Journal of Contemporary Issues in Business and Government

The article was informed about research results related to the commodity and quality
indicators to Azerbaijan introduced varieties of apples. The analysis carried out in the north-east
of the country- in the conditions of Guba, Gusar, Shabran regions on the cultivated apple varieties.
This time were analyzed in the following varieties:
- The sorts as Qala, Conaqored, Qrani Smit, Fuji, Simirenko reneti, Qolden Delişse x 972,
Conaqold growned on the grafted of the wild forest apple in the area 5x4 m in 2005 in the village
Timiryazev of the Quba region;
- The sorts as Conaqored, Golden Reinders, Grani Smith, Aydared, Red Vinter, Fuji growned on
the grafted of M-9 in the area 4x1,25m in 2008-2009 in the village Teni hayat of the region
Gusar;
- The sorts as Qala, Conaqored, Qrani Smit, Fuji, Simirenko reneti, Qolden Delişse x 972,
Conaqold growned on the grafted of M-9 in the area 5x3 in 2008-2009 in the village
Dashliyataq of the region Shabran.
The research was carried out on the generally accepted methods on basics of gardening. This
time,the average weight of the fruit was on the basis of the average weight of 100 fruit: many
large - weighing more than 175 g; large - weighing 175-126 g; average - mass 125-101q; small -
weighing 100-76 g; very small - weighing less than 76 grams.
The study chemical composition of apple varieties was carried out in the technology,
biochemistry and fruit processing laboratory of SRIFT. This time, basically has been identified
total and soluble dry substance, sugar, coloring ingredients, ascorbic acid. The soluble dry matter
by refractometric method, vitamin C with the help of Tilsman reagent, sugars according to
Bertrand, coloring items according to Leventhal and Neybayep has been identified .
It was determined that grafted onto the cultivated varieties wild apple woods product intended
for processing industry in comparison, in varieties grown on grafted clone more storage and for
use in case of fresh fruit. The analysis determined that Cır Hajı from local varieties indicators lag
behind a lot introduced new apple varieties despite the fact that dominating according to the
chemical composition the apple varieties introduced earlier.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between competitive
intelligence and risk-taking with the employees' job performance in Kerman Saderat bank
branches in 2015. The method of study was descriptive and correlation. The statistical population
of this study included all 251 employees of Saderat Bank in Kerman that by using Cochran
formula a sample size of 152 people was selected. In this study, three questionnaires of
competitive intelligence with 0.91 validity and 0.93 reliability and risk taking questionnaire with
0.93 validity and 0.95 reliability and job performance questionnaire with 0.92 validity and 0.84
reliability were used. The collected data were analyzed by using Smart PLS 2. The results showed
that there is a relationship between competitive intelligence and risk-taking and the job
performance among the employees working in Kerman Saderat bank branches. Among the
components of competitive intelligence; a direct and significant relationship was found between
technical knowledge and strategic and social knowledge with job performance of the employees.
Among the risk taking components; the two components of credit risk, operational risk, and
market risk were significantly correlated with job performance of the employees. Therefore, it is
recommended that the bank managers have a correct and scientific management of the bank assets
and debts and they assess their own current and potential competitors to take step toward a better
performance of the employees in order to have growth and profitability in the banks and attract
financial resources.

This paper explores the main determinants of the socio-economic characteristics in Malaysian households in terms of budget and income. Generally, the amount of expenditures depends on the changes in household budgets; thus, income and wealth are the primary determinants of household budgets and consequently consumption patterns. In the wake of Covid-19, Malaysia’s economy has been highly impacted and people were unable to run businesses or any economic activities except for those classified as essential services such as hospitality, medical, foods and beverages, and retailing. As such, these have impacted the people with lower income earnings, especially the Bottom 40, which is classified as those with household income median of RM3,000. The B40s spend their income mainly on life necessities whereby a higher saving rate would be an assurance for higher future consumption. In view of this, the government must play its role in helping the B40s fulfill their necessities through significant policies such as increasing the amount of Bantuan Sara Hidup (BSH), providing an old-age pension, and addressing poverty problems among B40s as well as drafting a long-term plan to mitigate these problems. 

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), especially their business risks and performance, are the primary economic drivers of the construction sector in Malaysia. Most studies focused on the performance of SMEs, but their business risks were underexplored. With that, the current study aimed to determine the elements of business risks that affect the performance of SMEs in the construction sector within the Malaysian context. For this study, five construction companies in different states were selected as case studies. Financial risk, government regulation, managerial capacity, delay in the project, and technology were identified as the critical elements of business risks that affect the performance of SMEs. Through the emerging new ventures in the business market, the performance of SMEs is undoubtedly one of the vital economic drivers that can boost the country’s economic growth.

This paper is aims to determine the performance of modern Partial Least Square (PLS) and Conventional SEM in family research. As such, the adoption of Measurement of Family Communication became the subject for testing their effectiveness.  Measurement of Family Communication Pattern is broadly used to assess the happiness of the family either happy or unhappy and it was frequently noted as one of the confirmatory research. It shows that the conventional SEM was better than modern PLS in the presence of the second-order construct.

