Prevalence of Gingivitis in Patients Undergoing Orthodontic Treatment Between Age Group Of 25-35 Years - A Retrospective Study
Keywords:
Gingivitis, Oral biofilm, Orthodontic treatment, Oral prophylaxis, Dental PlaqueAbstract
Malocclusion is the misalignment or incorrect relation between the teeth and the dental arches. It is one of the leading causes of progression towards poor oral hygiene. Fixed orthodontic treatment is preferred and the most common method for treating malocclusions. Fixed appliances such as brackets, bands, or fixed retention may complicate optimal oral hygiene, and this may result in accumulation of dental plaque and gingival inflammation. S. mutans is the most common bacteria seen in the gingival sulcus. Prevention can be done by adequate oral prophylaxis prior to the commencement of orthodontic treatment. Thus the aim of the study is to assess the prevalence of gingivitis in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment between age 25-35 years. Evaluation of patients reported to saveetha dental college for the purpose of undergoing orthodontic treatment were chosen. 463 Patients data records were collected and descriptive statistics was done using SPSS software version 23 and the results obtained were tabulated and statistically analysed using the chi square test. It is observed that patients who developed gingivitis during orthodontic treatment belong to the age group of 25-30 years (56.16%) and 30- 35 years (16.41%) and the results are statistically significant (p<0.05). Males (39.96%) were commonly affected with gingivitis when compared to females (32.61). Thus it is important to understand the importance of the maintenance of oral hygiene during orthodontic treatment and patients should be made aware about the consequences of the ignorance to adopt adequate oral hygiene measures.
References
Aass, A. M. et al. (1988) ‘Variation in prevalence of radiographic alveolar bone loss in subgroups of 14- year-old schoolchildren in Oslo’, Journal of Clinical Periodontology, pp. 130–133. doi: 10.1111/j.1600- 051x.1988.tb01006.x.
Alexander, S. A. (1991) ‘Effects of orthodontic attachments on the gingival health of permanent second molars’, American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics: official publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its constituent societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics, 100(4), pp. 337–340.
Avinash, K., Malaippan, S. and Dooraiswamy, J. N. (2017) ‘Methods of Isolation and Characterization of Stem Cells from Different Regions of Oral Cavity Using Markers: A Systematic Review’, International journal of stem cells, 10(1), pp. 12–20.
Brightman, L. J. et al. (1991) ‘The effects of a 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthrinse on orthodontic patients aged 11 through 17 with established gingivitis’, American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics: official publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its constituent societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics, 100(4), pp. 324–329.
Cardoso, M. de A. et al. (2015) ‘Alterations in plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation promoted by treatment with self-ligating and conventional orthodontic brackets’, Dental press journal of orthodontics, 20(2), pp. 35–41.
Dahlén, G. (2006) ‘Microbiological diagnostics in oral diseases’, Acta odontologica Scandinavica, 64(3), pp. 164–168.
Deogade, S., Gupta, P. and Ariga, P. (2018) ‘Effect of monopoly-coating agent on the surface roughness of a tissue conditioner subjected to cleansing and disinfection: A Contact Profilometric In vitro study’, Contemporary Clinical Dentistry, p. 122. doi: 10.4103/ccd.ccd_112_18.
Dua, K. et al. (2019) ‘The potential of siRNA based drug delivery in respiratory disorders: Recent advances and progress’, Drug development research, 80(6), pp. 714–730.
Duraisamy, R. et al. (2019) ‘Compatibility of Nonoriginal Abutments With Implants: Evaluation of Microgap at the Implant-Abutment Interface, With Original and Nonoriginal Abutments’, Implant dentistry, 28(3), pp. 289–295.
Ezhilarasan, D. (2018) ‘Oxidative stress is bane in chronic liver diseases: Clinical and experimental perspective’, Arab journal of gastroenterology: the official publication of the Pan-Arab Association of Gastroenterology, 19(2), pp. 56–64.
Ezhilarasan, D., Apoorva, V. S. and Ashok Vardhan, N. (2019) ‘Syzygium cumini extract induced reactive oxygen species-mediated apoptosis in human oral squamous carcinoma cells’, Journal of oral pathology & medicine: official publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology, 48(2), pp. 115–121.
Ezhilarasan, D., Sokal, E. and Najimi, M. (2018) ‘Hepatic fibrosis: It is time to go with hepatic stellate cell- specific therapeutic targets’, Hepatobiliary & pancreatic diseases international: HBPD INT, 17(3), pp. 192– 197.
Gajendran, P. L., Parthasarathy, H. and Tadepalli, A. (2018) ‘Comparative evaluation of cathepsin K levels in gingival crevicular fluid among smoking and nonsmoking patients with chronic periodontitis’, Indian journal of dental research: official publication of Indian Society for Dental Research, 29(5), pp. 588–593.
Gheena, S. and Ezhilarasan, D. (2019) ‘Syringic acid triggers reactive oxygen species-mediated cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells’, Human & experimental toxicology, 38(6), pp. 694–702.
