The Impact of workplace bullying on university teachers self- efficacy: Mediating role of the university environment
Keywords:
Workplace Bullying, University Environment, Teacher self-efficacyAbstract
Academics are not immune to workplace bullying. Several studies show that academic institutions have a higher rate of bullying than other organizations the overall nature of bullying's effects showsthat the victim, the people surrounding him or her, and the organization all suffer or are unable to function as effectively as previously. (Keashly and Jagatic 2011).The study investigated the impact of workplace bullying (WPB) on the university environment (UE) and the mediating function of the UE with the relationship between WPB and teacher self-efficacy (TSE). Survey data were obtained from 665 University faculty members from Pakistan.The proposed relationships were evaluated using SMART-PLS structural equation modeling.Significant impact of WPB on UE and TSE was found in this study.In addition, the study found that UE has a considerable impact on TSE, while WPB has an indirect impact on TSE through UE.The study is significant since there is a dearth of workplace bullying research in Pakistani universities. A very little research has been done on the effect of workplace bullying as a key indicator of university environment and research on the effect of university environment on self-efficacy of the teachers.This study is one of the first attempts to evaluate the relationship between WPB, UE, and TSE.This study has essential practical consequences for practitioners in higher education since it contains important information about the relationship between the university environment, teacher self-efficacy, and workplace bullying incidents.
Downloads
References
Adil, M. S., Ab Hamid, K. Bin, &Waqas, M. (2020). Impact of perceived organisational support and workplace incivility on work engagement and creative work involvement: A moderating role of creative self-efficacy. International Journal of Management Practice, 13(2), 117–150. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijmp.2020.105671
Agervold, M., &Mikkelsen, E. G. (2004).Relationships between bullying, psychosocial work environment and individual stress reactions. Work and Stress, 18(4), 336–351. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370412331319794
Ahmad, S., Kalim, R., &Kaleem, A. (2017). Academics’ perceptions of bullying at work: Insights from Pakistan. International Journal of Educational Management.
Allen, K.P. (2010)Classroom management, bullying, and teacher practices. Prof. Educ. 2010, 34, 1.
Anjum, A.; Shoukat, A.(2013) Workplace bullying: Prevalence and risk groups in a Pakistani sample. J. Public Adm. Gov. 2013, 3, 92–97
Ariza-Montes, A., Muniz R., N. M., Leal-Rodríguez, A. L., & Leal-Millán, A. G. (2016). Workplace Bullying Among Teachers: An Analysis From the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) Model Perspective. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 58(8).https://journals.lww.com/joem/Fulltext/2016/08000/Workplace_Bullying_Among_Teacher s An_Analysis.12.aspx
Bagozzi, R. P., and Yi, Y. (1988).On the evaluation of structural equation models. J. Acad. Mark. Sci. 16, 74–94
Bandura, A. (1992)Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Asian J. Soc. Psychol. 1999, 2, 21–41.
Bandura, A. (2006). Guide for constructing self-efficacy scales. In F. Pajares, & T. Urdan (Eds.). Self-efficacy beliefs of adolescents (pp. 307–337)
Bandura, A.(2000) Cultivate Self Efficacy For Personal and Organizational Effectiveness. n E.A. Locke (Ed.)Handbook of Principles of Organizational Behavior, 120-136 Oxford.UK: Blackwell.
Barlett, J. E., Kotrlik, J. W., & Higgins, C. C. (2011). Organizational research: Determining appropriate sample size in survey research. Information technology, learning, and performance journal, 19(1), 43-50.
Björklund, C., Vaez, M., & Jensen, I. (2021). Early work-environmental indicators of bullying in an academic setting: a longitudinal study of staff in a medical university. Studies in Higher Education, 46(12), 2556–2567. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2020.1729114
Björkqvist, K., Österman, K., &Hjelt-Bäck, M. (1994).Aggression among university employees. Aggressive Behavior, 20, 173-184. https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-2337(1994)20:3<173::AID- AB248020030
Boynton, P. (2005). Unpacking my research on bullying in higher education.September 2005, http://www. drpetra.co.uk/blog
Brotheridge, C.M. and Lee, R.T.(2006), “When prey turns predatory: workplace bullying as a predictor of counter aggression/bullying, coping, and well-being”, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 15 No. 3, pp. 352-377.
Burns, E. A., Fogelgarn, R., &Billett, P. (2020). Teacher-targeted bullying and harassment in Australian schools: a challenge to teacher wellbeing. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 41(4), 523–538. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2020.1755227
chunk, D.H. (1989). Self-efficacy and achievement behaviors. Educational Psychology Review, 1(3), 173–208.