Home Tuition has become a phenomenon in our country. Statistical reports have indicated an increasing number of tuition centres registered from 2010 to 2013 (MOE, 2013). This is because home tuition is convenient and time-saving since parents do not need to send their children to the tuition centre. According to the survey conducted by salary explorer (2020), in Malaysia, the average income for full-time home tuition is about RM8, 870 per month. This shows that the income received by home tutors is more than the minimum amount subjected to tax. However, the government faces difficulty in tracing their actual income since the majority of them did not declare it as the payment received in cash. From the IRBM report, for the year of assessment 2017, only 15.24% of the individual taxpayers complied in paying their income tax, and this percentage would also include home tutors. Specifically, this study examines the effect of factors such as knowledge, morale, and penalty on tax compliance of home tutors in Malaysia. The samples consist of home tutors registered under Private Tutor Company based in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor. This study employed a questionnaire survey for the data collection method and 167 respondents answered the questionnaires distributed online such as through WhatsApp and email. All of the data were recorded under an excel spreadsheet and analyzed using SPSS version 16. The result indicated that all of the factors have a significant relationship with tax compliance. This can be useful to the government in analysing the arising issue. The findings send an important signal to the government that more tax education programs should be carried out to transfer tax knowledge to the individual taxpayers. This is vital because by having sufficient tax knowledge, taxpayers will understand their responsibilities to comply with tax obligations.

Insurance, beyond doubt, is an essential policy for poverty eradication. Since low income households can't afford the high insurance premium, the best protection is Microinsurance or Microtakaful. In terms of principle, Microtakaful is barely the same as Takaful, except that the former is based on mutual contribution with affordable price that overcomes a specific risk that plagues the low income households. Having that said, this study proposes Microtakaful as an essential mechanism that protects the low-income group, apart from reducing the poverty rate. The proposed Microtakaful framework consists of a protection scheme equipped with financial support grants from the government, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), charity institutions, waqaf, international charity organisations, and donor agencies. This offers a basis to further look into the Microtakaful product and mutual pricing model designs based on cooperative principles as a mobilisation fund aimed at eradicating poverty amidst low-income families.

This research examined the relationship between forensic accounting skills and the identification of money laundering activities from the perspective of transaction monitoring. The forensic accounting skills is defined to consist of skills in auditing, investigative and critical thinking. The descriptive statistic indicates that the analysts rank investigative skills as the most important skills. The multiple regression analysis on 134 data collected from the transaction monitoring analysts showed that the investigative and critical thinking skills were medium to highly correlated with the identification of money laundering activities. These findings provide valuable insight and guidance to educators, practitioners, and other related parties that they have to give emphasise on these skills such as by providing training to keep the transaction monitoring analysts of the banking institutions updated with the new developments on investigative skills and enhance on the critical thinking skills for effective identification of money laundering activities.

Vietnam has reached a low inflation rate of 06% in year 2015, so it is good to see what happen in bank management during the post- low (L) inflation time 2015-2020, in order to propose plans to maintain banking business management sustainability.
Within volatility of multi macro factors, this paper will estimate bank risks with Beta CAPM measurement in the nation in the above selected period.
Next step, we aims to measure and evaluate how much macro factors effects in the market risk of 7 big listed banks with semiannual data. We use synthesis statistics methods, and dialectical materialism method, combined with econometric model with 9 macro variables, and figure out that lending rate and risk free rate have inverse effects on market risk. It implies that increase in lending rate will cause market risk declines whereas increase in Rf will cause beta increases. 
Then, we will suggest recommendations for improving bank management capabilities for sustainable bank management and governance. We recognize that modern advanced bank management solutions are needed for incoming periods.
JEL classification numbers: M21, G12, G30, E58, E62

In the context of the fourth technological revolution, online insurance has become a new trend of providing insurance products around the world. In Vietnam, some insurance companies have innovatively applied new technologies in their business activities, including online insurance. However, the field of online insurance is still in slow development and there have not been studies to find out about the degree of customer acceptance of this service. Therefore, the research team conducted a survey on customers 'demand for online insurance and researched the factors affecting customers' intention and behavior for using online insurance services through the Unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT). The research team used structural equation modeling (SEM) to evaluate the relationship between the factors in the model. The research results show that risk perception, trust, social influence, and expected performance have an impact on customers' intention to use online insurance and the relationship between customers' intention and behavior for using online insurance.

Previous studies dealing with corporate governance mechanisms testified to the high significance that provided some new direction. The aim of the study was to participate in these directions by presenting empirical evidence relating to the relationship between the ownership structure and firm performance in developing countries like Jordan. To estimate data for the period 2009 to 2017 for a selection of 180 companies listed on the Amman Stock Exchange (ASE), we used management ownership, government ownership, family ownership, institutional ownership and block ownership to provide a comprehensive guide to the ownership structure of Jordanian companies, while we estimated the firm performance through Tobin’s Q (TQ) model. Furthermore, we employed an econometrics procedure such as crossectional dependency test, Panel unit root test (Levin-Lin-Chu (LL) test, Im-Pesaran, Madalla and Wu test and CIPS panel unit root test), Pedroni Cointegration test, System GMM and Pool Mean Group estimates. a balanced panel data method. The results of the four-panel unit root test show that the ownership structure mechanisms have stationary at the first difference, also the results of the Pedroni Cointegration test reveal that ownership structure mechanisms and firm performance have a long-run relationship. Likewise, Process GMM and PMG findings show that ownership structure processes have a significant effect on the performance of the firm estimated by (TQ). The results of this study indicate that empirical studies continue to find a perfect measurement of performance in order to achieve a real type of performance of the firm. The results of the current examination thus provide objective evidence to managers and stakeholders to assist them in their decision.

