) ‘Scalpel Versus Diathermy in Wound Healing After Mucosal Incisions: A Split-Mouth Study’, Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery: official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, 76(6), pp. 1160–1164.
Zhang, J. et al. (2010) ‘Severity and prevalence of plaque-induced gingivitis in the Chinese population’, The Compendium of continuing education in dentistry, 31(8), pp. 624–629.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation .
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
