Does Emotional Intelligence Dwindle the Stress Due to Time Pressure and Work Overload? A Case Study of Nurses in Public Hospitals
Keywords:
Emotional Intelligence, Work Stress, Time Pressure, Work Overload.Abstract
The objective behind this research paper was to observe the impact of emotional intelligence on stress which is triggered by time pressure and due to work overload. With no regard to public or private organization setup, time pressure and work overload are reported by employees in general. Nurses are face the issue on daily basis. Stressful conditions due to time pressure and workload often lead to many organizational concerns in terms of mental health, physical health, absentees‟ turnover, emotional burnout etc. emotional intelligence is considered a best-coping strategy and it is studied with many organizational variables which positively related to positive variable and inversely related negative variable. Time pressure and workload werestudied with emotional intelligence it was observed that emotional intelligence was inversely related to time pressure and work overload. For this purpose, SmartPLS 3.0 was used to find the path coefficients and R-square, the output shows that the path coefficient for work overload (-0.55) and for time pressure (-0.38), the R-square (0.31) and (0.14) for work overload and time pressure with significance P-value (0.000) (0.000) and T-statistic value (14.9) (8.5) respectively. Nurses of the three main hospitals of Peshawar was the observing unit. And data was collected through self- administrated questionnaires, a stratified and systematic random sample was used to obtain the sample size of 359 out of approximately 2000 nurses including the adjusting nursing schools which works under these hospitals setting.
References
Adeyemo, D. A., & Ogunyemi, B. (2006). Emotional Intelligence and Self-Efficacy as Predictors of Occupational Stress Among Academic Staff in a Nigerian University. Retrieved from http://www.leadingtoday.org / weleadinlearning/da05.htm
Akerjordet K, Severinson E (2008). Emotionally intelligent nurse leadership: a literature review study. J Nurs Manag, 16(5): 565–577.
Aguiar, M., & Hurst, E. (2007). Measuring trends in leisure: The allocation of time over five decades. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 122, 969– 1006. doi:10.1162/qjec.122.3.969
Ali, W., Raheem, A., Nawaz, A. and Imamuddin, K. (2014), Impact of Stress on Job Performance: An Empirical study of the Employees of Private Sector Universities of Karachi, Pakistan. International Science Congress Association, 3(7), 14-17.
Ammar, T. (2006), The effect of internal variables on the level of job stress on the employees of Palestinian Universities at Gaza Strip. Master thesis, Islamic university, Gaza, 55.
Ashforth, B.E. & Lee, R.T. (1990) Defensive behaviour in organizations: a preliminary model. Human Relations. 43, pp. 621-48.
Baer, M., & Oldham, G. R. (2006). The curvilinear relation between experienced creative Time Pressure and creativity: moderating effects of openness to experience and support for creativity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(4), 963.
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Towards a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191-215.
Bar-On R (1997). Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory Technical Manual. MHS Publications, Toronto.
Beutell, Nicholas. (2017). Re: What is the accepted response rate for a survey?. Retrieved from:https://www.researchgate.net/post/what-is-the-response-rate-for-a- survey/5a14701bdc332da5e250373a/citation/download.
Blase, (1986). “A qualitative analysis of sources of teacher stress: Consequences for performance”.
American Educational Research Journal, 23(1), 13-40.
Brief, A. P., Burke, M. J., George, J. M., Robinson, B. S., & Webster, J. (1988). Should negative affectivity remain an unmeasured variable in the study of job stress? Journal of Applied Psychology, 73, 193–198. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.73.2.193
Brink, E. (2007). The Relationship Between Occupational Stress, Emotional Intelligence and Coping Strategies in Air Traffic Controllers. Masters Thesis, Stellenbosch University.
Bronner, R. (1982). Decision making under Time Pressure: an experimental study of stress behavior in business management: Lexington Books Lexington, MA.
Bryant, S. E., & Malone, T. I. (2015). An Empirical Study Of Emotional, 7(1), 1–11.
