WORK AND FAMILY ENRICHMENT AMONG DUAL CAREER UNIVERSITY PROFESSORS IN PAKISTAN: A QUALITATIVE INSIGHT

Authors

  • Yasir Aftab Farooqi
  • Dr. Chaudhry Abdul Rehman
  • Dr. Sumaira Rehman

Keywords:

Workfamily enrichment (WFE), Familywork enrichment (FWE), family support and work support, dual career

Abstract

Of late, organizational behavior literature details the notion of work-family enrichment and more attention was gained by the said concept. However, in previous studies supporting emerges from the work and family front has ignored. The purpose of this research is to qualitatively explore the role of family and work as predictors of family-to-work enrichment (FWE) and work-to-family enrichment (WFE) among dual-career employees in higher education institutions of Pakistan. Data were gathered through the semi-structured interview from 22 faculty members of universities. Further, thematic analysis was applied by using NVivo-11 software. Findings supported the family support and also the work support for developing both work-to-family and family-to-work enrichment. The research signals the significance of ensuring organizational support for having effective employees. This study extends the literature of work and family by including role support for having FEW and WEF which is rarely studied in the Pakistani context.  

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Adler, P. S., & Kwon, S. (2002). Social capital: Prospects for a new concept. Academy of Management Review, 27, 17– 40.

Akram, H., Malik, N. I., Nadeem, M., & Atta, M. (2014). Work-family enrichment as predictors of work outcomes among teachers. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences (PJCSS), 8(3), 733-743.

Aryee, S., Srinivas, E. S., & Tan, H. H. (2005). Rhythms of life: antecedents and outcomes of work-family balance in employed parents. Journal of applied psychology, 90(1), 132.

Atif, T., & Zubairi, S. A. (2020). Correlation between work life balance, job satisfaction and mental health: a study on female bankers of karachi – pakistan. International Journal on New Trends in Education and Their Implications, 11(1), 28–34.

Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.

Baral, R., & Bhargava, S. (2010). Work-family enrichment as a mediator between organizational interventions for work-life balance and job outcomes. Journal of managerial psychology, 25(3), 274-300.

Bauer, T. N., Morrison, E. W., & Callister, R. R. (1998). Organizational socialization: A review and directions for future research. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 16, 149 –214.

Blaney, P. H., & Ganellen, R. J. (1990). Hardiness and social support. In B. R. Sarason, I. G. Sarason, & G. R. Pierce (Eds.), Social support, An interactional view, 297–318. New York,Wiley.

Blazar, D. (2016). Teacher and Teaching Effects on Students' Academic Performance, Attitudes, and Behaviors. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard Graduate School of Education.

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101.

Brief, A. P., & Weiss, H. M. (2002). Organizational behavior: Affect in the workplace. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 279 –307.

Brockner, J. (1988). Self-esteem at work. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.

Burke, R.J. (1988). Sources of managerial and professional stress in large organizations. In C.L. Cooper & R. Payne (Eds), Causes, coping and consequences of stress at work (pp. 77– 114). New York, NY and Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.

Carlson, D. S., Grzywacz, J. G., & Zivnuska, S. (2009). Is work—family balance more than conflict and enrichment?. Human relations, 62(10), 1459-1486.

Carlson, D. S., Kacmar, K. M., Wayne, J. H., & Grzywacz, J. G. (2006). Measuring the positive side of the work–family interface: Development and validation of a work–family enrichment scale. Journal of vocational behavior, 68(1), 131-164.

Cartwright, S., & Cooper, C. L. (1997). Managing workplace stress. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Chittenden, E. H., & Ritchie, C. S. (2011). Work-life balancing: challenges and strategies. Journal of palliative medicine, 14(7), 870-874.

Clark, S.C. (2000). Work/family border theory: A new theory of work/life balance. Human Relations, 53, 6, 747-770.

Cox, T., Jr. (1993). Cultural diversity in organizations: Theory, research and practice. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.

Crain, T. L., & Hammer, L. B. (2013). Work–family enrichment: A systematic review of antecedents, outcomes, and mechanisms. In Advances in positive organizational psychology (pp. 303-328). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

Cresswell, J. (2003). Research design: quantitative and mixed mode approaches. Sage.

Cresswell, J.W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry and research design: choosing among five approaches. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.

Cross, R., Baker, W., & Parker, A. (2003). What creates energy in organizations?. MIT Sloan Management Review, 44(4), 51.

Crouter, A. (1984). Participative work as an influence on human development. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 5(1), 71–90.

