Towards Alleviating Counterproductive Work Behaviour: A Soul Leadership View
Keywords:
Spiritual leadership; Psychological empowerment; Counter productive work behaviours (CPWB); Call centres, Pakistan.Abstract
This article intends to examine the role of psychological empowerment and spiritual leadership towards alleviating counter productive work behaviours (CPWB). The modern organizations do not rely on sole leadership any more, but the spiritual leadership. The present study focuses on two constructs falling under the rubric of soul leadership, i.e., employee empowerment and spiritual leadership in order to alleviate counterproductive work behaviour. In line with the environment of call centres, these two constructs based on Conservation of Resources Theory are considered sufficient to address the issue in question. Data were collected from a convenient sample of call agents working in call centres located in twin cities of Pakistan i.e., Rawalpindi and Islamabad. A total of 350 respondents were sent questionnaire where usable questionnaires were 302. Structural equation modelling technique was used to test the hypotheses. Results revealed negative and significant relationship between spiritual leadership, psychological empowerment and CPWB. Finally the implications and suggestions for future research are provided.
Downloads
References
Abramson, L. Y., Seligman, M. E., & Teasdale, J. D. (1978). Learned helplessness in humans: Critique and reformulation. Journal of abnormal psychology, 87(1), 49.
Ambrose, M. L., Seabright, M. A., & Schminke, M. (2002). Sabotage in the workplace: The role of organizational injustice. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 89(1), 947-965.
Aburdene, P. (2010). P. (2005), Megatrends.
Anderson, E. and A. Jansson (2006). A call for learning—A model for developmental learning in call centres. 6th UFHRD/AHRD Conference on Human Resource Development Research and Practice across Europe, Tilburg.
Aryee, S. and Z. X. Chen (2006). Leader–member exchange in a Chinese context: Antecedents, the mediating role of psychological empowerment and outcomes. Journal of business research, 59, 793-801.
Bandura, A. (1986). The explanatory and predictive scope of self-efficacy theory. Journal of social and clinical psychology, 4, 359-373.
Barling, J., Dupré, K. E., & Kelloway, E. K. (2009). Predicting workplace aggression and violence. Annual review of psychology, 60, 671-692.
Bellingham, R. (2001). The Manager's Pocket Guide to Spiritual Leadership, Human Resource Development.
Benefiel, M., Fry, L. W., & Geigle, D. (2014). Spirituality and religion in the workplace: History, theory, and research. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 6(3), 175.
Bies, R. J. and T. M. Tripp (2005). The Study of Revenge in the Workplace: Conceptual, Ideological, and Empirical Issues.
Bradley, G. L. and B. A. Sparks (2000). Customer reactions to staff empowerment: Mediators and moderators. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30, 991-1012.
Brown, S. P. (1996). A meta-analysis and review of organizational research on job involvement, American Psychological Association.
Byrne, B. M., & Van de Vijver, F. J. (2010). Testing for measurement and structural equivalence in large-scale cross-cultural studies: Addressing the issue of nonequivalence. International Journal of Testing, 10(2), 107-132.
Carless, S. A. (2004). "Does psychological empowerment mediate the relationship between psychological climate and job satisfaction. Journal of Business and Psychology, 18, 405-425.
Chi, N. W., Tsai, W. C., & Tseng, S. M. (2013). Customer negative events and employee service sabotage: The roles of employee hostility, personality and group affective tone. Work & Stress, 27(3), 298-
Choi, S., Cheong, K., & Feinberg, R. A. (2012). Moderating effects of supervisor support, monetary rewards, and career paths on the relationship between job burnout and turnover intentions in the context of call centers. Managing Service Quality: An International Journal, 22(5), 492-516.
Colbert, A. E., Mount, M. K., Harter, J. K., Witt, L. A., & Barrick, M. R. (2004). Interactive effects of personality and perceptions of the work situation on workplace deviance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(4), 599.
Combs, J., Liu, Y., Hall, A., & Ketchen, D. (2006). How much do high‐performance work practices matter? A meta‐analysis of their effects on organizational performance. Personnel psychology, 59(3), 501-528.
Conger, J. A. and R. N. Kanungo (1988). The empowerment process: Integrating theory and practice. Academy of management review 13, 471-482.
Cooper, C. E., Vollaard, N. B., Choueiri, T., & Wilson, M. T. (2002). Exercise, free radicals and oxidative stress.
Covey, S. R. (1992). Principle centered leadership. Simon and Schuster.
