CPEC Development Effect on Business Improvement: A Mediating Role of Educational, Employment Concerns, Healthcare Facilities in the Rashakai Special Economic Zone
Keywords:
CPEC Development, Business Improvement, Educational, Employment Concerns, Healthcare FacilitiesAbstract
While the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has brought substantial benefits to participating countries, it has also increased the risk of confrontation between international projects and local people. Despite this, there is still a gap in knowledge about how CPEC development could bring changes in the education, employment opportunities, healthcare facilities concerning the business improvement in the special economic zone to local residents. In the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) context, this research utilises a quantitative method with (SEM) to explain the predictive effect of CPEC development on education, employment, healthcare facilities, and special economic zone. The sample size was (n=399) with the formula of Taro Yamane, and a purposive sampling technique was applied. The CPEC project long-term motivation is to spark education, employment, and healthcare facilities initiatives. The comprehensive CPEC development activities are managed to improve special economic zones and exclusively focus on the local community’s long-term sustainability. Therefore, education, health care, and employment opportunities will improve significantly once the CPEC project is completed. Theoretically, this research adds to the body of CPEC development knowledge, and it also interrelates factors such as employment concerns, educational concerns, healthcare facilities, and special economic zones under the CPEC project. It is recommended that the work on the CPEC project should speed up with the collaboration of the Pakistan government.
Downloads
References
AGRESTI, A. & FINLAY, B. 1997. Statistical models for the social sciences. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Revascularization Procedures after Coronary Angiography.” Journal of the American Medical Association, 269, 2642-46.
AHMAD, N., ULLAH, Z., ARSHAD, M. Z., WAQAS KAMRAN, H., SCHOLZ, M. &
HAN, H. 2021. Relationship between corporate social responsibility at the micro- level and environmental performance: The mediating role of employee pro- environmental behavior and the moderating role of gender. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 27, 1138-1148.
ALI, L., MI, J., SHAH, M., SHAH, S. J., KHAN, S., ULLAH, R. & BIBI, K. 2018. Local
residents’ attitude towards road and transport infrastructure (a case of China Pakistan economic corridor). Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies, 11, 104-120.
ANDERSON, J. C. & GERBING, D. W. 1984. The effect of sampling error on convergence, improper solutions, and goodness-of-fit indices for maximum likelihood confirmatory factor analysis. Psychometrika, 49, 155-173.
BHATTACHARYA, C. B., SEN, S. & KORSCHUN, D. 2008. Using corporate social responsibility to win the war for talent. MIT Sloan management review, 49, 37-44.
BLAU, P. M. 1964. Social exchange theory. Retrieved September, 3, 62.
BOULOUTA, I. & PITELIS, C. N. 2014. Who needs CSR? The impact of corporate social responsibility on national competitiveness. Journal of Business Ethics, 119, 349-364.
BYRNE, B. M. 2016. Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming, Routledge.
DAHLSRUD, A. 2008. How corporate social responsibility is defined: an analysis of 37 definitions. Corporate social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 15, 1- 13.
FATIMA, N., BAIG, A. & SHAH, B. A. 2019. China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC): Fostering the Trade, Investment and Economic Globalization. Global Social Sciences Review (GSSR), 4, 283-290.
GUL, E. & CHAUDHRY, I. S. 2020. Imminent Prosperity at the Doorsteps of Households: Evidence from Socio-kinetics of Rashakai Economic Zone Using Dynamic Two Point Model. 385-405.
HABOVA, A. 2015. Silk Road economic belt: China’s Marshall plan, pivot to Eurasia or China’s way of foreign policy. KSI Transactions on Knowledge Society, 8, 64-70.
HADI, N. U., BATOOL, S. & MUSTAFA, A. 2018. CPEC: An Opportunity for a Prosperous Pakistan or Merely a Mirage of Growth and Development. Dialogue (Pakistan), 13, 296-311.
HAQ, R. & FAROOQ, N. Impact of CPEC on social welfare in Pakistan: A district level analysis. The Pakistan Development Review, 2016 Islamabad. WWW. JSTOR, 597- 618.
HU, L. T. & BENTLER, P. M. 1999. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural equation modeling: a multidisciplinary journal, 6, 1-55.
HUSSAIN, E. 2019. CPEC: Governance and security challenges: Implications for the Belt and Road Initiative. Chinese Political Science Review, 4, 135-147.
ISRAEL, G. D. 2013. Determining sample size. 1-5. Belle Glade, FL: Univ. of Florida.
KANWAL, S., CHONG, R. & PITAFI, A. H. 2019a. China–Pakistan economic corridor projects development in Pakistan: Local citizens benefits perspective. Journal of Public Affairs, 19, e1888.
KANWAL, S., CHONG, R. & PITAFI, A. H. 2019b. China–Pakistan economic corridor projects development in Pakistan: Local citizens benefits perspective. Journal of Public Affairs, 19, 1-12.
KANWAL, S., PITAFI, A. H., AHMAD, M., KHAN, N. A., ALI, S. M. & SURAHIO, M. K.