Crouter, A. (1984b). Spillover from family to work: The neglected side of the work-family interface. Human Relations, 37, 425– 442.

D'Andrea, V., & Gosling, D. (2005). Improving teaching and learning in higher education: a whole institution approach: a whole institution approach. McGraw-Hill Education (UK).

Deery, M. (2008). Talent management, work-life balance and retention strategies. International journal of contemporary hospitality management, 20(7), 792-806.

DiPaula, A., & Campbell, J. D. (2002). Self-esteem and persistence in the face of failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 711–724.

Dunn, M. G., & O'Brien, K. M. (2013). Work–family enrichment among dual-earner couples: Can work improve our family life?. Journal of counseling psychology, 60(4), 634.

Edwards, J. R., & Rothbard, N. P. (2000). Mechanisms linking work and family: Clarifying the relationship between work and family constructs. Academy of Management Review, 25, 178 –199.

Ferguson, M., Carlson, D., Zivnuska, S., & Whitten, D. (2012). Support at work and home: The path to satisfaction through balance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(2), 299-307.

Friedman, R. A., & Krackhardt, D. (1997). Social capital and career mobility: A structural theory of lower returns to education for Asian employees. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 33, 316 –334.

Friedman, S. D., & Greenhaus, J. H. (2000). Allies or enemies? What happens when business professionals confront life choices. New York: Oxford University Press.

Frone, M.R. (2003). Work-family balance. In J.C. Quick and L.E. Tetrick (Eds), Handbook of occupational health psychology (pp. 143–162). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Galinsky, E., & Stein, P.J. (1990). The impact of human resource policies on employees: Balancing work-family life. Journal of Family Issues, 11(4), 368–383.

Gareis, K. C., Barnett, R. C., Ertel, K. A., & Berkman, L. F. (2009). Work‐family enrichment and conflict: Additive effects, buffering, or balance?. Journal of marriage and family, 71(3), 696-707.

Gist, M. E., & Mitchell, T. R. (1992). Self-efficacy: A theoretical analysis of its determinants and malleability. Academy of Management Review, 17, 183–211.

Goode, W. (1960). A theory of strain. American Sociological Review, 25(4), 483–496.

Grawitch, M. J., Barber, L. K., & Justice, L. (2010). Rethinking the work–life interface: It's not about balance, it's about resource allocation. Applied Psychology: Health and Well‐Being, 2(2), 127-159.

Greenhaus, J. H., & Parasuraman, S. (1999). Research on work, family, and gender: Current status and future directions. In G. N. Powell (Ed.), Handbook of gender and work: 391–

Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Greenhaus, J. H., & Powell, G. N. (2006). When Work And Family Are Allies: A Theory Of Work-Family Enrichment. Academy of Management Review, 31(1), 72–92.

Grimm-Thomas, K., & Perry-Jenkins, M. (1994). All in a day’s work: Job experiences, self- esteem, and fathering in working-class families. Family Relations, 43, 174 –181.

Grzywacz, J. G. (2002). Toward a theory of work-family facilitation. Paper presented at the 2002 Persons, Processes, and Places: Research on Families, Workplaces and Communities Conference, San Francisco.

Grzywacz, J.G., Almeida, D.M., & McDonald, D.A. (2002). Work-family spillover and daily reports of work and family stress in the adult labor force. Family Relations, 51(1), 28–36.

Haar, J. M., Russo, M., Suñe, A., & Ollier-Malaterre, A. (2014). Outcomes of work–life balance on job satisfaction, life satisfaction and mental health: A study across seven cultures. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 85(3), 361-373.

Haas, L. (1999). Families and work. In M. Sussman, S. K. Steinmetz, & G. W. Peterson (Eds.),

Handbook of marriage and the family (2nd ed.), 571– 612. New York: Plenum Press.

Hair, J.F. (2010). Multivariate data analysis. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.

Hanson, G. C., Colton, C. L., & Hammer, L. B. (2003). Development and validation of a multidimensional scale of work-family positive spillover. Paper presented at the 18th Annual Meeting of SIOP, Orlando

Hill, E. J., Allen, S., Jacob, J., Bair, A. F., Bikhazi, S. L., Van Langeveld, A., & Walker, E. (2007). Work—Family Facilitation: Expanding Theoretical Understanding Through Qualitative Exploration. Advances in developing human resources, 9(4), 507-526.

Holman, D. J., & Wall, T. D. (2002). Work characteristics, learning-related outcomes, and strain: A test of competing direct effects, mediated, and moderated models. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7, 283–301.