Daft, R. L., & Lengel, R. H. (1998). Fusion leadership: Unlocking the subtle forces that change people and organizations. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
DeCharmes, R. (1968). Personal causation. New York: Academic.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The" what" and" why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self- determination of behavior. Psychological inquiry, 11(4), 227-268.
Dhanpat, N., Modau, F. D., Lugisani, P., Mabojane, R., & Phiri, M. (2018). Exploring employee retention and intention to leave within a call centre. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 16(1), 1-13.
Duchon, D. and D. A. Plowman (2005). Nurturing the spirit at work: Impact on work unit performance.
The leadership quarterly 16, 807-833.
Fatima, A., Iqbal, M. Z., & Imran, R. (2013). Organizational commitment and counterproductive work behavior: role of employee empowerment. In Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Management Science and Engineering Management (pp. 665-679). Springer, London.
Fernie, S. and D. Metcalf (1998). (Not) hanging on the telephone: payment systems in the new sweatshops, Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics and Political Science.
Flier, L. (1995). Demystifying mysticism: Finding a developmental relationship between different ways of knowing. The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology 27, 131.
Foster-Fishman, P. G. and C. B. Keys (1997). The person/environment dynamics of employee empowerment: An organizational culture analysis. American Journal of Community Psychology, 25, 345- 369.
Fry, L. W. and M. P. Cohen (2009). Spiritual leadership as a paradigm for organizational transformation and recovery from extended work hours cultures. Journal of Business Ethics, 84, 265-278.
Fry, L. W. (2003). Toward a theory of spiritual leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 14, 693- 727.
Fry, L. W., Vitucci, S., & Cedillo, M. (2005). Spiritual leadership and army transformation: Theory, measurement, and establishing a baseline. The Leadership Quarterly, 16(5), 835- 862.
Gary, D. G., Phillip, C. W., & Joan, A. (1998). Strategic performance empowerment model. Empowerment in Organizations, 6(2), 57-65.
Garson, B. 1989. The electronic sweatshop, Penguin books.
Gaur, A. S., & Gaur, S. S. (2006). Statistical methods for practice and research: A guide to data analysis using SPSS. Sage
Giunipero, L. C. and J. F. Vogt (1997). Empowering the purchasing function: moving to team decisions. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 33, 8-15.
Greenberg, J. (1990). Employee theft as a reaction to underpayment inequity: The hidden cost of pay cuts. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 561.
Gudykunst, W. B., Ting-Toomey, S., & Chua, E. (1988). Culture and interpersonal communication. Sage Publications, Inc.
Harrington, D. (2009). Confirmatory factor analysis. Oxford University Press.
Harris, L. C. and E. Ogbonna (2002). Exploring service sabotage: The antecedents, types and consequences of frontline, deviant, antiservice behaviors. Journal of Service Research, 4, 163-183.
Heaney, C. A., Israel, B. A., Schurman, S. J., Baker, E. A., House, J. S., & Hugentobler, M. (1993). Industrial relations, worksite stress reduction, and employee well‐being: A participatory action research investigation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14(5), 495-510.
Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American psychologist, 44(3), 513.
Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across cultures, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Holman, D. (2003a). Call centres. The new workplace: A guide to the human impact of modern working practices: 115-134.
Holman, D. (2003b). Phoning in sick? An overview of employee stress in call centres. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 24, 123-130.
Holman, D., Batt, R., & Holtgrewe, U. (2007). The global call center report: International perspectives on management and employment.
Houlihan, M. (2000). Eyes wide shut? Querying the depth of call centre learning. Journal of European Industrial Training, 24, 228-240.
Israel, B. A., House, J. S., Schurman, S. J., Heaney, C. A., & Mero, R. P. (1989). The relation of personal resources, participation, influence, interpersonal relationships and coping strategies to occupational stress, job strains and health: A multivariate analysis. Work & Stress, 3(2), 163-194.
Jaman, M. M., & Hossain, M. M. (2016). Effects of CRM &Talent retention Strategy on Call Centre’s Employee Intention to Quit: A Study on Bangladeshi Call Centers.
Jeon, K. S. (2011). The Relationship Of Perception Of Organization Performance and Spiritual Leadership, Workplace Spirituality, And Learning Organization Culture In The Korean Context, PhD dissertation, The Graduate School, The Pennsylvania State University, USA.
Julie DeCicco MScN, R. N., & Heather Laschinger PhD, R. N. (2006). Perceptions of empowerment and respect: effect on nurses' organizational commitment in nursing homes. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 32(5), 49.
Kelloway, E. K., Barling, J., & Hurrell Jr, J. J. (Eds.). (2006). Handbook of workplace violence. Sage Publications.