Cross-border analysis of China–Pakistan Economic Corridor development project and local residence quality of life. Journal of Public Affairs, 20, 1-11.
KHAN, M. 2019. Does macroeconomic instability cause environmental pollution? The case of Pakistan economy. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 14649- 14659.
KHAN, T. M., GANG, B., FAREED, Z. & KHAN, A. 2021. How does CEO tenure affect corporate social and environmental disclosures in China? Moderating role of information intermediaries and independent board. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 9204-9220.
KHWAJA, M. A., SAEED, S. & UROOJ, M. 2018. Preliminary environmental impact assessment (EIA) study of China-Pakistan economic corridor (CPEC) northern route road construction activities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan. Sustainable Development Policy Institute, 4, 1-22.
LATIEF, R. & LEFEN, L. 2018. The effect of exchange rate volatility on international trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) in developing countries along “one belt and one road”. International Journal of Financial Studies, 6, 1-22.
MORCOL, G., HOYT, L., MEEK, J. W. & ZIMMERMANN, U. 2017. Business
improvement districts: Research, theories, and controversies, Routledge.
NAJAM, A. 2013. World Business Councilfor Sustainable Development: The Greening of Business or a Greenwash? Yearbook of International Cooperation on Environment and Development 2003-04. Routledge.
NAZNEEN, S., XU, H. & DIN, N. U. 2019. Cross‐border infrastructural development and residents' perceived tourism impacts: A case of China–Pakistan Economic Corridor. International Journal of Tourism Research, 21, 334-343.
PITAFI, A. H., LIU, H. & CAI, Z. 2018. Investigating the relationship between workplace conflict and employee agility: The role of enterprise social media. Telematics and Informatics, 35, 2157-2172.
PRECIADO, L. V. 2020. Sustainable Public–Private Partnership (PPP) Projects in Colombia.
Rethinking Business Responsibility in a Global Context. Springer.
RAFIQUE, M. M. & REHMAN, S. 2017. National energy scenario of Pakistan–Current status, future alternatives, and institutional infrastructure: An overview. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 69, 156-167.
RAJ, A., KUZNETSOV, A., ARUN, T. & KUZNETSOVA, O. 2019. How different are
corporate social responsibility motives in a developing country? Insights from a study of Indian agribusiness firms. Thunderbird International Business Review, 61, 255- 265.
RAWLINGS, J. O., PANTULA, S. G. & DICKEY, D. A. 2001. Applied regression analysis: a research tool, Springer Science & Business Media.
RAZA, H., MOHIUDDIN, Z. A., ZAIDI, S. S. Z. & OSAMA, A. 2018. CPEC: Pakistan-
China Cordial Ties-A Boost to Pakistan's Economy. Journal of Accounting, Business and Finance Research, 2, 1-6.
SAAD, A., XINPING, G. & IJAZ, M. 2019. China-Pakistan Economic Corridor and its influence on perceived economic and social goals: Implications for social policy makers. Sustainability, 11, 4949.
SAEIDI, S. P., SOFIAN, S., SAEIDI, P., SAEIDI, S. P. & SAAEIDI, S. A. 2015. How does
corporate social responsibility contribute to firm financial performance? The mediating role of competitive advantage, reputation, and customer satisfaction. Journal of Business Research, 68, 341-350.
SINCLAIR-MARAGH, G., GURSOY, D. & VIEREGGE, M. 2015. Residents׳ perceptions toward tourism development: A factor-cluster approach. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 4, 36-45.
SMALL, A. 2015. The China Pakistan axis: Asia’s new geopolitics, United Kingdom: Hurst Publishers, Department of Strategic and Regional Studies: University of Jammu, India.
SUN, Z., JAI, K. & ZHAO, L. 2019. Corporate social responsibility and sustainability of local community: A case study of the transnational project in China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. Sustainability, 11, 6456.
TOMÁS, J. M., MELIÁ, J. L. & OLIVER, A. 1999. A cross-validation of a structural equation model of accidents: organizational and psychological variables as predictors of work safety. Work & Stress, 13, 49-58.
UDDIN AHMED, S., ALI, A., KUMAR, D., MALIK, M. Z. & MEMON, A. H. 2019. China
Pakistan Economic Corridor and Pakistan’s energy security: A meta-analytic review.
Energy Policy, 127, 147-154.
ULLAH NIAZ, ULLAH NAZIR & AND MEHMOOD FAISAL 2021. CPEC Development
and Business Improvement: Analyzing the Mediating role of Quality of Life and Employment Opportunities. Journal of Peace, Development and Communication, 2.
VALERI, L. & VANDERWEELE, T. J. 2013. Mediation analysis allowing for exposure– mediator interactions and causal interpretation: Theoretical assumptions and implementation with SAS and SPSS macros. Psychological methods, 18, 137.
XIANGMING, C., JOSEPH, S. & TARIQ, H. 2018. Betting big on CPEC. The Journal of European Financial Review 13, 61-69.
ZIA, M. M., MALIK, B. A. & WAQAR, S. 2018. Special Economic Zones (SEZs): A Comparative Analysis for CPEC SEZs in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences 9, 37-60.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation .
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