Holt, D., Palmer, S., & Challis, D. (2011). Changing perspectives: teaching and learning centres’ strategic contributions to academic development in Australian higher education. International Journal for Academic Development, 1, 5–17.

House, J. S. (1981). Work stress and social support. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Hyman, J., Scholarios, D., & Baldry, C. (2005). Getting on or getting by? Employee flexibility and coping strategies for home and work. Work, Employment and Society, 19(4), 705-725.

Isen, A. M., & Baron, R. A. (1991). Positive affect as a factor in organizational behavior.

Research in Organizational Behavior, 13, 1–53.

Joseph, J., Kavia, C. G., Simon, J., & Sebastian, D. J. (2018). Demographics and Work-life Enrichment. Asian Journal of Management, 9(1), 261-266.

Judge, T. A., & Bono, J. E. (2001). Relationship of core selfevaluations traits—self-esteem, generalized selfefficacy, locus of control, and emotional stability—with job satisfaction and job performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 80 –92.

Judge, T. A., Cable, D. M., Boudreau, J. W., & Bretz, R. D. (1995). An empirical investigation of the predictors of executive career success. Personnel Psychology, 48, 485–519.

Kang, L.S., & Sandhu, R.S. (2012). Impact of stress on health: A study of bank branch Managers in India. Global Business Review, 13(2), 285–296.

Kanter, R. M. (1977). Work and family in the United States: A critical review and agenda for research and policy. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Karatepe, O.M., & Bekteshi, L. (2008). Antecedents and outcomes of work-family facilitation and family-work facilitation among frontline hotel employees. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 27(4), 517–528.

Khallash, S., & Kruse, M. (2012). The future of work and work-life balance 2025. Futures, 44(7), 678-686.

Kobasa, S. C. (1979). Stressful life events, personality, and health: An inquiry into hardiness.

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1–11.

Korman, A. K. (1976). Hypothesis of work behavior revisited and an extension. Academy of Management Review, 1, 50 – 63.

Kumar, A., Channa, K. A., & Bhutto, N. A. (2017). Gender as moderator of the relationship between supervisory support and work to family enrichment. Global Management Journal for Academic & Corporate Studies, 7(1), 103.

Lapierre, L. M., Li, Y., Kwan, H. K., Greenhaus, J. H., DiRenzo, M. S., & Shao, P. (2018). A meta‐analysis of the antecedents of work–family enrichment. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 39(4), 385-401.

Limoges, J. (2003). A Balanced Work Life: A Matter of Maintenance. Food for Thought Document, No 11. Canadian Career Development Foundation (online) http://workinfonet.bc.ca/bccip/NationalSymposium/BcTeam/DocumentNo.11- Limoges.pdf (Accessed 5/9/2019).

MacDermid, S. M., Seery, B. L., & Weiss, H. M. (2002). An emotional examination of the work- family interface. In R. G. Lord, R. J. Klimoski, & R. Kanfer (Eds.), Emotions in the workplace: Understanding the structure and role of emotions in organizational behavior, 402– 427, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Maeran, R., Pitarelli, F., & Cangiano, F. (2013). Work-life balance and job satisfaction among teachers. Interdisciplinary Journal of Family Studies, 18(1).

Marks, S. R. (1977). Multiple roles and role strain: Some notes on human energy, time and commitment. American Sociological Review, 42, 921–936.

McCauley, C. D., Ruderman, M. N., Ohlott, P. J., & Morrow, J. E. (1994). Assessing the developmental components of managerial jobs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 544 – 560.

McNall, L. A., Masuda, A. D., & Nicklin, J. M. (2009). Flexible work arrangements, job satisfaction, and turnover intentions: The mediating role of work-to-family enrichment. The Journal of psychology, 144(1), 61-81.

McNall, L. A., Nicklin, J. M., & Masuda, A. D. (2010). A meta-analytic review of the consequences associated with work–family enrichment. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25(3), 381-396.

Medved, C. (2004). The everyday accomplishments of work and family: Exploring practical action in daily routines. Communication Studies, Spring.

Miller, S. (1997). The role of a juggler. In S. Parasuraman & J. H. Greenhaus (Eds.), Integrating work and family: Challenges and choices for a changing world, 48 –56. Westport, CT: Quorum.

Mishra, P., Gupta, R., & Bhatnagar, J. (2014). Grounded theory research: Exploring work-family enrichment in an emerging economy. Qualitative Research Journal, 14(3), 289-306.