Cimen, S.(2007).ogretimogretmenlerinintukenmislikyasantilariveyeterlikalgilari. YayinlanmamisYuksekLisansTezi, KocaeliUniversitesiSosyalBilimlerEnstitusu, Kocaeli
Coleyshaw, L., 2010. The power of paradigms: A discussion of the absence of bullying research in the context of the university student experience. Research in Post-Compulsory Education, 15(4): 377-386.Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/13596748.2010.526799.
Coleyshaw, L., 2010. The power of paradigms: A discussion of the absence of bullying research in the context of the university student experience. Research in Post-Compulsory Education, 15(4): 377-386.Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/13596748.2010.526799.
Cooper-Thomas, H. D., Gardner, D., O’Driscoll, M. P., Bentley, T., Catley, B., &Trenberth, L. (2013).Neutralizing workplace bullying: The buffering effects of contextual factors. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 28(4), 384-407
Cortina, L. M., Magley, V., Williams, J. H., &Langhout, R. D. (2001). Incivility in the workplace: incidence and impact. Journal ofOccupational Health Psychology, 6,64–68.
De Wet, C., & Jacobs, L. (2013).South African teachers’ exposure to workplace bullying. TD: The Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa, 9(3), 446–464.. https://doi.org/10.10520/EJC149274
Deacon, N. (2014). Contributors to perceived bullying behaviours in the workplace: A managerial perspective. Knowledge Creation Diffusion Utilization
DiGiulio,R.C. ( 2004). Great teaching what matters most in helping students succeed, Corwin Pres.
Einarsen S (2000) Harassment and bullying at work: A review of the Scandinavian approach. Aggression and Violent Behavior 5: 379–401.
Einarsen, S.(2006) The nature and causes of bullying at work. Int. J. Manpow. 1999, 20, 16–27.
Einarsen, S., & Nielsen, M. B. (2018). Are national levels of employee harassment cultural covariations of climato-economic conditions? Work and Stress, 27, 106–122.
Einarsen, S., and Skogstad, A. (1996).Bullying at work: epidemiological findings in public and private organizations.Eur. J. Work Organ.Psy. 5, 185–201. doi: 10.1080/13594329608414854
Einarsen, S., H. Hoel, D. Zapf, and C. L. Cooper.( 2011) “The Concept of Bullying and Harassment at Work: The European Tradition.” In Bullying and Harassment in the Workplace: Developments in Theory, Research, and Practice, edited by S. Einarsen, 3–40. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor and Francis
Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D., & Cooper, C. L. (Eds.).(2003). Bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace. London, United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis.
Einarsen, S., Skogstad, A., Rørvik, E., Lande, Å. B., & Nielsen, M. B. (2018). Climate for conflict management, exposure to workplace bullying and work engagement: a moderated mediation analysis. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 29(3), 549–570. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2016.1164216
Eisenberg, N.; Spinrad, T.L.; Smith, C.L. (2004)Emotion-related regulation: Its conceptualization, relations to social functioning, and socialization. Regul.Emot. 2004, 2, 277– 306.
Escartín, S. Einarsen, H. Hoel and M. Vartia, 2011.Empirical fi ndings on prevalence and risk groups of bullying in the workplace. In S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf, & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Bullying and harassment in the workplace: Developments in theory, research, and practice. 2nd Edn., London: CRC Press. pp: 75–105.
European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions.Physical and psychological violence at the workplace [Internet]. Dublin: The Foundation; 2010
Fives ,H. (2004). Modeling , Paper Presented at The Annual Meeting of The American Psychological Association Annual Meeting, Honolulu: H .
Flores,B.B.&Clark,E.R.( 2004) A n and teacher efficacy Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences. 25(10), 230-257.
Fox, S.; Stallworth, L.E. (2010).The battered apple: An application of stressor-emotion control/support theory to teachers’ experience of violence and bullying. Hum. Relat. 2010, 63, 927–954.
Friedman,I.A.(2003). Self efficacy and burnout in teaching: he importance of interpersonal- relations efficacy Social Psychology of Education, 6, 191-215.
Giorgi, G. (2012). Workplace Bullying in Academia Creates a Negative Work Environment. An Italian Study. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 24(4), 261–275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10672-012-9193-7
Glomb, T. M., & Miner, A. G. (2002). Exploring patterns of aggressive behaviors in organizations: Assessing model-data fit. In J. M. Brett & F. Drasgow (Eds.), The psychology of work: Theoretically based empirical research. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Gumbus, A. and Meglich, P. (2012), “Lean and mean: workplace culture and the prevention of workplace bullying”, The Journal of Applied Business and Economics, Vol. 13 No. 5, pp. 11-20, doi: 10.1177/107179190601200301.
