Access to Finance for African SMEs: Do Women Entrepreneurs face Discrimination.
Keywords:
SME, Women Entrepreneur, Africa, Gender GapAbstract
This study examines the gender disparity in Africa‟s small and medium business (SME) credit market. It shows how capital market imperfections can lead to second best solutions, so this research is significant for emerging economies. The gender gap between men and women is still there in Africa, and unless particular efforts are made to address the underlying issues today, it will continue to increase. The fact that black women make up the majority of the self-employed population isn't reflected in present industry targets for company activity, which is a problem. Women-owned businesses in Africa face unique problems, and this study evaluates whether financial service providers in the country are adequately aware of these issues.
References
Africa Forum (2002). “Contribution to Employment and Proportion of SMEs by Sector”, Vol. 6, No. 1 March
Aldrich, H., and Zimmer, C. (1986).“Entrepreneurship through Social Networks.In D.
L. Sexton & R. W. Smilor (Eds.), The art and science of entrepreneurship, Pp. 3-23. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
Allen, S. and Truman, C. (1988). "Women‟s Work and „Success‟ in Women‟s
Business‟", Paper Presented to 11th Small Firms Policy and Research Conference, Cardiff, .
Astin, H. S (1984). "The Meaning of Work in Women's lives: A Sociological Model of Career Choice and Work Behavior."The Counseling Psychologist, 12,117-126.
Atkinson, J.W. (1964). An Introduction to Motivation. Van Nostrand: Princeton, N.J. Barwa, S. D. (2003). “Entrepreneurship”. ILO Hanoi Publication - Working paper, No.1,
April.
Barrett, G., Jones, T. and McEvoy, D, (1996). “Ethnic Minority Business: Theoretical
Discourse in Britain and North America”, Urban Studies, Vol.33, 783-809.
Bartol, K. M. and Martin, D. (1998) Management.Int. Edition, Irwin, New York.McGraw-Hill.
Boime, (1976). Entrepreneurship Patronage in Nineteenth-Century, France In Carter 11,
E.C. and Foster, R and Moody, J.N. (Eds) Enterprise and Entrepreneurs in 9th and Twentieth-Century, France.The Johns Hopkins; University Press Ltd, London.
Bigoness, W. (1988), "Sex Differences in Job Attribute Preferences", Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 9 pp.139-47.
Braden, P. (1977). Technical Entrepreneurship. USA: Ann Arbor, University of Michigan.
Brunstein, J. C., and Maier, G. W. (2005). “Implicit and self-attributed motives to
achieve: Two separate but interacting needs”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 205-222.
Brush, C. G. (1992).Enterprising Women, In Local Initiatives for Job Creation. OECD, Paris.
Buttner, E. H. and Moore, D. P. (1997). “Women‟s Organizational Exodus to
Entrepreneurship: Self- Reported Motivations and Correlates with Success”. Journal of Small Business Management, January.
Buttner, E.H. and Rosen, B. (1989), "Funding New Business Ventures: Are Decision Makers Biased Against Women?",Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 4 pp.249-61.
Carsrud, A. L. and Johnson, R. W., (1987)."Psychology and entrepreneurship."In D. L.
Sexton's (Ch) Symposium on Entrepreneurship Research.Academy of Management, New Orleans, August.
Carsrud, A. L., Gaglio, C. M., andOlm, K. W. (1987). “Entrepreneurs-mentors,
networks and successful venture development: An exploratory study”. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 12(2), 13-18.
Cliff, R. and Cash, C. (2005). "Management in Women-Owned Enterprises". Journal of Small Business Management, 24(4), 18-29.
Cooper A and W Dunkelberg 1986, “Entrepreneurship and Paths to Business Ownership.”StrategicManagement Journal 7:53-68
Das, L. (2005). Problems and Responsibilities of Women Entrepreneurship Development
In Engendering SMEs: Women in Enterprises Development, Spectra Convention Centre, Dhaka; Bangladesh, 2nd -3rd October Retrieved 9th March, 2008 from the World Group, htm.