Gomathi, A. C. et al. (2020) ‘Anticancer activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized using aqueous fruit shell extract of Tamarindus indica on MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line’, Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, p. 101376. doi: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101376.
Griffen, A. L. et al. (1998) ‘Prevalence of Porphyromonas gingivalisand Periodontal Health Status’, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, pp. 3239–3242. doi: 10.1128/jcm.36.11.3239-3242.1998.
Jeevanandan, G. and Govindaraju, L. (2018) ‘Clinical comparison of Kedo-S paediatric rotary files vs manual instrumentation for root canal preparation in primary molars: a double blinded randomised clinical trial’, European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry, pp. 273–278. doi: 10.1007/s40368-018-0356-6.
J, P. C. et al. (2018) ‘Prevalence and measurement of anterior loop of the mandibular canal using CBCT: A cross sectional study’, Clinical implant dentistry and related research, 20(4), pp. 531–534.
Kavarthapu, A. and Thamaraiselvan, M. (2018) ‘Assessing the variation in course and position of inferior alveolar nerve among south Indian population: A cone beam computed tomographic study’, Indian journal of dental research: official publication of Indian Society for Dental Research, 29(4), pp. 405–409.
Khalid, W. et al. (2016) ‘Role of endothelin-1 in periodontal diseases: A structured review’, Indian journal of dental research: official publication of Indian Society for Dental Research, 27(3), pp. 323–333.
Khalid, W. (2017) ‘Comparison of Serum Levels of Endothelin-1 in Chronic Periodontitis Patients Before and After Treatment’, JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH. doi: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/24518.9698.
Lee, S. M. et al. (2005) ‘Prevalence of putative periodontopathogens in subgingival dental plaques from gingivitis lesions in Korean orthodontic patients’, Journal of microbiology , 43(3), pp. 260–265.
Liu, H. et al. (2011) ‘Periodontal health and relative quantity of subgingival Porphyromonas gingivalis during orthodontic treatment’, The Angle orthodontist, 81(4), pp. 609–615.
Malli Sureshbabu, N. et al. (2019) ‘Concentrated Growth Factors as an Ingenious Biomaterial in Regeneration of Bony Defects after Periapical Surgery: A Report of Two Cases’, Case reports in dentistry, 2019, p. 7046203.
Mathew, M. G. et al. (2020) ‘Evaluation of adhesion of Streptococcus mutans, plaque accumulation on zirconia and stainless steel crowns, and surrounding gingival inflammation in primary …’, Clinical oral investigations. Available at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00784-020-03204-9.
Mehta, M. et al. (2019) ‘Oligonucleotide therapy: An emerging focus area for drug delivery in chronic inflammatory respiratory diseases’, Chemico-biological interactions, 308, pp. 206–215.
Menon, S. et al. (2018) ‘Selenium nanoparticles: A potent chemotherapeutic agent and an elucidation of its mechanism’, Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, pp. 280–292. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.06.006.
Mootha, A. et al. (2016) ‘The Effect of Periodontitis on Expression of Interleukin-21: A Systematic Review’, International Journal of Inflammation, pp. 1–8. doi: 10.1155/2016/3507503.
Panchal, V., Jeevanandan, G. and Subramanian, E. M. G. (2019) ‘Comparison of post-operative pain after root canal instrumentation with hand K-files, H-files and rotary Kedo-S files in primary teeth: a randomised clinical trial’, European archives of paediatric dentistry: official journal of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry, 20(5), pp. 467–472.
Panda, S. et al. (2014) ‘Platelet rich fibrin and xenograft in treatment of intrabony defect’, Contemporary Clinical Dentistry, p. 550. doi: 10.4103/0976-237x.142830.
Pc, J., Marimuthu, T. and Devadoss, P. (2018) ‘Prevalence and measurement of anterior loop of the mandibular canal using CBCT: A cross sectional study’, Clinical implant dentistry and related research. Available at: https://europepmc.org/article/med/29624863.
Prabakar, J. et al. (2018) ‘Comparative Evaluation of Retention, Cariostatic Effect and Discoloration of Conventional and Hydrophilic Sealants - A Single Blinded Randomized Split Mouth Clinical Trial’,Contemporary clinical dentistry, 9(Suppl 2), pp. S233–S239.
Priyanka, M. and Ramamurthy, J. (2015) ‘Tissue Engineering in Periodontal Regeneration’, in.
Priyanka, S. et al. (2017) ‘Detection of cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and Torque Teno virus in subgingival and atheromatous plaques of cardiac patients with chronic periodontitis’, Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology, 21(6), pp. 456–460.
Rajendran, R. et al. (2019) ‘Comparative Evaluation of Remineralizing Potential of a Paste Containing Bioactive Glass and a Topical Cream Containing Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate: An in Vitro Study’, Pesquisa Brasileira em Odontopediatria e Clínica Integrada, pp. 1–10. doi: 10.4034/pboci.2019.191.61.
Rajeshkumar, S. et al. (2018) ‘Biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles usingMangifera indica leaves and evaluation of their antioxidant and cytotoxic properties in lung cancer (A549) cells’, Enzyme and microbial technology, 117, pp. 91–95.