Hair, J. F. Jr., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C., and Sarstedt, M. (2016). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010).Multivariate data analysis. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Hauge, L. J., Skogstad, A., &Einarsen, S. (2007). Relationships between stressful work environments and bullying: Results of a large representative study. Work & Stress, 21, 220– 242.doi:10.1080/02678370701705810
Henning, M.A., Zhou, C., Adams, P., Moir, F., Hobson, J., Hallett, C. and Webster, C.S. (2017),
Henseler J, Ringle CM, Sinkovics RR.(2015) The use of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing. AdvInt Marketing. 2009;20:277–320.85.
Hoel, H., Cooper, C., &Faragher, B. (2001). The experience of bullying in Great Britain: The impact of organizational status. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 10(4), 443-65.
Hsieh, Y.-H., Wang, H.-H., & Ma, S.-C. (2019). The mediating role of self-efficacy in the relationship between workplace bullying, mental health and an intention to leave among nurses in Taiwan. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 32(2), 245–254. https://doi.org/10.13075/ijomeh.1896.01322
Iftikhar, M., &Qureshi, M. I. (2015). Modeling the Workplace Bullying the Mediator of “Workplace Climate-Employee Health― Relationship. Journal of Management Info, 2(3), 17–25. https://doi.org/10.31580/jmi.v4i1.27
Jenkins MF, Zapf D, Winefield H, et al. (2012) Bullying allegations from the accused bully’s perspective. British Journal of Management 23: 489–501
Keashley, L. &Jagtic, K. (2011).Workplace abuse and aggression. Paper presented at Workplace Bullying 2000: Redefining Harassment. Okland, CA.
Keashly, L. and J.H. Neuman, 2013. Bullying in higher education: What current research, theorizing, and practice tell us.Workplace bullying in higher education. New York: Routledge.
Keashly, L. and J.H. Neuman,(2010). Faculty experiences with bullying in higher education: Causes, consequences, and management. Administrative Theory & Praxis, 32(1): 48- 70.Available at: https://doi.org/10.2753/atp1084- 1806320103.
Keashly, L. and Jagatic, K. (2011), “North American perspectives on hostile behaviors and bullying at work”, in Einarsen,S., Hoel,H., Zapf,D.and Cooper, C.L. (Eds), Bullying and Harassment in the Workplace: Developments in Theory, Research, and Practice, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 41-71.
Kunttu, K. and T. Huttunen, 2009. Student health survey 2008: A national survey among finnish university students. Helsinki: Finnish Student Health Service.Ledley,
Lev, S.; Rich, Y. (1999).Teachers’ self-efficacy: Its meaning and measurement, and the contribution of counsellors to its enhancement.IyunimBehinukh 1999, 87–117
Leymann, H. (1989), Ingenannanutvag, Wahlstrdm&Widstrand, Stockholm, (in Swedish)
Leymann, H. (1996). The content and development of mobbing at work.European Journal ofWork and Organ- izational Psychology, 5, pp. 165–184.
Lohela-Karlsson, M., L. Nybergh, and I. Jensen.2018. “Percieved Health and Work-Environment Related Problems and Associated Subjective Production Loss in an Academic Population”.” BMC Public Health 18: 257–67.
Malik, N. A. A., Björkqvist, K., &Österman, K. (2017). Factors associated with occupational stress among university teachers in Pakistan and Finland. Journal of Educational, Health and Community Psychology, 6(2), 1–14.
Maran, D. A., &Begotti, T. (2020). A circle of violence: Are burnout, disengagement and self- efficacy in non-university teacher victims of workplace violence new and emergent risks? Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 10(13). https://doi.org/10.3390/app10134595
Matthiesen, S.B. and Einarsen, S. (2010), “Bullying in the workplace: definition, prevalence, antecedents and consequences”, International Journal of Organization Theory and Behavior, Vol. 13 No. 2, pp. 202-248.
