BILATERAL PEACE AND SECURITY: ROLE OF CHINESE ECONOMIC ENGAGEMENT IN CENTRAL ASIA
Abstract
The relationship between peace and economic interdependence is one of the oldest debates in the field of international relations. Liberals contend that growing economic interconnectedness will reduce the likelihood of war since neither side will be willing to pay the opportunity costs of a military confrontation. Realists like Waltz argued that while interdependence helps to promote peace in some ways, it also increases the likelihood of conflicts. Dale Copeland used viewpoints from both sides to make the case that, depending on expectations for the future trading environment, interdependence might result in peace. The subject of whether economic interdependence leads to peace needs to be re-examined in light of the current trade war. Furthermore, it makes the case that the Chinese optimistic expectations for the state of trade in the future are what led to increase in peace in the region.
References
(Ministry of Commerce, 2022). (2022). No Title.
Abajyan, A. (2021). SHANGHAI COOPERATION ORGANIZATION AS A
PLATFORM FOR PROMOTING THE AGENDA OF CHINA’S BELT AND ROAD BULLETIN OF THE INSTITUTE OF ORIENTAL STUDIES.
https://doi.org/10.52837/27382702-2021-34.2-08
Alimov, R. (2017). The role of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization in counteracting threats to peace and security. UN Chronicle, 54(3). https://doi.org/10.18356/27ed566d-en
Baltabayeva, A. Y., Abubakirova, A., & Syzdykova, А. О. (2021). IMPORTANCE OF
THE SILK ROAD AND THE SILK ROAD ECONOMIC BELT PROJECT. THE BULLETIN,
389(1). https://doi.org/10.32014/2021.2518-1467.13
Barbieri, K. (1996). Economic interdependence: A path to peace or a source of interstate conflict? Journal of Peace Research, 33(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343396033001003
Berdiyev, A., & Can, N. (2020). The importance of central Asia in China’s foreign policy and Beijing’s soft power instruments. Central Asia and the Caucasus, 21(4). https://doi.org/10.37178/ca-c.20.4.02 Buckley, P. J. (2020). China’s belt and road initiative: Changing the rules of globalization.
Journal of International Business Studies, 51(2). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-019-00283-z
Cai, P. (2017). Understanding China’s Belt and Road Initiative. Lowy Institute for International Policy, March.
Chen, J., Liu, Y., & Liu, W. (2020). Corrigendum to “Investment facilitation and China’s outward foreign direct investment along the belt and road” (China Economic Review (2020) 61, (S1043951X20300559), (10.1016/j.chieco.2020.101458)). In China Economic Review (Vol. 62). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2020.101507
Cobden, R. (2011). The Political Writings of Richard Cobden. In The Political Writings of
Richard Cobden. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139094962
Cohler, A. M. (1989). Montesquieu: The Spirit of the Laws. Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought.
Dadparvar, S., & Azizi, H. (2019). Confucian Influence: The Place of Soft Power in China’s Strategy Towards Central Asia. China Report, 55(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/0009445519875233
Doyle, M. W. (1986). Liberalism and world politics. American Political Science Review,
80(4). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055400185041
Erokhin, V., Diao, L., & Du, P. (2020). Sustainability-related implications of competitive advantages in agricultural value chains: Evidence from central Asia-China trade and investment. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/su12031117
Fan, X. (2021). Existing Mechanisms of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and Their
Problems Dealing With Non traditional Security Challenges. International Organisations
Research Journal, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.17323/1996-7845-2021-01-05
Felipe, J., & Kumar, U. (2012). The Role of Trade Facilitation in Central Asia: A Gravity
Model. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1702367
Finnemore, M. (2017). National interests in international society. In National Interests in
International Society. https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501707384
Galiullin, M. Z., Gumarov, F. L., Kadyrov, R. R., & Kamaletdinova, E. I. (2020). Political, Military and Technical Cooperation of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the Framework of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Cuestiones Políticas, 38(Especial II). https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.382e.14
Gelpi, C., & Grieco, J. M. (2003). Economic interdependence, the democratic state, and the liberal peace. In Economic Interdependence and International Conflict: New Perspectives on an Enduring Debate.