Davidson, P. (1991). “Continued Entrepreneurship: Ability, Need and Opportunity as Determinants of Small Firm Growth”.Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 6, Pp405-426.
Dhaliwal, S. (2000), Entrepreneurship – a Learning Process: The Experiences of Asian
Female Entrepreneurs and Women in Business.Education and Training, 42(8):445-452.
Ducheneaut, B., and Orhan, M. (1997). "Women Entrepreneurs in Small and Medium Enterprises: A Major Force for Innovation and Job Creation," Report prepared for the OECD Conference, Paris, April, 16-18.
Familoni, O. (2007). Leadership Styles of Great Men, Lagos: Concept Publications. Filley, A.C. and Aldag, R. J. (1978). “Characteristics and Measurement of an
Entrepreneurial Typological”.Academy of Management Journal, 21(4), 578-591.
Finnegan, S. and Danilsen, E. (1997). “Promoting the Development of Women
Entrepreneurs Means and Ends in Women Entrepreneurship Development, Paper Presented at the First Inter-Cultural Micro Enterprise Development (MED) Summit, Colombo, Sri Lanka, on 28 August 1997, ILO-SAAT, New Delhi
Fisher, E., R. Reuber, and L. Dyke. (1993). “ A Theoretical Overview and Extension of
Research on Sex, Gender and Entrepreneurship”, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 8, No. 2.
Gatewood, E.J. (2004). “Entrepreneurial Expectancies. In W.B. Gartner, K.G. Shaver,
N.M. Carter, & P.D. Reynolds (Eds.), Handbook of entrepreneurial dynamics: The process of business creation (pp. 153-162). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Gelin, M. (2005). “The Importance of Gender in Starting and Managing a Small Business”.Houston Psychiatric Society, June.
GEM, (2005). “Report on Women and Entrepreneurship”, Global Entrepreneurship Monitor.
Goodbody Economic Consultants (2002).“Entrepreneurship in Ireland”.Ballsbridge Park, Dublin. www.goodbody.ie
Gracle, S. (1998). "In The Company of Women; Women Entrepreneurs Thrive in Business".Management Today, June.
Grafisk, S. (2000). “The Circumstances of Women Entrepreneurs; International Surveys
and Research into Female Entrepreneurship” ,Agency for Trade and Industry Electronic edition, November.
Gundry, L. K., and H. P. Welsch (2001). "The Ambitiouse Entrepreneur High Growth
Strategies of Women-Owned Enterprises," Journal of Business Venturing 16(5), 453-470.
Hall, C. (2003). “Fostering Entrepreneurship and Firm Creation as a Driver of Growth in
a Global Economy”. Background Paper Commissioned by OECD for the Budapest Workshop on Entrepreneurship in a Global Economy: Strategic Issues and Policies, 8- 10, Budapest, Hungary.
Hisrich, R. D., and Brush, C. (1986). "Women and Minority Entrepreneurs: A Comparative Analysis".Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research. Ed. John
Hornaday, Edward Shills, Jeffrey Timmons, and Karl Vesper. Wellesley, Mass.: Babson Center for Entrepreneurial Studies, 566-587.
Hisrich, R. D., Micheal P. P. and Shepherd, D. A. (2005).Entrepreneurship,
International.Ed., Boston: McGraw-Hill,
Holton, E. H., & Burnett, M. B. (1997).Qualitative Research Methods.In R. A.
Swanson,& E. F. Holton (Eds.), Human Resource Development Research Handbook: Linking Research and Practice. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
Hosmer D. W, Lemeshow S. Applied Logistic Regression. New York: Wiley 1989. Hughes, K. D.(2005). Female Enterprise in the New Economy.University of Toronto
Press.