This paper investigates the relationship between the business of payment system and the performance of banking industry in Vietnam. Using data of 20 listed banks from 2009 to 2019, we find that the innovations in mobile payment have significant impact on bank performance, while the traditional types of payment show little evidence. We also argue that payment system in Vietnam does not contribute much to the stability of banks’ performance.
JEL classification: G01, G21, G28

In this study, the author has given different basis to build hypothesis and research models to find out the factors affecting the farmer's intention to follow organic agriculture. Firstly, this paper focuses on studying the relationship between attitudes, subjective norms and the ability to control over the intention of converting to organic farming. Secondly, the author studies the effects of comparative behavioral advantages, risk perception, and support policies from government on organic agricultural production. The main research subjects are factors affecting farmers' intention to produce organic agriculture. Hence, this research was conducted based on survey results among farmers. For the intention of adopting organic agriculture, the factor of comparative behavior advantage is considered as the strongest effect (β = 0.189) and the impact of other factors such as attitudes, subjective norms, the ability to control, personal standards, and the government' support policies is negligible. In particular, the study results show that there is no statistical evidences regarding risk perception has a direct and positive relationship with farmers' intention to produce organic agriculture among these farmers (β = 0.021, P-value> 0.05).
JEL: M21, G30

This study aims to assess the adoption of fair value accounting in Vietnam, and to forecast factors affecting the fair value (FV) application in Vietnamese listed companies. So, we used multivariate regression analysis to assess the impact of each factor on the application of fair value accounting in Vietnam, by implementing a survey of 203 accountants and directors of Vietnamese listed companies in the period from 2017 to 2019. The research results show that: for both small and medium sized enterprises and large enterprises, human resource factors have the strongest positive impact on FV application, followed by benefit factor. The factors of difficulties negatively affect this application. And, the active market factors have contradictory impacts between these two groups of enterprises. Our findings provide the significant perspectives of applying FV in Vietnamese companies, as well as different recommendations to Vietnamese policy makers in developing the legal accounting framework.
JEL classification: M41, Q56

There are several reasons through which financial statements are poorly prepared and reported in order to mislead the end-users. Also, the CEO’s claimed a high performance on their routine duties to achieve a targeted standard in their organisations. It may also be for them to maintain corporate goodwill in the eyes of the business community or to win the power of competitiveness, the craze to satisfy the greed of the company's insiders. The objective of this study is to examine the influence of CEO characteristics on the financial reporting quality of the Nigerian non-financial listed companies. The population of the study is the all non-financial listed companies in Nigeria from the year 2012 to 2017, which saved as the sample of the study. The data was collected using secondary sources from the DataStream, annual reports and account of the selected companies. The analysis was carried out using multiple regression after the necessary post estimations tests for the panel data analysis. The study recognised a negative insignificant relationship between CEO tenure and financial reporting quality, while the CEO ownership provides a positive significant relationship with financial reporting quality using accrual earnings management. The study employed the use of agency and creative accounting theories to justified the proposed hypothesis. The findings of the study highlighted the current contributions of the CEO’s towed the credibility of the Nigerian corporation’s financial reporting practices.

The current study aimed to explore the moderate effected of independence of the audit committee on the connection between board structure (i.e. size, independence and CEO duality) and real earnings management (REM) in listed companies in Jordan. The current study covered 910 firm-year observations of the industrial and service sector listed companies in the Amman Stock Exchange (ASE) from 2009 to 2018. Using the  Fixed Effect approach, the results of the data analysis show a negative and significant impact of board size and CEO duality on REM. There was, however, a significant positive correlation between board independence and REM. In general, the findings showed that the structure of the board is a determinant of REM. In the case of the moderate effect, found the audit committee independence have moderately affected the relationship between board structure and REM. In short, the findings of this study indicate that the moderate effect of audit committee independence weakens the effect of board size and CEO duality on the determination of REM while increasing the effectiveness of board independence to control of REM. Furthermore, the findings of the current study have significant implications for audit practitioners, policymakers, investors and regulators in their efforts to limit REM activities and increase the quality of Jordanian firms' financial reporting.

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of perception towards insurable risks on the general Takaful demand via risk-taking propensity among small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Malaysia. This study presented essential insights that would benefit Takaful operators in determining and enhancing general Takaful demand among SMEs. Studies have identified two major factors of risk behaviour that influence general insurance demand, which are the perception towards insurable risks (independent variable) and risk-taking propensity (moderator). This study presented theoretically significant information on the incorporation of perception towards insurable risks and risk-taking propensity to explain the general Takaful model. For this study, a total of 278 SMEs in Malaysia were sampled. All gathered data were analysed using AMOS for the testing of hypotheses. The results of structural equation modelling (SEM) revealed perception towards insurable risks as the key factor that drives the general Takaful confidence in decision making and risk-taking propensity as a moderator in the relationship between the perception towards insurable risks and general Takaful demand. Apart from providing a clearer overview of Takaful demand among SMEs in Malaysia, the obtained findings of this study also highlighted the significance of healthy and ethical behaviour in decision making in order to protect the organisational resources and accomplishments.