Gopalan, S. T. (2021). China’s Belt and Road Initiative. Revista Brasileira de Políticas
Públicas e Internacionais - RPPI, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.22478/ufpb.2525-
5584.2021v6n1.46184
Greiman, V. (2019). The winds of change in world politics and the impact on cyber stability. International Journal of Cyber Warfare and Terrorism, 9(4). https://doi.org/10.4018/IJCWT.2019100102
Hashmat, S. (2023). Shanghai Cooperation Organization Summit Conference 2022 and Pakistan’s Expectations. Pacific International Journal, 6(S1). https://doi.org/10.55014/pij.v6is1.247
Huasheng, Z. (2013). China’s view of and expectations from the shanghai cooperation organization. In Asian Survey (Vol. 53, Issue 3). https://doi.org/10.1525/AS.2013.53.3.436
Hughes, C. W. (2009). Japan’s response to China’s rise: Regional engagement, global containment, dangers of collision. International Affairs, 85(4). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-
2346.2009.00830.x
International Crisis Group. (2013). China’s Central Asia Problem. Asia Report N°244, February.
Jamali, A. B., & Khan, A. (2021). The Shanghai Cooperation Organization in Promoting
Regional Peace and Stability: Analyzing the Case of Indo-Pak Conflict. Global Strategic &
Securities Studies Review, VI(II). https://doi.org/10.31703/gsssr.2021(vi-ii).01
Javorcik, B. S. (2008). Can survey evidence shed light on spillovers from foreign direct investment? World Bank Research Observer, 23(2), 139–159. https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/lkn006
Javorcik, B. S., Lo Turco, A., & Maggioni, D. (2018). New and Improved: Does FDI Boost Production Complexity in Host Countries? Economic Journal, 128(614), 2507–2537. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12530
Jin, W., & Dehang, K. (2019). Counter-terrorism cooperation between china and central
Asian states in the shanghai cooperation organization. China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1142/S2377740019500027
Joseph, J. (2010). Is waltz a realist? International Relations, 24(4).
https://doi.org/10.1177/0047117810386072
Kalathil, S. (2017). China’s Eurasian Century? Political and Strategic Implications of the Belt and Road Initiative by Nadège Rolland. Journal of Democracy, 28(4). https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2017.0076
Kant, I. (2019). Perpetual Peace: a Philosophical Sketch. In Kant: Political Writings. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511809620.007
Keohane, R. O. (2005). After hegemony: Cooperation and discord in the world political economy. In After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy. https://doi.org/10.2307/40202461
Keohane, R. O., & Nye, J. S. (2017). Power and Interdependence revisited. In International Organization. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315251981-4
Kerimbaev, E., Mukhametkhanuly, N., Turgenbay, A., & Nabizhankyzy, Z. (2020). Main factors of china’s soft power in central Asia. Central Asia and the Caucasus, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.37178/ca-c.20.1.02
Kunz, J. L., & Morgenthau, H. J. (1948). Politics among Nations. The Struggle for Power and Peace. The Western Political Quarterly, 1(4). https://doi.org/10.2307/442951
Liberman, P. (2004). Trade and Peace. International Studies Review, 6(1), 139–141. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1079-1760.2004.00384.x
Ma, J., Balezentis, T., Zhao, Z., & Fang, C. (2017). One belt one road (OBOR) initiative in Central Asia: The study of OBOR on China and Central Asia agricultural trade. Transformations in Business and Economics, 16(3).
Mansfield, dward D., & Milner, H. V. (2012). Votes, vetoes, and the political economy of international trade agreements. In Votes, Vetoes, and the Political Economy of International Trade Agreements. https://doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691135298.001.0001
McDonald, H. B., & Rosecrance, R. (1985). Alliance and Structural Balance in the International System: A reinterpretation. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 29(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002785029001004
McGuirk, E., & Burke, M. (2020). The economic origins of conflict in Africa. Journal of
Political Economy, 128(10). https://doi.org/10.1086/709993
Mearsheimer, J. J. (2021). The Inevitable Rivalry: America, China, and the Tragedy of Great-Power Politics. Foreign Affairs, 100(6).
