Risks of corruption to development
Keywords:
Corruption - Economic Corruption - Confronting Corruption.Abstract
The mechanisms of globalization have produced the tools, means and technological innovations that facilitated the forms of corruption, and what it also entails from the increased movement of economic activity and financial openness globally and locally, and the tendency to liberalize foreign and internal trade, and the related developments, which contributed to alleviating administrative and financial restrictions, and creating Damage to the economic structure of the state through wasting economic resources, increasing burdens on the public budget, reducing the efficiency of economic performance, or misdistributing resources, with the intent of achieving personal benefits, material or non-material, whether in kind or monetary, at the expense of the public interest. Opening channels to the emergence of many forms and forms of corruption, and thus the increased possibility of the spread of new forms of corruption, the most important of which is economic corruption.
All this has led to the need for an international defense strategy against the forms and methods of corruption in institutions in general and banking in particular, linking international cooperation and regional and local coordination between the various concerned bodies economically, securely and politically, and declaring a real state of war waged by the regulatory and supervisory bodies in different countries, as well as entities The organization of development projects based on financing and lending from banking institutions in all its forms and forms against practices and forms of corruption in them.
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References
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(1) Global Dynamic of Corruption, The Role of the United Nations Helping Member State Build Integrity to Curb Corruption, U.N., CICP-3, Vienna, October 2002, P. 2
(2) Robert Klitgaard, “Controlling Corruption,” translated by Ali Hussein Hajjaj, Dar Al-Bashir for Publishing and Distribution, Amman, p. 46.
(3) See the topic of combating corruption to improve governance published on the website of the Administrative Development Division on 13 December 1998 and Governance - Office of Development Policy, p. 56.
(4) “Administrative corruption, unknown crimes that need to be eradicated,” an article published in Al-Riyadh newspaper on Tuesday, May 24, 2005, issue/13483, p. 55.
(5) Johnston, M., “What can be done about Entrenched Corruption?” Paper presented to the Ninth Annual Banl Conference on Development Economics, The World Bank, Washington DC., 30 April- 1 May, 1997.
(6) Caiden and caiden. Administrative Corruption public administration review, Vol. 37, jan: 1977.
(7) Ismail Sasa’ Al-Budairi, “Administrative Corruption from a Legal Perspective, The Honest Employee’s Guide, Towards Comprehensive Awareness to Combat Administrative Corruption,” (a collection of research, articles, opinions, and concepts), Ashtar Journalism Training Center in cooperation with the Iraqi Civil Society Program for the Central and Southern Region, Anti-Corruption Department, 2007, p. 75.
(8) World Development Report, 1996, p. 124.
(9) Moro Paulo, Corruption, Causes and Consequences, Finance and Development, March 1998, pp. 11-13.
(10) Money, Issue No. 6, September 2000, p. 76
(11) Johnston, M., 1997 “What can be done about Entrenched Corruption?” Paper presented to the Ninth Annual Banl Conference on Development Economics, The World Bank, Washington DC., 30 April – 1 May.
(12) Ades, A. and R. Di Tella, 1996, “The Causes and Consequences of corruption: A Review of Recent Empiricol Contribution” IDS Bulletin, Vol. 27, No. 2, PP. 6-11.
(13) Kaufman, Daniel et al., Corruption and Development - Finance and Development, March 1998, p. 7.
(14) See: Industrial and Workers Development Bank of Egypt, Department of Planning, Research and Internal Development, a working paper entitled “Small and medium enterprises are a glimmer of hope for the Egyptian economy,” a report on the Internet. WWW, google.com
(15) Dr.. Mohamed Omran, Vice Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Cairo and Alexandria Stock Exchanges, “The Small and Medium Enterprises Stock Exchange in Egypt,” report on the Internet: WWW.yahoo.com.eg.
(16) Ministry of Foreign Trade: Facilitating regulatory procedures for small and medium enterprises, one-stop model, Small and Medium Enterprises Development Project, 2002, p. 7.
(17) Mazen Zayer Al-Lami, Corruption between transparency and tyranny. Dania Press, first edition, Baghdad: 2007.
)11(Abu Sheikha, Nader Ahmed, Corruption in Government, Arab Organization for Administrative Development: 1994.
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