Khan, M. A. S., & Du, J. (2014). An empirical study of turnover intentions in call centre industry of Pakistan. Journal of Human Resource and Sustainability Studies, 2(04), 206.
Kilduff, M., & Day, D. V. (1994). Do chameleons get ahead? The effects of self-monitoring on managerial careers. Academy of Management Journal, 37(4), 1047-1060.
Kirkman, B. L. and B. Rosen (1999). Beyond self-management: Antecedents and consequences of
team empowerment. Academy of Management Journal, 42, 58-74.
Kline, R. B. (2005). Methodology in the social sciences, Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford Press.
Knights, D. and D. McCabe (1998). What happens when the phone goes wild : staff, stress and spaces for escape in a BPR telephone banking work regime." Journal of Management Studies, 35,163-194.
Kotter, J. P. (1996). Leading Change Harvard Business School Press. Boston, MA.
Latting, J. K. and A. Blanchard (1997). Empowering staff in a “poverty agency”: An organization development intervention. Journal of Community Practice 4, 59-75.
Lee, C. C., Liu, H. C., & Chiang, K. N. (2007). 3-D structure design and reliability analysis of wafer level package with stress buffer mechanism. IEEE Transactions on Components and Packaging Technologies, 30(1), 110-118.
Lewig, K. A., & Dollard, M. F. (2003). Emotional dissonance, emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction in call centre workers. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 12(4), 366-392.
Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., & Stilwell, D. (1993). A longitudinal study on the early development of leader-member exchanges. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(4), 662.
Lloyd, A. (2016). Labour markets and identity on the post-industrial assembly line. Routledge.
Luth, M. T. (2012). The bright and dark sides of empowerment: Linking psychological empowerment and job stressors to proactive and counterproductive work behaviors (Doctoral dissertation, University of Kansas).
Madsen, H. O., Krenk, S., & Lind, N. C. (2006). Methods of structural safety. Courier Corporation.
Malik, S. A., Bashir, N., Khan, M. M., & Malik, S. A. (2013). Predicting employees turnover in telecom mobile communication call centers of Pakistan. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 17(4), 481- 494.
Manojlovich, M., & Laschinger, H. K. S. (2002). The relationship of empowerment and selected personality characteristics to nursing job satisfaction. Journal of Nursing Administration, 32(11), 586-595.
Marcus, B., Schuler, H., Quell, P., & Hümpfner, G. (2002). Measuring counterproductivity: Development and initial validation of a German self‐report questionnaire. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 10(1‐2), 18-35.
Martin, A., Karanika‐Murray, M., Biron, C., & Sanderson, K. (2016). The psychosocial work environment, employee mental health and organizational interventions: Improving research and practice by taking a multilevel approach. Stress and Health, 32(3), 201-215.
Martin, A. J., Wellen, J. M., & Grimmer, M. R. (2016). An eye on your work: How empowerment affects the relationship between electronic surveillance and counterproductive work behaviours. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 27(21), 2635-2651.
McGrath, J. (1976). Sress and Behabior in Organizations. Handbook of Industrial and Oranizational Psychology.
Molino, M., Emanuel, F., Zito, M., Ghislieri, C., Colombo, L., & Cortese, C. G. (2016). Inbound Call Centers and Emotional Dissonance in the Job Demands–Resources Model. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1133.
Nafei, W. A. (2018). The Role of Spiritual Leadership in Reducing Bullying Behavior: A Study on the Industrial Companies in Egypt. International Journal of Business and Management, 13(2), 167.
Nanus, B. (1992). Visionary Leadership: Creating a Compelling Sense of Direction for Your Organization. Jossey-Bass Inc., 350 Sansome Street, San Francisco, CA 94104-1310.
Patterson, M. G., West, M. A., & Wall, T. D. (2004). Integrated manufacturing, empowerment, and company performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behaviour, 25(5), 641-665.
Quinn, R. E., & Spreitzer, G. M. (1997). The road to empowerment: Seven questions every leader should consider. Organizational Dynamics, 26(2), 37-49.
Radmila, Dragana & Bojana (2011). Leadrship in modern organizations. International journal of Economics and Law, 1(3), 60-69.
Raykov, T., & Marcoulides, G. A. (2006). On multilevel model reliability estimation from the perspective of structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling, 13(1), 130-141.
Robinson, S. L. and R. J. Bennett (1995). A typology of deviant workplace behaviors: A multidimensional scaling study. Academy of Management Journal, 38, 555-572.
