LEARNING AND EARNING:EXPLORING THE ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN

Authors

  • Fouzia Yasmin
  • Ayesha Ashraf
  • Iqra Ashraf
  • Maryam Irshad

Keywords:

Education, Investment, returns, ardl

Abstract

This paper inspects the role of educational achievement, both on an aggregate and disaggregated level on economic growth in Pakistan. Diversity in literacy rates will produce different outcomes. As many individuals with higher education get higher returns from their education level. Investment in education produces skilled and efficient manpower making it approachable for any country to achieve economic objectives i.e. sustainable economic growth and development. Data for the empirical analysis has been taken from 1976-2020 on annual basis. Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Approach to Cointegration was applied for the analysis and it was concluded that middle and higher education levels produce a higher return to the economy as a whole. So, the investment must be made to enhance the overall economic gains.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Afzal, M., Rehman, H. U., Farooq, M. S., & Sarwar, K. (2011). Education and economic growth in Pakistan: A cointegration and causality analysis. International Journal of Educational Research, 50(5-6), 321-335.

Arrow, K. J. (1973). Information and economic behavior. HARVARD UNIV CAMBRIDGE MA.

Becker, G. S. (1962). Investment in human capital: A theoretical analysis. Journal of political economy, 70(5, Part 2), 9-49.

Choudhry, M., Marelli, E., & Signorelli, M. (2010). The impact of financial crises on youth unemployment rate. Quaderni del Dipartimento di Economia, Finanza e Statistica, 79, 1-18.

Cooper, S. T., & Cohn, E. (1997). Internal rates of return to college education in the United States by sex and race. Journal of Education Finance, 23(1), 101-133.

Fabra, M. E., &Camisón, C. (2009). Direct and indirect effects of education on job satisfaction: A structural equation model for the Spanish case. Economics of Education Review, 28(5), 600-610.

Faridi, M. A., Chaudry ,I.S., and Anwar, M. (2009). The socio-economic and demographic determinants of woman work participation in Pakistan: Evidence from Bahawalpur District. South Asian Studies, 24(2), 351-367.

Ferrer, A. M., & Riddell, W. C. (2002). The role of credentials in the Canadian labour market. Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienned'économique, 35(4), 879-905.

Khalid, J., & Choudhry, M. T. (2021). Violence and economic empowerment of women in Pakistan: An empirical investigation. Journal of interpersonal violence, 36(9-10), NP5545-NP5560.

Lucas Jr, R. E. (1988). On the mechanics of economic development. Journal of monetary economics, 22(1), 3-42. Mincer, J. A. (1974). Introduction to" Schooling, Experience, and Earnings". In Schooling, experience, and earnings (pp. 1-4). NBER.

Romer, P. M. (1986). Increasing returns and long-run growth. Journal of political economy, 94(5), 1002-1037. Romer, P. M. (1990). Endogenous technological change. Journal of political Economy, 98(5, Part 2), S71-S102. Schultz, T. W. (1961). Investment in human capital. The American economic review, 51(1), 1-17.

Siphambe, H. K. (2012). Development strategies and poverty reduction in Botswana. In Poverty Reduction and Changing Policy Regimes in Botswana (pp. 22-57). Palgrave Macmillan, London.

Stiglitz, J. E. (1975). The theory of" screening," education, and the distribution of income. The American economic review, 65(3), 283-300.

Weil, D. N., & Wilde, J. (2009). How relevant is Malthus for economic development today?. American Economic Review, 99(2), 255-60.

Downloads

Published

2021-10-30

How to Cite

Yasmin, F. ., Ashraf, A. ., Ashraf, I. ., & Irshad, M. . . (2021). LEARNING AND EARNING:EXPLORING THE ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN. The Journal of Contemporary Issues in Business and Government, 27(5), 2522–2529. Retrieved from https://cibgp.com/au/index.php/1323-6903/article/view/2114