Along with the development of the economy, auditing also gradually expands the subjects of their specific interest. Previous traditional objects such as financial statements have not necessarily lost their role and position, but cannot meet all the expectations and concerns of managers and investors about the situation of the enterprise. Understanding the picture of determining the factors affecting audit fees such as finding a composite array helps to evaluate an aspect of prices and reasonable fees of auditing firms to gradually improve the audit system. math in Vietnam. And in the current period, when the audit fees are more inadequate, reflecting the inadequacies of the unfair competition, not ensuring the quality of the audit report, the research and research of it more than ever. should be very important. By using the following main research methods: Document analysis, systematic analysis, comparative comparison, survey survey method and data analysis method, to measure impacts of some factors on auditing fee, we find out the technical projects with a large scale and the legal environment has a strong impact on the strategy and policy of the audit service market more. 
Last but not least, Evaluating the impact on audit fees also contributes to helping businesses make long-term as well as short-term development strategies that are suitable for their businesses.
JEL: M1, M11, M21

Currently, FDI inflows in Vietnam has been increasing, during impacts from Covid 19 and China-US commerce war which facilitates opportunities for US and Chinese firms to enter Vietnam market to attract qualified labor sources at competitive salary.
From this fact, it is the time for us to consider to evaluate impacts from multi factors on Doing Business score (DB score) in the country.Authors use both qualitative, analytical and synthesis methods, combined with OLS regression method.  Research results show us that in a 4 factor model, Export and FDI registration and export have positive correlation with DB score, while CPI and Import have negative correlation with DB score. Next, we recognize that CPI and FDI registration have higher coefficient and impact on DB score.
Therefore, The authors propose recommendations for improving DB score in Vietnam from ex-import and FDI attracting policies. The model can be expanded and applied to other emerging markets.
JEL: E61, F21, M20

Dalat has recently marked a big change in its economics field, and it is said that such a significant breakthrough cannot be completely fulfilled if there is an ignorance of the role of female immigrants in Dalat. This paper mainly focuses on job changing of female immigrants in Dalat job market together with some other related factors resulting in such an issue. The diversity of genders can be considered not only in the presence in different working fields, working areas, working positions but also in various working movements of immigrants. The two surprising findings of this research can prove that 1/ there is a movement of male workers towards non-agriculturally- related jobs in some regions, whereas there is a domination of female immigrants in the agricultural sector in Dalat city; 2/ Many research papers have already found the important role of social capital regarding job changing, yet in this research paper a blurred vision of this culprit has been found compared with such other factors as motivation, purpose, education.... The figure of this paper has been extracted from the doctoral thesis of the researcher.

Estimating Beta CAPM is a basis for evaluating market risk in the banking sector in Vietnam economy, esp. During pre-low (L) inflation time 2011-2015 and post-L inflation period 2015-2020. The more the economy growing, the more important the role of risk management in commercial bank. Also, the more transparent of financial data, the better the capital flows in the banking and financial market.
This research paper aims to figure out in 7 big listed banks in Vietnam including Vietcombank (VCB), Vietinbank (CTG), Asia Commercial Bank (ACB), Sacombank (STB), Navibank (NVB) now become National Citizen Bank, Eximbank (EIB) and Saigon Hanoi Bank (SHB), how much and what is the Weighted Beta CAPM formula based on firm or bank market value during the period 2011-2020 with semiannual data.
The result will be a measurement which help us to calculate macro effects on market risk in banking industry. Research findings show us that during post-low inflation time, weighted beta CAPM tends to increase higher, so bank system need to prepare to manage risk better.
Last but not least, Our recommendation can be used for reference in many other developing markets.
JEL classification numbers: M21, M1, G12, G30

After a series of disasters, including major floods, landslides, and hurricanes, Malaysia was affected by multiple damages and losses. Moreover, with the proclamation of the Movement Control Order (MCO) by the government, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to widespread economic disruption across the country. By this year, Malaysia's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is projected to contract between 0.1 per cent and 4.6 per cent. However, this projection may be negatively impacted due to the closures of short-term business, sales losses, and the downturn in revenue. In Malaysia, the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) amounted to 907,765, in which 693,679 (76.5%) comprised of microenterprises (MEs). After ceasing their operations, these MEs and businesses were prone to bankruptcy, in which MEs were severely affected by the MCO. Therefore, this article investigated the coverage of existing insurance schemes of business interruption losses, formulated the business protection schemes against business losses by observing the effects of COVID-19, and the requirements of takaful/insurance protection, particularly on MEs in Malaysia. Hence, this article focused on business interruption during a pandemic, which involved microbusiness interruption scheme for MEs in Malaysia.

 

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the mediating effect of audit fees as an indicator of audit quality on the board components, the directors' remunerations, and the financial reporting quality in the Jordanian context. This study used Panel Data of 180 listed firms in Amman Stock Exchange from 2009 to 2017. The collected data were analyzed using the multiple regression analysis and Causal Steps Method. The results showed that the larger size of the board and independent directors on the board have a negative and significant influence on FRQ, whereas the board expertise and directors’ remuneration have a significantly positive impact on FRQ, as supported by the Agency Theory. Regarding the audit quality, the results revealed that the board size, the board independence and the directors’ remunerations have a positive and significant effect on the audit fees as an indicator of the audit quality. In contrast, the board expertise has significantly negative impact on the audit fees, and the audit quality has a partial mediating effect on the relationship of board components with FRQ. The findings are particularly important for the shareholders and regulators in introducing new legislations regarding the board composition and audit profession, increasing the monitoring role of the independent directors and large boards on the managerial performance when preparing the financial reports and highlighting the interaction between the board effectiveness and audit quality in restricting the EM practices and ensuring FRQ in one of the developing countries (Jordan). It is shown that the factors affecting FRQ can definitely enhance their ability through the interaction with the external factors to achieve the role of board of directors in in reducing the financial fraudulent.
Originality/value – To the best knowledge of the authors, the current study is one of the first studies that addresses the directors’ remuneration and the mediating effect of the audit fees in the relationship between the board components and FRQ in Jordan and the Middle East.