Sackett, P. R. (2002). The structure of counterproductive work behaviors: Dimensionality and relationships with facets of job performance. International Journal of Selection and Assessment 10, 5-11.
Sackett, P. R. and C. J. DeVore (2001). Counterproductive behaviors at work. International handbook of work psychology, Sage Publications.
Sekaran, U. (2000). Research business methods: A skill building approach.
Seligman, M. E. (1975). Helplessness: On depression, development, and death, WH Freeman/Times Books/Henry Holt & Co.
Seibert, S. E., Silver, S. R., & Randolph, W. A. (2004). Taking empowerment to the next level: A multiple-level model of empowerment, performance, and satisfaction. Academy of Management Journal, 47(3), 332-349.
Sieben, I., & De Grip, A. (2004). Training and expectations on job mobility in the call centres sector. Journal of European Industrial Training, 28(2/3/4), 257-271.
Snyder, C. R., & Ingram, R. E. (2000). Handbook of psychological change: Psychotherapy processes & practices for the 21st century. John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Sparks, B. A., Bradley, G. L., & Callan, V. J. (1997). The impact of staff empowerment and communication style on customer evaluations: The special case of service failure. Psychology & Marketing, 14(5), 475- 493.
Spector, P. E. and S. Fox (2005). The Stressor-Emotion Model of Counterproductive Work Behavior.
Spector, P. E., Fox, S., Penney, L. M., Bruursema, K., Goh, A., & Kessler, S. (2006). The dimensionality of counterproductivity: Are all counterproductive behaviors created equal? Journal of vocational behavior, 68(3), 446-460.
Spreitzer, G. M. (1995). Psychological empowerment in the workplace: Dimensions, measurement, and validation. Academy of Management Journal, 38, 1442-1465.
Spreitzer, G. M. (1996). Social structural characteristics of psychological empowerment. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 483-504.
Spreitzer, G. M., Kizilos, M. A., & Nason, S. W. (1997). A dimensional analysis of the relationship between psychological empowerment and effectiveness satisfaction, and strain. Journal of management, 23(5), 679-704.
Tang, Y. T. (2008). The relationship between use of humor by leaders and R&D employee innovative behavior: Evidence from Taiwan. Asia Pacific Management Review, 13(3), 635-653.
Thomas, K. W. and B. A. Velthouse (1990). Cognitive elements of empowerment: An “interpretive” model of intrinsic task motivation." Academy of Management Review, 15, 666-681.
Thomas, K. W. and W. G. Tymon (1994). Does empowerment always work: Understanding the role of intrinsic motivation and personal interpretation. Journal of Management Systems, 6, 1-13.
Taylor, P. and P. Bain 1999. An assembly line in the head’: work and employee relations in the call centre. Industrial Relations Journal, 30, 101-117.
Ullah Bukhari, Z., & Ali, U. (2009). Relationship between organizational citizenship behavior & counterproductive work behavior in the geographical context of Pakistan. International Journal of Business and Management, 4(1), 85.
Van der Westhuizen, S., & Bezuidenhout, L. (2017). Work-related well-being in a call centre environment: The moderating role of age and tenure. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 27(3), 216-220.
Vogt, J. F. (1990). Empowerment in organizations: How to spark exceptional performance. Pfeiffer & Company.
Von Dran, G. M., Kappelman, L. A., & Prybutok, V. R. (1996). Empowerment and the management of an organizational transformation project. Project Management Institute.
Wagner, J. A. (1995). On beating dead horses, reconsidering reconsiderations, and ending disputes: Further thoughts about a recent study of research on participation, JSTOR.
Wayne, S. J., Shore, L. M., & Liden, R. C. (1997). Perceived organizational support and leader-member exchange: A social exchange perspective. Academy of Management journal, 40(1), 82-111.
Whetstone, J. T. (2001). How virtue fits within business ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 33(2), 101- 114.
Yip, K. S. (2004). A Chinese cultural critique of the global qualifying standards for social work education. Social Work Education, 23, 597-612.
Zapf, D., Isic, A., Bechtoldt, M., & Blau, P. (2003). What is typical for call centre jobs? Job characteristics, and service interactions in different call centres. European journal of work and organizational psychology, 12(4), 311-340.
Zito, M., Emanuel, F., Molino, M., Cortese, C. G., Ghislieri, C., & Colombo, L. (2018). Turnover intentions in a call center: The role of emotional dissonance, job resources, and job satisfaction. PloS one, 13(2), e0192126.
Zohar, D., & Marshall, I. (2004). Spiritual capital: Wealth we can live by. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation .
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.