Cole, L. (2009). I can't cope anymore! ICIS Chemical Business, 275(5), 28. Retrieved January 17th, 2012, from Business Source Complete database.
Conley, S. & Woosley, S. A. (2000), Teacher role stress, higher order needs and work outcomes. Journal of Educational Administration, 38(2), 179-201.French. J.R.P. & Caplan. R.D. (1973). Organizational stress and individual strain. In A.J. Marrow (Ed.), the failure of success.
Cuceloglu D (1999). Human and behaviour, basic concepts of psychology (In Turkish). Remzi
Publications, İstanbul.
DehshiriGhR. (2004) Investigating the relationship between Emotional Intelligence and time management with job stress in high school teachers. News and consulting researches.;4(12):53-64. Persian.
DeVoe, S. E., & Pfeffer, J. (2011). Time Is Tight: How Higher Economic Value of Time Increases Feelings of Time Pressure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(4), 665–676. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022148
Dogan S, Demiral Ö (2007).The role and importance of Emotional Intelligence on the success of organizations (In Turkish).Celal Bayar University the Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences Journal. 14(1): 209– 230.
Enjezab, B., & Farnia, F.( 2001) The relationship between job stress and psychological and behavioral responses in midwives working in public hospitals of Yazd province in 1999. Journal of Medical Sciences, Shahid Sadooghi Yazd.;10(3):32-8. Persian.
French, J.R.P., & Caplan, R.D. (1973). Organisational stress and individual strain.In A. J. Marrow (Ed.), The failure of success. New York: John Wiley. Frone,
Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences. New York: Basic Books. Gaskin, J., Godfrey, S., and Vance, A. (2018) "Successful System Use: It‟s Not Just Who You Are, But
What You Do," AIS Transactions on Human-Computer Interaction (10) 2, pp. 57-81.
Gharib, M., Jami, S. A., & Ghouse, S. M. (2016). The Impact of Job Stress on Job Performance a Case Study on Academic. International Journal of Economic Research, 13(1), 21–33.
Gilovich, T., Griffin, D. W., & Kahneman, D. (2002). Heuristics and biases: The psychology of intuitive judgment. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Goleman,D.(1995). Emotional Intelligence: Why it can matter more than IQ. London: Bloomsbury Goleman., D. (1998). Working with Emotional Intelligence. Journal review, pg. 46
Goleman, D. (2001). Emotional Intelligence : Issues in Paradigm Building. The Emotionally Intelligent Workplace, 1–13.
Goleman, D. (1998).Working with Emotional Intelligence. New York: Bantom Books. Goleman, D. (2004).An EI-based theory of performance in Cherniss & D, 2004.
Goleman D (2005). Why is Emotional Intelligence more important than IQ? (In Turkish). (Trans. by Banu.
Griffith, J., Steptoe, A., & Cropley, M, (1999). “An investigation of coping strategies associated with job stress in teachers”. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 69(4), 517-531.
Hamermesh, D. S., & Lee, J. (2007). Stressed out on four continents: Time crunch or yuppie kvetch?
Review of Economics and Statistics, 89, 374–383. doi:10.1162/rest.89.2.374
Henseler, Jörg.; Ringle, C. M.; & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing Discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 43(1): 115-135.
Heroux, L., Laroch, M., & McGown, K. L. (1988). Consumer product label information processing: an experiment involving Time Pressure and distraction. Journal of Economic Psychology, 9(2), 195- 214.
Idris, M. K. (2011). Over Time Effects of Role Stress on Psychological Strain among Malaysian Public University Academics, 2(9), 154–161.
International Labour Office (ILO) and joint WHO Committee on Occupational Health. 1986. Psychosocial factors at work: Recognition and control. Occupational Safety and Health Series no.
December. ILO. Geneva. 81 p.
