THE IMPORTANCE AND ESSENTIAL STEPS OF PILOT TESTING IN MANAGEMENT STUDIES: A QUANTITATIVE SURVEY RESULTS
Keywords:
Pilot Test, Instrument Validity, Normality, Reliability, Exploratory Factor Analysis, Descriptive StatisticsAbstract
Pilot testing is the most appropriate tool and play indispensable role while conducting large scale survey to increase the reliability, validity and practicability of the questionnaire, especially in management, social sciences and education studies. Although there are several widely adopted rules of thumb regarding the respondents of pilot testing in respective circumstances like ‘How to conduct and whom to include in the sample?’ is one of the most frequently asked questions in survey research. The prime aim of this study is to provide clear guidelines for future researchers to increase their research reliability. In the first phase we have reviewed and discussed different pilot studies. Secondly, we reviewed the suggested and adopted rules related to pilot testing. In the last, we present the findings/guidelines based on analysis of the different studies. This step to by step guidelines does not provide only researchers the basic understanding of how to conduct pilot testing but also enhances their understanding regarding the importance of the validity and reliability of their studies.
Downloads
References
Beavers, A. S., Lounsbury, J. W., Richards, J. K., Huck, S. W., Skolits, G. J., & Esquivel, S. L. (2013). Practical Considerations for Using Exploratory Factor Analysis in Educational Research. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 18(6), 1–13.
Child, D. (2006). The Essential of Factor Analysis. London: Billing & Sons Ltd., Guildford and London.
Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2013). Research Methods in Education (6th ed.). London: Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s.
Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (2013). A First Course in Factor Analysis. New York: Psychology Press.
Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. W. (2005). Best Practices in Exploratory Factor Analysis : Four Recommendations for Getting the Most From Your Analysis. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 10(7), 1–9.
Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., Maccallum, R. C., & Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating the Use of Exploratory Factor Analysis in Psychological Research. Psychological Methods, 4(3), 272–299.
Field, A. (2009). Discovering Statistics Using SPSS (and sex and drugs and rock “n” roll) (Third). Los Angeles: SAGE Publications Inc.
Guadagnoli, E., & Velicer, W. E. (1988). Relation of Sample Size to the Stability of Component Patterns.
PsycCRITIQUES, 103(2), 265–275. http://doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.103.2.265
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis. Overview of Multivariate Methods (7th ed.). Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications Ltd. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.02.019
Kline, P. (1994). An Easy Guide to Factor Analysis (1st ed.). London: Routledge ’s Taylor & Francis.
Leech, N. L., Barrett, K. C., & Morgan, G. A. (2005). SPSS for Intermediate Statistics; Use and Interpretation (2nd ed.). London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Pallant, J. (2011). SPSS Survival Manual. London: British Library Version.
Pituch, K. A., & Stevens, J. P. (2016). Applied Multivariate Statistical for the Social Sciences (Sixth). New York & London: Routledge ’s Taylor & Francis.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using Multivariate Statistics. (C. Campanella, Ed.)PsycCRITIQUES (Sixth Edit, Vol. 28). New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. http://doi.org/10.1037/022267
Taherdoost, H., Sahibuddin, S., & Jalaliyoon, N. (2004). Exploratory Factor Analysis; Concepts and Theory.
Advances in Applied and Pure Mathematics, 1(2), 375–382.
Taherdoost, H., Sahibuddin, S., & Jalaliyoon, N. (2014). Evaluation of Security Factors Effecting on Web-Based Service Adoption. Recent Advances In Telecommunications, Informatics And Educational Technologies Evaluation, 22(1), 117–123.
Thompson, B. (2007). Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis : Understanding Concepts and Applications.
Applied Psychological Measurement, 31(3), 245–248. http://doi.org/10.1177/0146621606290168
Velicer, W. F., Peacock, A. C., & Douglas, N. (1982). A Comparison Of Component And Factor Patterns: A Monte Carlo Approach. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 17(November), 371–388. http://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr1703
Williams, B., Onsman, A., & Brown, T. (2010). Exploratory Factor Analysis : A Five-Step Guide for Novices.
Journal of Emergency Primary Health Care, 8(3), 1–14.
Yong, A. G., & Pearce, S. (2013). A Beginner ’ s Guide to Factor Analysis : Focusing on Exploratory Factor Analysis. Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 9(2), 79–94.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation .
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