Rajeshkumar, S. et al. (2019) ‘Antibacterial and antioxidant potential of biosynthesized copper nanoparticles mediated through Cissus arnotiana plant extract’, Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology, 197, p. 111531.
Ramadurai, N. et al. (2019) ‘Effectiveness of 2% Articaine as an anesthetic agent in children: randomized controlled trial’, Clinical oral investigations, 23(9), pp. 3543–3550.
Ramakrishnan, M., Dhanalakshmi, R. and Subramanian, E. M. G. (2019) ‘Survival rate of different fixed posterior space maintainers used in Paediatric Dentistry - A systematic review’, The Saudi dental journal, 31(2), pp. 165–172.
Ramamurthy, J. and Mg, V. (2018) ‘COMPARISON OF EFFECT OF HIORA MOUTHWASH VERSUS CHLORHEXIDINE MOUTHWASH IN GINGIVITIS PATIENTS: A CLINICAL TRIAL’, Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, p. 84. doi: 10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i7.24783.
Ramesh, A., Varghese, S. S., et al. (2016) ‘Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and periodontitis-- unwinding their linking mechanisms’, Journal of oral biosciences / JAOB, Japanese Association for Oral Biology, 58(1), pp. 23–26.
Ramesh, A., Varghese, S., et al. (2016) ‘Herbs as an antioxidant arsenal for periodontal diseases’, Journal of Intercultural Ethnopharmacology, p. 92. doi: 10.5455/jice.20160122065556.
Ramesh, A. et al. (2018) ‘Comparative estimation of sulfiredoxin levels between chronic periodontitis and healthy patients - A case-control study’, Journal of periodontology, 89(10), pp. 1241–1248.
Ramesh, A. et al. (2019) ‘Esthetic lip repositioning: A cosmetic approach for correction of gummy smile - A case series’, Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology, 23(3), pp. 290–294.
Ramesh, A., Ravi, S. and Kaarthikeyan, G. (2017) ‘Comprehensive rehabilitation using dental implants in generalized aggressive periodontitis’, Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology, 21(2), pp. 160–163.
Ravi, S. et al. (2017) ‘Additive Effect of Plasma Rich in Growth Factors With Guided Tissue Regeneration in Treatment of Intrabony Defects in Patients With Chronic Periodontitis: A Split-Mouth Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial’, Journal of Periodontology, pp. 839–845. doi: 10.1902/jop.2017.160824.
Sadowsky, C. and BeGole, E. A. (1981) ‘Long-term effects of orthodontic treatment on periodontal health’, American journal of orthodontics, 80(2), pp. 156–172.
Samuel, S. R., Acharya, S. and Rao, J. C. (2020) ‘School Interventions-based Prevention of Early- Childhood Caries among 3-5-year-old children from very low socioeconomic status: Two-year randomized trial’, Journal of public health dentistry, 80(1), pp. 51–60.
Sharma, P. et al. (2019) ‘Emerging trends in the novel drug delivery approaches for the treatment of lung cancer’, Chemico-biological interactions, 309, p. 108720.
Sridharan, G. et al. (2019) ‘Evaluation of salivary metabolomics in oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma’, Journal of oral pathology & medicine: official publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology, 48(4), pp. 299–306.
Thamaraiselvan, M. et al. (2015) ‘Comparative clinical evaluation of coronally advanced flap with or without platelet rich fibrin membrane in the treatment of isolated gingival recession’, Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology, 19(1), pp. 66–71.
Varghese, S. S. et al. (2015) ‘Estimation of salivary tumor necrosis factor-alpha in chronic and aggressive periodontitis patients’, Contemporary clinical dentistry, 6(Suppl 1), pp. S152–6.
Varghese, S. S., Ramesh, A. and Veeraiyan, D. N. (2019) ‘Blended Module-Based Teaching in Biostatistics and Research Methodology: A Retrospective Study with Postgraduate Dental Students’, Journal of dental education, 83(4), pp. 445–450.
Vijayashree Priyadharsini, J. (2019) ‘In silico validation of the non-antibiotic drugs acetaminophen and ibuprofen as antibacterial agents against red complex pathogens’, Journal of periodontology, 90(12), pp. 1441–1448.
Vishnu Prasad, S. et al. (2018) ‘Report on oral health status and treatment needs of 5-15 years old children with sensory deficits in Chennai, India’, Special care in dentistry: official publication of the American Association of Hospital Dentists, the Academy of Dentistry for the Handicapped, and the American Society for Geriatric Dentistry, 38(1), pp. 58–59.
Wahab, P. U. A. et al. (2018) ‘Scalpel Versus Diathermy in Wound Healing After Mucosal Incisions: A Split-Mouth Study’, Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery: official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, 76(6), pp. 1160–1164.
Wennström, J. L. (1987) ‘Lack of association between width of attached gingiva and development of soft tissue recession: A 5-year longitudinal study’, Journal of clinical periodontology, 14(3), pp. 181–184.
Wennström, J. L. (1996) ‘Mucogingival considerations in orthodontic treatment’, Seminars in orthodontics, 2(1), pp. 46–54.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation .
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