Mekhdiev, E., Pashkovskaya, I., Takmakova, E., Smirnova, O., Sadykova, K., & Poltorykhina, S. (2019). Conjugation of the belt and road initiative and Eurasian Economic Union: Problems and development prospects. Economies, 7(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/economies7040118
Milner, C., & Cooper, R. N. (1981). The Economics of Interdependence. The Economic
Journal, 91(361). https://doi.org/10.2307/2231731
Minns, J. (2009). International Political Economy: An Intellectual History. Economic
Record, 85(271). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.2009.00602.x
Moravcsik, A. (1997). Taking preferences seriously: A liberal theory of international politics. In International Organization (Vol. 51, Issue 4). https://doi.org/10.1162/002081897550447
O’Neill, D. C. (2014). Risky business: The political economy of Chinese investment in
Kazakhstan. Journal of Eurasian Studies, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euras.2014.05.007
Oneal, J. R. (1994). The Affinity of Foreign Investors for Authoritarian Regimes. Political
Research Quarterly, 47(3), 565–588. https://doi.org/10.1177/106591299404700302
Oneal, J. R., & Russett, B. M. (1997). The Classical Liberals Were Right: Democracy, Interdependence, and Conflict, 1950-1985. International Studies Quarterly, 41(2). https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2478.00042
Peyrouse, S. (2016). Discussing China: Sinophilia and sinophobia in Central Asia. Journal of Eurasian Studies, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euras.2015.10.003
Rab, A., & Zhilong, H. (2019). China and Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO): Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) Perspectives. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.30845/ijhss.v9n2p21
Raeisinejad, A., & berenji, N. (2022). Regionalism Model of Shanghai Cooperation
Organization. Central Eurasia Studies, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.22059/jcep.2022.342405.450069
Rolland, N. (2017). China’s eurasian century?: Political and strategic implications of the belt and road initiative. In China’s Eurasian Century?: Political and Strategic Implications of the Belt and Road Initiative.
Rolland, N. (2019). A Concise Guide to the Belt and Road Initiative. The National Bureau of Asian Research, 2.
Rosecrance, R. (1996). The rise of the virtual state. Foreign Affairs, 75(4).
https://doi.org/10.2307/20047658
Ruggie, J. G. (1992). Multilateralism: The anatomy of an institution. International
Organization, 46(3). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818300027831
Sadık, G., & Yalçın İspir, A. (2021). Comparative Analysis of Counter-Terrorism Efforts
of NATO and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Information & Security: An International
Journal, 48. https://doi.org/10.11610/isij.4810
Sidle, R. C. (2020). Dark clouds over the silk road: Challenges facing mountain environments in Central Asia. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(22). https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229467
Stobdan, P. (1998). China’s Central Asia Dilemma. Strategic Analysis, 22(3).
https://doi.org/10.1080/09700169808458820
Thompson, W. S., & Angell, N. (1936). Raw Materials, Population Pressure and War.
American Sociological Review, 1(3). https://doi.org/10.2307/2084002
Torabi, G., & Kaveh, A. (2022). Silk Road Initiative and China Energy Security in West
Asia. Central Eurasia Studies, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.22059/jcep.2022.325939.450012
Vaezi, T., & Khazaii, O. (2021). China’s Silk Road Initiative; Strengthening China-Russia
Competition or Cooperation in Central Asia in the Field of Energy (2014-2019). Central Eurasia
Studies, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.22059/jcep.2021.310345.449953
Wendt, A. (1992). Anarchy is what states make of it: The social construction of power politics. International Organization, 46(2). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818300027764
Winter, T. (2021). Geocultural Power: China’s Belt and Road Initiative. Geopolitics, 26(5).
https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2020.1718656
Xuanli Liao, J. (2021). China’s energy diplomacy towards Central Asia and the implications on its “belt and road initiative.” Pacific Review, 34(3). https://doi.org/10.1080/09512748.2019.1705882
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation .
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