Weak financial planning is often the root cause of individual financial stress in Malaysia. However, this phenomenological study has discovered another major rationale. This paper attempts to explain the causes of financial stress among individuals who are almost bankrupt in Malaysia through a phenomenological approach. Three participants were involved in the observation and in-depth interviews. The classification of phenomenological data in the form of specific themes is analysed through continuous comparison methods. This study found that inaccurate tasawur or consumerism pattern had greater influence on individual financial stress than poor financial planning. The inaccurate consumerism tasawur has generated a mystical element of financial stress which is rarely discussed. These findings established the need to re-evaluate the aspects of sustainable lifestyle culture in Malaysia, and it is worth investigating.

Al-Quran is a holy book revealed to the Moslems as a guidance.  The revelation  is very comprehensive, covering all aspects of life. As such, it is no wonder that to date, it has attracted a lot of interests from  scholars who  have tirelessly  been analyzing the contents of the book to gain better understanding of it.  One discipline that has widely been  investigated is communication, specifically non verbal.  This article is written based on a qualitative study undertaken to understand one component of non verbal communication, that is, kinesics.  The study was conducted using content analysis method whereby verses in the Quran were analysed to examine the use of kinesics as a form of communication.  The findings revealed that in al Quran, kinesics can generally be categorized into four namely 1) arm movements 2) head movements 3) leg movements, and 4) body postures including sitting down, lying down, bowing, and prostration.  The study has proven the presence of kinesics as a form of non verbal communication as clearly explicated in Al-Quran.

This study attempts to examine the level of intention for financial reporting fraud; and, to determine whether personal characteristics act as determinants of such intention among Muslim participants in the financial reporting process at Malaysian banking institutions.
Design/methodology/approach – Using questionnaire, the data was obtained based on non-probability purposive sampling from 121 Muslim accounting practitioners who are the participants in the financial reporting process of Malaysian banking institutions. The data is analysed using SPSS.
Findings – The findings indicate a low intention for financial reporting fraud. Only bank type and working experience in the present banking institutions are significant in determining the intention for financial reporting fraud.
Research limitations/implications – The study adds to the scant literature investigating personal characteristics influencing intentions for financial reporting fraud in the banking sector. The findings give insights to the banks’ stakeholders on the personal characteristics that may determine the intention for financial reporting fraud among the actual participants in the financial reporting process within Malaysian banking institutions. However, the use of scenario in this study may lead to the issue of social desirability bias, while the use of purposive sampling technique may limits the generalizability of its results.
Originality/value - This study examined personal characteristics of the actual participants or preparers in the financial reporting process within Malaysian banking institutions as determinants towards intention for financial reporting fraud. This study enhances the value of financial reports prepared and the trustworthiness of Muslim preparers in performing their professional duties to fulfil the financial reporting process.

Nigeria’s fight to enhance investors’ confidence in the environment where pervasive corruption and weak contract enforcement has led the country into instituting general and sector-specific laws to improve business transparency, accountability and unethical earnings manipulations. The 2003 Code of Corporate Governance was amongst the first attempt to induce good governance behaviour but with little progress as the country was embroiled with unethical accounting scandals involving major international companies. The revised 2011 Code of Corporate Governance shifted the full accountability responsibility to boards of directors with an increased role for the audit committee to assist directors in scrutinising financial statements.  This paper examined the enhanced roles of the board of directors and the audit committee in curbing unethical earnings manipulations and enhancing the financial reporting quality.  Findings suggest that the role of the board of directors has not restrained companies from engaging in earnings management although the audit committee size has contributed towards enhancing the financial reporting quality. Nigeria has adopted a rule-based approach to implementing its corporate governance and it has not been successful to induce good corporate behaviour in the absence of good check and balance mechanisms in place. The human governance perspective envisages that the true essence of good governance could be achieved by placing importance on people instead of structures. It is timely that the Nigerian authorities consider this self-regulation perspective as a way forward to promote good governance and eventually, overcome all unethical practices by the corporate managers.

This paper aims to find out factors affecting decision making to join in community tourism via qualitative (analysis, synthesis) and quantitative methods. The Northwest of Vietnam is regarded as a region with sufficient and favorable conditions to develop community tourism. Accordingly, determining what factors affect the decisions of local people to participate in community tourism is of great significance in developing tourism and raising the competitiveness of tourism destinations in this region. On the basis of the collected primary and secondary data, the research paper has identified 4 factors affecting the decisions of local people to participate in community tourism, including: (1) Personal factors, (2) Attractiveness and images of tourism destinations in the Northwest, (3) Supports and investments from the State, local authorities, organization and enterprises in the Northwest, (4) Effects from people around; then proposed solutions to attract local people to participate in community tourism and develop this form of tourism sustainably in the Northwest of Vietnam in the coming time. For instance, we need to exploit the beauty of natural scenes of Nowthwestern mountains, forest and lakes with local attributes to reform a better community tourism in this region.