ILO (2003). “Small and Medium Enterprise Development, Globalization and Gender Briefs Series”, IFP/SEED, No. 3, July
Ivancevich J., Konopaske, M and Matteson, E. (1997). Management: Quality and Competitiveness.Boston: McGraw-Hill.
Karim, N. A. (2001). “SEED Working Paper No. 14, Jobs, Gender and Small Enterprises
in Bangladesh: Factors Affecting Women Entrepreneurs in Small and Cottage Industries in Bangladesh”, International Labour Office, Geneva
Kent, C., Sexton, D. and Vesper, K. (1982). Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc. Englewood Cliffs.
Kickul, J., Welsch, H. and Gundry, L. (2001). “Antecedents of Technological Change:
The Influence of Entrepreneurial Motivation and Strategic Intention”, A Paper Presented to the Department of Management, DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois.
Kutanis, O. and Bayraktaroglu (2003). “Female Entrepreneurs: Social Feminist Insights
For Overcoming The Barriers.Stream 19: Gender Perspectives and Management”, Turkey.Sakarya University,
Kuratko, D. F andHodgetts, R. M. (1995).Entrepreneurship: A Contemporary Approach, Dryden Press Publication
Learned, K. E. (1992).”What Happened before the Organisation? A Model of
Organisation Formation”.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. Vol. 17, No. 1, 39-48.
Levine, R.J. (1981). Ethics and Regulations of Clinical Research. Baltimore: Urban and Schwarzenberg.
Low, M. B. and Macmillan, I. C. (1988). “Entrepreneurship: Past Research and Future Challenges”, Journal of Management, Vol.14, No.2.
Mansor, N. (2005). “Women in Business: Determinants for Venturing in Malaysians SMEs”, www.tbs.ubbc/uj.ro/studia/articol_4_2_2005.
Martins, R. (1984). The Paradox of the Liar, Yale: University Press, Maslow, A. (1948). Motivation and Personality, New York: Harper. McClelland, D. C. (1961).The Achieving Society. Van Nostrand, Reinhold.
Morris, M. H. and Lewis, P. S. (1991). “Entrepreneurship as a Significant Factor in Societal Quality of Life”.Journal of Business Research, 23 (1), 21-36.
Morris, M. H., Sexton, D. and Lewis, P. (1995).Reconceptualizing Entrepreneurship: An
input-output perspective. SAM Advanced Management Journal.
Morrison, A., Randall, P. White. R. , and Ellen Van Velsor (1987). “Breaking the Glass
Ceiling: Can Women Reach the Top of America's Largest Corporations?” Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.
National Women's Business Council (NWBC) (2003). "Women's Entrepreneurship
around the Globe." http://www.nwbc.gov/documents/Issue%20brief-GEM.pdf, October.
Ogundele, O. J and Opeifa, A. Z. (2003). “Factors that Influence the Emergence,
Behaviour and Performance of Entrepreneurs in Nigeria”, The Abuja Management Review, Vol.1, Issue No. 2, June.
Otokiti, S. O. (1985). “Import Substitution in Strategic Industries (a Case Study of
Nigeria)”. Master of Philosophy Dissertation Submitted to the University of Delhi, New Delhi, India.
Otokit, S. O. (1987). “High Technology in Small Scale Industries: A Comparative Study
of Nigeria and Industrized Countries”. Ph.D Thesis submitted to University of Delhi, New Delhi India.
Orhan, M. and Scolt, D. (2001). “Why women enter into Entrepreneurship: An Explanatory Model”.Women in Management Review, August, Vol. 16, Issue 5.
Patel, B. (1987). “Women Entrepreneurship Development”, Developing New Entrepreneurs(Ahmedabad, Gujarat, Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India).
Parboteeach, K. P (2000). “Choice of Type of Corporate Entrepreneurship: A Process Model”, Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal, Volume 6, Number 1.
