CITY COMPETITIVENESS
Keywords:
City Competitiveness, Growth, Urbanization.Abstract
By the year 2025 over half of the global growth will be contributed by 577 “middle weight” cities in the top 600 and the vast majority of them will be in emerging economies, and two-thirds from Chinese and Indian cities. Accordingly, “Urbanization and economic growth are strongly associated, hence, urban areas, in general, and cities, in particular, have been identified as the “Engine of Growth”, and “Agent of Change” (Mohan and Das Gupta, 2005). Cities evolve multiplicity of opportunities that allow individuals and communities to come together and exercise multifarious activities. The concept of “creative-cities” is rapidly attracting the interest of academician and policy makers. By 2020, over 60 percent of the China’s population will be living in cities. It is estimated, that, by 2050, about 67 percent of the world’s population will be city dwellers (6.3 billion people). This would be 8.3 billion people by the early 22nd century. Cities produce over 80 percent of the world’s GDP and, 60 percent of the world’s GDP is being generated by top 600 cities with 25 percent of the world’s population. Such high economic density reflects the vital role of cities as the main source of productivity. There has been no systematic research exists in the country to identify the relative importance of the “Key drivers of city competitiveness. Present endeavor, for the first in Pakistan, an exploration in this direction.
Downloads
References
Ahmed, H., & Mahmud, M. (2011). What Determines Innovation in the Manufacturing Sector? Evidence from Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review, 50(4-II), pp-365.
Amjad, R., ul Haque, N., & Colclough, C. (2005). Skills and Competitiveness: Can Pakistan Break Out of the Low-level Skills Trap?[with Comments]. The Pakistan Development Review, 387-409. Attendent Reforms,” paper prepared for the national market integration conference in
Beijing organized by the World Bank.
Business, D. (2014). Doing Business 2014: understanding regulations for small and medium-size enterprises.
Cai, Fang 2003. “Removing Barriers to Labor Mobility: Labor Market Developoment and Its
Choe, K., & Roberts, B. H. (2011). Competitive cities in the 21st century: Cluster-based local economic development. Asian Development Bank.
Choe, K., Nazem, N., Roberts, B., Samarappuli, N., & Singh, R. (2011). A comparative analysis of the competitiveness of the readymade garment industry clusters in Delhi, Dhaka and Colombo.
J. Compet, 1, 5-25.
Cohen, B. (2006). Urbanization in developing countries: Current trends, future projections, and key challenges for sustainability. Technology in society, 28(1), 63-80.
Dollar, D., Hallward‐Driemeier, M., & Mengistae, T. (2005). Investment climate and firm performance in developing economies. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 54(1), 1-31. Dollar, D., Hallward-Driemeier, M., Shi, A., Wallsten, S., Wang, S., & Xu, L. C. (2003). Improving the investment climate in China. Investment Climate Assessment: World Bank and International Finance Corporation.
Dollar, D., Shi, A., Wang, S., & Xu, L. C. (2003). Improving City Competitiveness through the Investment Climate: Ranking 23 Chinese Cities.
Enterprise surveys : Pakistan country profile 2007
Harris, N. (2007). City Competitiveness. World Bank Study of Competitiveness in Four Latin American Cities.
HOW, W. C. M. I. (2002). The Competitiveness of Cities. What competitiveness for European metropolitan areas?, 33. http://www.enterprisesurveys.org/~/media/GIAWB/EnterpriseSurveys/Documents/Profiles/Englis h/pakistan-2007.pdf.
Hu, H. F. Relationship among National Income, Rural-Urban Divide, and City Size: Lessons from the Differences between Eastern and Western Megacities.
Iarossi, G. (2009). The investment climate in 16 Indian states. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series, Vol.
Klaus Schwab, W. E. (2013). The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014. Switzerland: World Economic Forum within the framework of The Global Competitiveness and Benchmarking Network.
Lall, S. V., Wang, H. G., & Deichmann, U. (2010). Infrastructure and city competitiveness in India (No. 2010, 22). Working paper//World Institute for Development Economics Research.
Lever, W. F., & Turok, I. (1999). Competitive cities: introduction to the review.Urban studies, 36(5-6), 791-793.
Lobo, J., Bettencourt, L. M., Strumsky, D., & West, G. B. (2012). The Economic Productivity of Urban Areas: Disentangling General Scale Effects from Local Exceptionality.
Nallari, R., Griffith, B., & Yusuf, S. (2012). Geography of Growth: Spatial Economics and Competitiveness. World Bank Publications.
Narayanan, B. G., & Vashisht, P. (2008). Determinants of competitiveness of the Indian auto industry. East Asian Bureau of Economic Research.
Pena Izquierdo, J. (2010). Essays on the investment climate and its effects on firms efficiency. Radulovic, S. S., Mitrovic, B., & Furundzic, D. Improvement of city competitiveness by re-mixing of inner strengths. na.
Temple, J. (1999). The new growth evidence. Journal of economic Literature, 112-156. Turok, I. (2004). Cities, regions and competitiveness. Regional Studies, 38(9), 1069-1083.
Véganzonès-Varoudakis, M. A., PLANE, P., & Kinda, T. (2011). Firm Productivity and Investment Climate in Developing Countries: How Does Middle East and North Africa Manufacturing Perform? (No. 201126).
Zeng, D. Z. (Ed.). (2010). Building engines for growth and competitiveness in China: experience with special economic zones and industrial clusters. World Bank Publications.
Zhang, M. (2014). What Can Cities Do to Enhance Competitiveness? Local Policies and Actions for Innovation. Urban Competitiveness and Innovation, 112.
Zhang, M. Competitiveness and Growth in Brazilian Cities.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation .
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