Ioannis, N., & Ioannis, T. (2002). Emotional intelligence in the workplace: exploring its effects on occupational stress and organizational commitment. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 10(4), 327-342
Ivancevich & Matteson (1980) Stress and work, Scott, Forestman and Co., Glenview, IL
Jamal, M. (2005), Burnout among Canadian and Chinese employees: A cross-cultural study. European Management Review, 2, 224-230.
Jawahar, I.M., Stone, T.H., & Kisamore, J.L. (2007). Role Conflict and burnout: The direct and
moderating effects of political skill and perceived organizational support on burnout dimensions. International Journal of Stress Management, 14(2): 142-259.
Johnson, S., Cooper, C., Cartwright, S., Donald, I., Taylor, P. & Millet, C, (2005). “The experience of work-related stress across occupations”. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 20 (1/2), 178-187.
Jordan, D.J., Ashkanasy, N.M. and Hartel, C.E.J. (2002) „Emotional Intelligence as a moderator of emotional and behavioural reactions to job insecurity, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp.361–372.
Kaut D S,& Kaur R. (2013). Study of Emotional Intelligence and Teacher Stress among B. Ed Teachers.
International Journal of Research in Education Methodology ; 3(2): 248-254.
Kalyoncu, Z., Guney, S., Arslan, M., & Guney, S. (2012). Analysis Of The Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence And Stress Caused By The Organization : A Study Of Nurses. Business Intelligence Journal, 5(2), 334–346.
King, M., & Gardner, D. (2006). Emotional intelligence and occupational stress among professional staff in New Zealand. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 14(3), 186-203.
King, L. A., Hicks, J. A., &Abdelkhalik, J. (2009). Death, life, scarcity, and value: An alternative perspective on the meaning of death. Psycho- logical Science, 20, 1459–1462. doi:10.1111/j.1467- 9280.2009.02466.x
Kinicki, A. J., & Vecchio, R. P. (1994). Influences on the quality of supervisor–subordinate relations: The role of time‐ pressure, organizational commitment, and locus of control. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15(1), 75-82.
Khan, T. I, Saeed, I. Junaid, M., Jawad, S. (2018). Impact of Time Pressure on Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Moderating Role of Conscientiousness. Global Social Sciences Review, III(III), 317–331. https://doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2018(iii-iii).18
Landa JMA, Lopez-Zafra E (2010). The impact of Emotional Intelligence on nursing: an overview.
Psychology. 1(1): 50–58.
Lopes, P., & Salovey, P. (2004). Toward a broader education: Social, emotional and practical skills. In P. Salovey, M.A. Brackett & J.D. Mayer (Eds.), Emotional Intelligence: Key Readings on the Mayer and Salovey model (pp. 287–303). New York: Dude Publishing.
Luthans, Fred. (2013). Organizational behaviour: an evidence-based approach, McGraw Hill, New Delhi. Mavroveli, S., Petrides, K. V., Rieffe, C., & Bakker, F. (2007). Trait Emotional Intelligence,
psychological well-being and peer-rated social competence in adolescence. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 25(2), 263–275. https://doi.org/10.1348/026151006X118577
Matthews G, Emo AK, Funke G, Zeidner M, Roberts RT, Costa PT, Schulze R (2006). Emotional Intelligence, personality and task-induced stress. J Exp Psychol Appl. 12(2): 96–107.
Meng, L. & Liu, S, (2008). “Mathematics teacher stress in Chinese secondary schools”. Journal of Educational Enquiry, 8(1), 73-96.
Mohapel, P. (2015).The quick Emotional Intelligence Self-Assessment. San Diego City College MESA Program. Paul.mohapel@shaw.ca.2015
Moyle, P. (1995). The role of negative affectivity in the stress process: Tests of alternative models.
Journal of Organizational Behavior, 16, 647–668. doi:10.1002/job.4030160705
Oginska-Bulik, N. (2006). Occupational stress and its consequences in healthcare professionals: the role of type D personality. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health ; 19(2): 113-122. PMid:17128809 http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10001-006-0016-7
Park, J. (2007). Work Stress and job performance, (75).