Vietnam experienced the year 2015 with low CPI as of 0.6%.  It is the time to suggest solutions to improve bank management and leadership in the country in a changing macro economic context. This paper evaluate bank risks in famous risk model under impacts of both macro internal and external variables during 2 special periods: pre-Low (L) inflation time 2011-2015and post-L time 2015-2020 in the country. Therefore, in our paper, we aims to measure and evaluate how much effects in the market risk of one of big listed Vietnam commercial bank, Asia Commercial Bank (ACB) during the 2 special periods with semiannual data. We use synthesis statistics methods, and dialectical materialism method, combined with econometric model with 9 macro variables, and figure out that lending rate and risk free rate has positive impacts with bank risk. It implies that increase in lending rate, together with decrease in Rf will increase market risk.
Then, we will suggest recommendations for improving bank management capabilities and relevant government agencies. Our recommendation can be used for reference in many other developing markets.
JEL classification numbers: M21, G12, G30, E58, E62

The purpose of this study is to find out whether the Leadership Style and Organizational
Influence on Employee Performance with The Work Environment As Intervening Variables. The
samples used in this study amounted to 47 employees of PT. Bank Sumut Binjai Branch. The data
was obtained by distributing questionnaires about Leadership Style, Organizational Change,
Employee Performance and Work Environment by distributing to 47 employees who had been
respondents. Data analasis using Path Analysis (A combined model between multiple regression
and intervening models). The results showed a direct influence of Leadership Style (X1) affecting
Employee Performance (Y) by 0.337 or 34%. Organizational Change (X2) affects Employee
Performance (Y) by 0.467 or 47%. Leadership Style (X1) affects the Work Environment (Z) by
0.289 or 29%. Organizational Change (X2) affects the Work Environment (Z) by 0.331 or 33%.
Employee Performance (Y) affects the Work Environment (Z) by 0.454 or 45%. This research also
showed the indirect influence of Leadership Style on Employee Performance Through Work
Environment by 0.152 or by 15%. And the indirect influence of Organizational Changes on
Employee Performance through the Work Environment is 0.212 or 21%.

China's unilateral claim through the nine-dash line map covered part of the Indonesian
Exclusive Economic Zone in the North Natuna Sea. This research endeavored to explain
Indonesian Defense Diplomacy Strategy in resolving the claim peacefully, by avoiding open
military confrontation adhering to the principles of international maritime law UNCLOS 1982.
The cooperation between the two countries is much broader and takes into account Indonesia's
national interests. Therefore, the researchers offered an approach to avoid conflict through a
defense diplomacy strategy that chose to cool down the tensions between the two countries. It was
called as cool defense diplomacy.

Effective and efficient oral hygiene practices are essential tools for achieving good oral health. Even though the value of good oral hygiene practices has increased over the years, many studies state that poor oral hygiene levels is still highly prevalent. Preventive strategies, both at individual and population level will help to reduce the negative impact of oral hygiene on oral and general health. The aim of this study is to evaluate the association between age and oral hygiene among outpatients who reported to a private dental college and hospital. It is a university setting study. About 7987 adult patients who reported to the dental college were included in the study. The data of the oral hygiene index simplified (OHIS) of these patients were collected from patient records. The data was entered in excel and imported to SPSS software for statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square test was used for analyzing the data. From the results, it was observed that as age increased OHIS score also increased. OHIS score of good was prevalent in 38.2% of the study population, fair OHIS score in 56.4% and poor OHIS score in 5.4% of the outpatients. Fair OHIS(56.4%) score was the most prevalent among the study population. Age wise comparison of OHIS score revealed that  fair  and poor  OHIS scores was most prevalent among outpatients above 55 years old and this was found to be statistically significant. This study concludes that poor OHIS scores was more prevalent among study participants above 55 years when compared to other age groups.

The aim of this study is to radiographically evaluate the permanent canine development based on nollas stage of tooth development in 6 to 8 year old male children. A total of about 400 orthopantamograhic (OPG) images were collected from the  database record of the dental institution between June 2019-March 2020. Of these 51 OPGs were selected based on the age group between 6-8 years old male children. Dental age of developing permanent canine was calculated based on the nollas method. After data collection statistical analysis was  done in SPSS software. Among the study population 47.1% were 8 years old, 45.10% were 7 years old and 7.84% were 6 years old. Considering the distribution of teeth assessed 31.37% were 13, 31.37% were 43, 21.57% were 33 and 15.69% were 23. Within the limitations of the study it was concluded that, majority of the canine teeth assessed among 6 to 8 years old children had canine almost completed (Stage 5) or crown completed (Stage 6) according to Nollas stage of tooth development. All the children in the age group of 6 years had 2/3rd crown completed in canine (Stage 4). Majority of the children in the age group of 7 years and 8 years had ‘crown almost completed’ (Stage 5).

Denture stomatitis is an inflammatory condition affecting denture wearers. It can occur mostly due to Candida infection or mechanical irritation from denture or allergic reaction to any of the material used for fabricating denture.  Denture stomatitis is considered a multifactorial disease as it can occur due to occlusal disharmony and ill fitting dentures, blockage of mucous glands, candida albicans. Various treatment and preventive measures are based on etiology of denture stomatitis. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of type of denture stomatitis and its association with age, gender and type of treatment given. A retrospective study was done from 1 June 2019 till 1 March 2020. Data was reviewed  from the patients records and analysed the data of 86,000 patients between June 2019 and March 2020 that were documented in a private institution. Statistical analysis was performed to assess the association between denture stomatitis with age, gender and type of treatment given. Prevalence of Type I denture stomatitis was 35.19%, Type II denture stomatitis was 44.44%, Type III denture stomatitis was 20.37%. The association between age group and type of denture stomatitis showed that there was no significant relation between age and type of denture stomatitis. Association between type of denture stomatitis and gender was statistically significant (p<0.05). The association between the type of denture stomatitis and treatment given was not significant. Type II denture stomatitis is the most common type of denture stomatitis and occurs mostly between age groups 41 to 59 years with females having higher prevalence compared to males. Most common treatment suggested was denture correction. To reduce the risk of denture stomatitis, dentists should take a step to educate the patients how to use dentures and risk associated with not maintaining well and how to prevent it.