Mckay, R., Arnold, D. H., Fratzl, J., & Thomas, R. (2008). Workplace bullying in academia: a canadian study. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal,
McKay, R., Arnold, D. H., Fratzl, J., & Thomas, R. (2008). Workplace Bullying In Academia: A Canadian Study. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 20(2), 77–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10672-008-9073-3
Meriläinen, M., Kõiv, K., &Honkanen, A. (2019).Bullying effects on performance and engagement among academics. Employee Relations, 41(6), 1205–1223. https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-11-2017-0264
Meriläinen, M., Sinkkonen, H. M., Puhakka, H., &Käyhko, K. (2016).Bullying and inappropriate behaviour among faculty personnel. Policy Futures in Education, 14(6), 617–634. https://doi.org/10.1177/1478210316639417
Moran, M.; Hoy, A.W.(2003) Teacher efficacy: Its meaning and measure. Rev. Educ. Res. 2003, 68, 202–248A
Moreno-Jiménez, B., Rodríguez-Muñoz, A., Salin, D. and Morante, M. (2017), “Workplace bullying in southern Europe: prevalence, forms and risk groups in a Spanish sample”, International Journal of Organizational Behaviour, Vol. 13 No. 2, pp. 95-109
MostafizurRahman, M., Rayhanul Islam, M., &ZahangirKabir, M. (2020).Prevalence of Workplace Bullying in University. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 10(1), 94–106. https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.1.2020.101.94.106.
Nielsen, M. B., Gjerstad, J., &Einarsen, S. V. (2021). Preventing and Neutralizing the Escalation of Workplace Bullying: the Role of Conflict Management Climate. International Journal of Bullying Prevention, 0123456789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42380-021-00100-y
Nielsen, M.B. and Einarsen, S. (2018), “Outcomes of exposure to workplace bullying: a meta- analytic review”, Work and Stress, Vol. 26 No. 4, pp. 309-332.
Osterwalder, P. (1998). Organizational causes of workplace harassment. Frankfurt: Department of Psychology, J. W. Goethe-University.
Qabool, S., Jalees, T., Aziz, A., Anwar, A., &Pahi, M. H. (2021). Consequences of Ethical Leadership With the Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy and Workplace Climate. Academy of Strategic Management Journal, 20(4), 1–13.
Qureshi, M. I., Rasli, A. M., &Zaman, K. (2014). A New Trilogy to Understand the Relationship among Organizational Climate, Workplace Bullying and Employee Health. Arab Economic and Business Journal, 9(2), 133–146. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aebj.2014.05.009
Reaves, S. J., & Cozzens, J. A. (2018). Teacher Perceptions of Climate, Motivation, and Self- Efficacy: Is There Really a Connection. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 6(12), 48. https://doi.org/10.11114/jets.v6i12.3566
Salin, D. (2003). Ways of explaining workplace bullying: a review of enabling, motivating and precipitating structures and processes in the work environment. Human Relations, 56(10), 12-18.
Salin, D. and Hoel, H. (2011), “Organisational causes of workplace bullying”, in Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D. and Cooper, C. (Eds), Bullying and Harassment in the Workplace: Developments in Theory,
Salmivalli, C. (2010). Bullying and the peer group: A review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 15, 112– 120.
Saunders, P. (2007), Defining workplace bullying behaviour professional lay definitions of workplace bullying. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 30, 340 354.
Schunk, D. H., &Meece, J. L. (2006). Self-efficacy development in adolescence.In F. Pajares, &
T. Urdan (Eds.), Self-efficacy beliefs of adolescents (pp. 71e96). Greenwich, Connecticut: Information Age Publishing.
Simpson, R., & Cohen, C. (2004). Dangerous work: the gendered nature of bullying in the context of higher education. Gender, Work and Organization, 11, 163– 186.
Sinkkonen H-M, Puhakka H and Merila¨ inen M (2012) Bullying at a university: Students’ experiences of bullying. Studies in Higher Education 39(1): 153–165.
Skogstad, A., Torsheim, T., Einarsen, S., &Hauge, L. J. (2011).Testing the work environment hypothesis of bullying on a group level of analysis. Psychosocial factors as precursors of observed workplace bullying. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 60, 475–496.do i:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2011.00444
Tobin, T. J., Muller, R. O., & Turner, L. M. (2006).Organizational learning and climate as predictors of self-efficacy.Social Psychology of Education, 9(3), 301–319. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-005-4790-z
Vartia, M. (2011).Workplace bullying – A study on the work environment, well-being and health. Journal of Perioperative Practice, 21(11), 391–394.
Vickers, M. H. (2014), Towards reducing the harm: Workplace bullying as workplace corruption-A critical review, Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 26, pp. 95-113 DOI: 10.1007/s10672-013-9231-Voeten, M. (2009). Connections between attitudes, group norms, and behaviors associated with bullying in schools. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 28, 246– 258.
Vos, J. D. (2013). Teachers ’ experiences of workplace bullying and its effects on health : developing a multi-level intervention programme J De Vos..
Westhues, K. 2004. Workplace Mobbing in Academe: Reports From Twenty Universities. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Pres.
Workplace harassment among staff in higher education: a systematic review”, Asia Pacific Education Review, Vol. 18 No. 4, pp. 521-539, doi: 10.1007/s12564-017-9499-0. 20, 77–100
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation .
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.