Parker, D. F., & DeCotiis, T. A. (1983). Organizational determinants of job stress. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 32, 160–177. doi:10.1016/0030-5073(83)90145-9
Perlow, L. A. (1999). The time famine: Towards sociology of work time. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44, 57–81. doi:10.2307/2667031
Petrides, K. V., & Furnham, A. (2000). On the dimensional structure of Emotional Intelligence.
Personality and Individual Differences, 29, 313-320.
Pithers, R.T. & Soden, R, (1998). “Scottish and Australian teacher stress and strain A comparative study”.
British Journal of Educational Psychology, 68(2), 269-279.
Remondet, J. H., & Hansson, R. O. (1991). Job-related threats to control among older employees. Journal of Social Issues, 47(4), 129-141.
Powell, D.R., Singer, C., Brownson-Booth, J., Frank, E., Jackson, S., and Watha, A (2012). Systematic Stress Management™, the American Institute for Preventive Medicine. Retrieved from internet https://healthylife.com/online/demo/Stress/Stress_Management_at_Work Work_Stressor_Questio nnaire.html
Ringle, C. M., Wende, S., and Becker, J.-M. 2015. "SmartPLS 3." Boenningstedt: SmartPLS GmbH, http://www.smartpls.com.
Rizzo, J. R., House, R. J. &Lirtzman, S. I. (1970). Role conflict and ambiguity in complex organizations.
Administrative Science Quarterly, 15, pp. 150-163.
Robinson, J. P., & Godbey, G. (1997). Time for life: The surprising ways Americans use their time.
University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Rothman, S. (2008). Job satisfaction, occupational stress, burnout and work engagement as components of work-related wellbeing. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 34(3): 11-16.
Salovey, P., & Mayer, J. D. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 9 (3), 185–211.
Schermerhorn JR (1989). Management for Productivity. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York. Selye H (1985). The Stress of Life. Springer-Verlag, New York.
Seller, R. M., and Damas, A. J. (2002). One role or two? The function of psychological separation in role conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(3), 574-582.
Shernoff, E.S., Mehta, T.G., Atkins, M.S., Torf, R. Spencer, J, (2011). “A qualitative study of the sources and impact of stress among urban teachers”. School Mental Health 3, 59-69.
Singh Narban, J., Pratap, B., Narban, S., & Singh, J. (2016). A Conceptual Study on Occupational Stress (Job Stress/Work Stress) and its Impacts. Jaipur (Rajasthan). 2 M.Sc (CS), (1), 2395–4396.
Sunil, K. (2009). Role of Emotional Intelligence in Managing Stress and Anxiety at the workplace.
InASBBS Annual Conference: Las Vegas (Vol. 16).
Tang, Y., & Chang, C. (2010). Impact of Role Ambiguity and Role Conflict on employee creativity, 4(June), 869–881.
Travers, C. & Cooper, C, (1993). “Mental health, job satisfaction and occupational stress among UK teachers”. Work & Stress: An International Journal of Work, Health & Organisations, 7(3), 203-219. Trayambak, S., Kumar, P., & Jha, A. N. (2012). A Conceptual Study on Role Stressors, their impact and
Strategies to manage Role Stressors, 4(1), 44–48.
Ucar F (2004). The role of the mind in stress, and cognitive and psychological disorders related to stress (In Turkish). Turkish Psychology Bulletin. 10(34-35): 85–102.
Whitehead, A.J. & Ryba, K, (1995). “New Zealand teachers‟ perceptions of occupational stress and coping strategies”. New Zealand Journal of Educational Studies, 30, 177-188.
Yongkang, Z., Weixi, Z., Yalin, H., Yipeng, X., & Liu, T. (2014). The Relationship among Role Conflict, Role Ambiguity, Role Overload and Job Stress of Chinese Middle-Level Cadres, 3(1), 8–11.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation .
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