Ram, M. (1992). "Coping with Racism: Asian Employers in the Iinner City", Work, Employment and Society, Vol. 6 No. 4, 601-618.
Ram, M. and Jones, T. (1998). Ethnic Minority: Small Business Research Trust. U.K.: Milton Keynes.
Reynolds, P.O. (1992). “Sociology and Entrepreneurship, Concept and Contributions: Entrepreneurship”.Theory and Practice, Vol.16, No.2.
Ronstadt, R. (1984). “The Corridor Principle”.Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. Pp.
:31-40
Ryna, R. M. and Deci, E. (2002). “Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation: Class Definitions and New Directions”, Contemporary Educational Psychology”. Vol. 25, Issue 1, January, Pp.54-67
Schumpeter, J. (1934) The Theory of Economic Development. Cambridge. M. A. Harvard University.
Scott, M.G., and Twomey, D.F. (1988). The Long-term Supply of Entrepreneurs:
Students' Career Aspirations in Relation to Entrepreneurship.Journal of Entrepreneurship,
Shapero, A. (1988). “Why Entrepreneurship: A Worldwide Perspective”. Journal of Small Business Management, 23(4), 1-5.
Shapero, A. and Sokol, L. (1982).The Social Dimensions of Entrepreneurship.In C. A.
Kent, D. L. Sexton, & K. H. Vesper (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship (pp. 72- 88). Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice Hall.
Smeltzer, L. R., &Fann, G. L. (1989). “Gender differences in External Networks of
Small Business Owner/Managers”.Journal of Small Business Management, Vol.27(2), Pp.25-32.
Smith, N.R.(1967). “The Entrepreneur and His Firm: The Relationship Between Type of
Man and Type of Company”. Bureau of Business and Economics Research Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.
Soetan, R.O. (1991). “The Role of Informal Savings and Credit Societies in the Growth
of Female-Owned Businesses in Southwest Nigeria. Resource Report Submitted to the Soocial Science Council of Nigeria and Funded by the Ford Foundation.
Starr, J., and Yudkin, M. (1996). Women Entrepreneurs: A Review of Current Research.
Wellesley, MA: Center for Research on Women.
Stevenson, H. H. et al (1986) New Business Ventures and the Entrepreneur. Irwin, Homewood, IL
Stoner, C. R. and Fry, F. L. (1982). “Entrepreneurial Decision: Dissatisfaction or Opportunity?”Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, Vol. 27, 41-60
Taylor, R. (1988). Exceptional Entrepreneurial Women: Strategies for Success, New York: Plenum Press.
Taylor, S. R., and Kosarek, D. L. (1995) "A study of women-owned businesses
in the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex," Business and Economics Monograph No. 4, Department of Business and Economics, Texas Woman's University and NAWBO- Dallas/Fort Worth Chapter.
Timmons, J.A. (1978). "Characteristics and Role Demands of Entrepreneurship,"
American Journal of Small Business Vol.3, Pp5-17.
Vesalainen, J. and Pihkala, T. (1999). “Entrepreneurial Identity, Intentions and The Effect of The Push-Factor”. Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal, Vol.5, N0. 2.
Vesper, K. H. (1980) New Venture Strategies”, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, Inc. Wallerstein, R. S. (1992). Learning From the Patient.PortLand : Guilford Publication. Watkin, J. M.andWatkin, D. S.(1986). “The Female Entrepreneur, Her Background and
Determinants of Business Choice: Some British Data,” In Vesper, K (ed) Frontier of Entrepreneurship Research. Babson College, Mass: Wellesley.
Weber, M. (1930).The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. New York ( NY): Scribners.
Yves, R., McGraw, E and Alain, R. (2001). “Toward the Development of a Measuring
Instrument for Entrepreneurial Motivation”, Journal of Development Entrepreneurship.
August.1-9.
Zellner, W. (1994, April 18). “Women Entrepreneurs".Business Week, Pp.104-110.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation .
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