Oral mucosal lesions act as a protective barrier against various harmful external agents. A wide variety of lesions and conditions either harmless or with serious complications may attack oral mucosa. Therefore, proper identification and treatment of these lesions play an important role in total oral health. It is a retrospective study. A total of 41439 patient records between January 2019 and December 2019 were evaluated in this study. Data such as age, gender, types of oral mucosal lesions were retrieved from the patient records of the private dental institution, Chennai. The data are then tabulated in Microsoft Excel and subsequently transferred to SPSS software for statistical analysis. Chi square test was done and the association between age and gender with types of oral mucosal lesions were found to be statistically significant. The incidence of oral mucosal lesions was 3.79 per 1000 per year. Overall, leukoplakia (27%) had the maximum predilection followed by smoker’s palate (23%). Patients in the age group of 41 to 50 years were having the highest predilection for oral mucosal lesions (27.7%). Out of the 5 categories of oral mucosal lesions, potentially malignant disorders (60%) were highly prevalent in our study. This can be attributed to the increase in various adverse habits such as smoking, chewing tobacco, tobacco products and many more. More awareness about tobacco and its harmful effects must be promoted in order to prevent the rising numbers in potentially malignant disorders and oral cancer.

The aim of this study was to assess the choice of appliance system in adult patients namely those over 30 years of age with different malocclusions. There is an array of various orthodontic appliances used for the correction of different malocclusion in orthodontics. The appliances required for a particular type of malocclusion may not be well suited for another type of malocclusion. Orthodontic treatments are generally considered to cause discomfort to the patient and are time-consuming.  Hence, the selection of the orthodontic appliance has a paramount role in the treatment of malocclusion. This was an University based cross sectional study conducted on male and female patients ranging from 30 to 50 years of age who reported for orthodontic treatment. The type of malocclusion, and the type of appliance used to correct the malocclusion present were assessed. The data was collected and tabulated in excel sheet, and exported to SPSS software for statistical analysis. The most common type of malocclusion in patients over 30 years of age who had reported for orthodontic treatment was class I malocclusion (81.43%), followed by class II malocclusion (17.14%)  and the least number of patients had class III malocclusion (1.43% ). Among these patients, fixed appliances were the most commonly used treatment modality (95.7 %). There was a statistically significant difference in the prevalence of malocclusion in patients over 30 years of age with Class I malocclusion being the most prevalent (p=0.000). There was no statistical significance between the different types of appliances used for the correction of class I and class II malocclusion (p= 0.687). Among fixed appliance metal brackets were the most commonly used compared to ceramic and lingual brackets (p=0.000).

Tooth loss is a negative public health outcome that substantially affects not only the general and oral health status of people, but also their quality of life. Diabetes mellitus is one of the most widespread epidemics experienced worldwide; hence the aim of this study is to find the association of tooth loss in chronic periodontitis patients with and without diabetes mellitus. This cross sectional study consisted of a sample size of 547 patients of which 270 were diabetic patients and 277 were non diabetic patients and were distributed into two groups. After collection of data, it was tabulated with parameters such as name of the patient, age, gender, systemic condition, type of periodontal disease and tooth loss. The cast sheets of patients were obtained from the patient management software. The data of each patient was obtained and tabulated. The most common missing teeth were found to be upper anteriors and it had a higher prevalence of tooth loss in the non-diabetic group (26.82%) than in the diabetic group (18.43%). Association between tooth loss and systemic conditions was done using Chi square test p value- 0.008 and was found to be statistically significant. Tooth loss was higher in the age group of 61-70 years for the diabetic group and in the age group of 50-60 years for the non-diabetic group. The association between diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease is a well known fact. Therefore oral health education programs should be promoted in patients, which aids in early diagnosis and prevention of severe periodontal diseases.

Periodontal health and dental restoration are inseparably interrelated. The margin adaptation, the proximal relationship, the contours of restoration and the smoothness of restoration surface have a major biological impact on the gingiva and supporting periodontal structures. Cervical placed restorative margins usually have a detrimental effect of periodontal health. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the periodontal health adjacent to class V restoration. The retrospective study was conducted using the case records of patients in a private dental institution between June 2019 to March 2020. A total of 942 patients (159 females and 783 males) with class V restorations were recruited.  Data regarding the periodontal status of the patients  were collected from their records. Descriptive and inferential statistics were done using SPSS software. The present study showed 95.1% of teeth demonstrated pocket depth of 1-3 mm and 4.9% had pocket depth of 4mm or more. 65.7% of teeth presented with clinical attachment loss and prevalence was more males (67%) compared to females (59.1%). 84.5% of teeth were observed to have bleeding on probing and prevalence was more in males (85.8%) compared to females (78%). Statistically significant association was found between clinical attachment loss and class V restoration and also between bleeding on probing and class V restoration. Within the limitation of this study, it can be concluded that most teeth with class V restoration presented with clinical attachment loss (65.7%) and bleeding on probing (84.5%). Also, males showed higher prevalence of clinical attachment loss and bleeding on probing when compared to females.