Nicklin, J. M., & McNall, L. A. (2013). Work–family enrichment, support, and satisfaction: A test of mediation. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 22(1), 67-77.

Pérez, J. P., & Torres, E. M. (2017). Evaluation of the organizational image of a university in a higher education institution. Contaduría y administración, 62(1), 123-140.

Perry-Jenkins, M., Repetti, R. L., & Crouter, A. C. (2000). Work and family in the 1990s.

Journal of Marriage and the Family, 62, 981–998.

Ruderman, M. N., Ohlott, P. J., Panzer, K., & King, S. N. (2002). Benefits of multiple roles for managerial women. Academy of Management Journal, 45, 369 –386.

Russo, M., Shteigman, A., & Carmeli, A. (2016). Workplace and family support and work–life balance: Implications for individual psychological availability and energy at work. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 11(2), 173-188.

Saeed, K., & Farooqi, Y. A. (2014). Examining the relationship between work life balance, job stress, and job satisfaction among university teachers (A case of University of Gujarat). International Journal of multidisciplinary sciences and engineering, 5(6), 9-15.

Seibert, S. E., Kraimer, M. L., & Liden, R. C. (2001). A social capital theory of career success.

Academy of Management Journal, 44, 219 –237.

Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2016). Research methods for business: a skill building approach.

John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY.

Seligman, M. E. P. (1991). Learned optimism. New York: Knopf.

Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Authentic happiness: Using the new positive psychology to realize your potential for lasting fulfillment. New York, Free Press.

Shabir, S., & Gani, A. (2020). Impact of work–life balance on organizational commitment of women health-care workers. International Journal of Organizational Analysis.

Shaw, J. K., & Allison, J. (1999). The intersection of the learning region and local and regional economic development: Analysing the role of higher education. Regional studies, 33(9), 896-902.

Sieber, S.D. (1974). Toward a theory of role accumulation. American Sociological Review, 39(4), 567–578.

Stamper, C. L., & Johlke, M. C. (2003). The impact of perceived organizational support on the relationship between boundary spanner role stress and work outcomes. Journal of Management, 29(4), 569-588.

Thomas, L. T., & Ganster, D. C. (1995). Impact of familysupportive work variables on work- family conflict and strain: A control perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80, 6 –15. Turner, G. (2010). Ordinary People and the Media: The Demotic Turn. Sage Publications, Los

Angeles, CA.

Voydanoff, P. (2001). Incorporating community into work and family research: A review of basic relationships. Human Relations, 54, 1609 –1637.

Wadsworth, L. L., & Owens, B. P. (2007). The effects of social support on work–family enhancement and work–family conflict in the public sector. Public Administration Review, 67(1), 75-87.

Wayne, J. H., Casper, W. J., Matthews, R. A., & Allen, T. D. (2013). Family-supportive organization perceptions and organizational commitment: The mediating role of work– family conflict and enrichment and partner attitudes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 98(4), 606.

Wayne, J. H., Grzywacz, J. G., Carlson, D. S., & Kacmar, K. M. (2007). Work–family facilitation: A theoretical explanation and model of primary antecedents and consequences. Human resource management review, 17(1), 63-76.

Wayne, J. H., Randel, A. E., & Stevens, J. (2006). The role of identity and work–family support in work–family enrichment and its work-related consequences. Journal of vocational behavior, 69(3), 445-461.

Zábrodská, K., Mudrák, J., Šolcová, I., Květon, P., Blatný, M., & Machovcová, K. (2018). Burnout among university faculty: The central role of work–family conflict. Educational Psychology, 38(6), 800-819.

Zhang, M., Griffeth, R.W., & Fried, D.D. (2012). Work-family conflict and individual consequences. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 27(7), 696–713.

Downloads

Published

2021-10-30

How to Cite

Farooqi, Y. A. ., Rehman, D. C. A. ., & Rehman, D. S. . (2021). WORK AND FAMILY ENRICHMENT AMONG DUAL CAREER UNIVERSITY PROFESSORS IN PAKISTAN: A QUALITATIVE INSIGHT. The Journal of Contemporary Issues in Business and Government, 27(5), 1045–1066. Retrieved from https://cibgp.com/au/index.php/1323-6903/article/view/2040

Issue

Vol. 27 No. 5 (2021): The journal of contemporary issues in business and government

Section

Articles

License

You are free to:

  1. Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
  2. Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
  3. The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.

Under the following terms:

  1. Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
  2. No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.

Notices:

You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation .

No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.