Procedure for open method extraction, initially starts with giving local anaesthesia injection and followed by incisions and flap design. Sutures are defined as stitches or series of stitches made to secure apposition of the edges of a surgical or traumatic wound. It is also defined as any strand or material utilized to ligate blood vessels or approximate tissues. To determine the presences of sutures in open method extraction The purpose of the study was to assess the sutures in open method extraction (post operatively). A study was carried out by collecting data by reviewing patients data and analysing the data of 86000 patients between June 2019 and March 2020 at the private dental institute. The sample size that was taken is 292 patients who came to the private dental institute for consultation. The case sheets of those patients were reviewed for presence or absence of sutures post operative to open method extraction. Data was statistically analysed using SPSS 2.0, Chi-Square Test was conducted. Result was recorded. Majority of the dental students used suturing as the wound closure for post operative open method extraction procedure. Within the limitation of the study, male patients were predominant and suture was present in majority cases of post open method extraction. And the most common site which underwent open method extraction was tooth number 48 and 38 ( lower third molars). 

Antibiotics are important in the management and prophylaxis of infection in patients at risk experiencing microbial disease.Overuse and inappropriate use of antibiotics is closely related to an increase in bacterial resistance.The aim of this present study is to assess the knowledge, attitude,practice of interns who are studying in Saveetha Dental College regarding prophylactic use of antibiotics.A cross sectional study was carried in April 2020 among interns of Saveetha Dental College and Hospital,Chennai.A questionnaire  based study .A questionnaire consisting of 15 questions on knowledge ,attitude and practice regarding prophylactic use of antibiotics were formulated and distributed among interns through Google forms.The responses were obtained and entered in Excel sheet.A chi square test were done between gender and knowledge,gender and attitude and gender and practice using SPSS software.The independent variables were age and gender while dependent variables were knowledge,attitude and practice of prophylactic use of antibiotics.The results showed that about 52.89% of interns had fair knowledge, 51.92% had negative attitude,44.23% had good practice towards prophylactic use of antibiotics The present study concludes that interns possessed fair knowledge but a negative attitude and moderate  practice on prophylactic use of antibiotics.

Transalveolar extraction is a method employed when normal forceps extraction is not possible due to various difficulties which included tooth fracture during normal extractions. Though this technique is employed in clinical practice, it can lead to several complications after surgery. Hence, the objective of this study was to evaluate the incidence of transalveolar extractions of upper first molar. A retrospective study was conducted. Data collection was done through reviewing records of 86000 patients visiting a hospital in Chennai from June(2019) to March(2020). A total of 1453 patients who had undergone extraction of upper first molar were evaluated. Data such as age, gender, type of extraction and tooth number were evaluated. Both frequency and Chi-square tests were done through IBM SPSS statistical analysis. Prevalence of transalveolar extractions in the upper first molar was 1.5% in the study population. Among the individuals who had undergone transalveolar extraction, 59.09% were males and 40.91% were females. About 59.09% of the transalveolar extractions occurred in the age group of 20-40. Within the limits of this study, the incidence of transalveolar extraction was 1.5% of the upper first molar and more prevalent among the 20-40 age group.

Composite resins are currently the most popular of all tooth coloured restorative materials, which completely replaced silicate cement and acrylic resin as esthetic restorative materials. Aesthetically pleasing restorations are much desirable in current day dentistry and efforts have been made to develop a restorative material to suit  the patient's desired needs. The present study by means of a close ended questionnaire evaluates the knowledge, attitude and practice of the endodontists, general dentists, postgraduates and undergraduates towards successful restoration of composite. An online survey form, close ended questionnaires was distributed randomly among 150 respondents. Questions related to 5 knowledge, 5 attitude and 5 practice were presented. All the data was compiled and tabulated in Microsoft Excel and exported to IBM SPSS 20 software and data was represented through chi square tests performed for the comparison between Endodontists, General dental practitioners, Postgraduates and undergraduates. Results were obtained and depicted as graphs which showed the knowledge score as 53.16%, attitude score as 63.82% and practice score as 62.4%. Participants were of mean age groups of 31-40 years of age. More Continuing Dental Education Programmes(CDE),seminars and other educational programmes are required to strengthen the deficit in knowledge and improve treatment planning skills among postgraduate students of Endodontics. Within the limitations of the study, it shows that knowledge with regard to successful composite restoration is moderate, compared to attitude and practice among respondents. It is recommended there is a need for continued professional education and clinical training of the dentists towards all aspects related to composite restorations in order to achieve desired results and esthetics within a stipulated time.

Physicians and dental practitioners play an important role in smoking cessation since many patients attempt to quit smoking by frequent visits and following physician's advice . Although many dentists express a positive attitude to educate smoking cessation among patients, few relatively assist smokers to quit. It is important for the dentists to know about smoking cessation and its significance in changing behaviour of smokers.The aim of this study is to find out the knowledge, attitude and practice among interns regarding tobacco cessation and counselling techniques.This cross sectional study is done in form of an online survey comprising 15 questions regarding knowledge, attitude and practice regarding tobacco succession. The survey was distributed to 110 interns of private dental college only after their consent. Responses were recorded in Google forms with inclusion of one week scheduling. 90% of response rate was observed.Knowledge (63%), attitude (70%) ,practise (30%) among interns were observed. Overall knowledge and attitude among interns regarding tobacco cessation was found to be fair. Within the limitations of current study, knowledge attitude and practice regarding tobacco cessation was fair overall among interns of private dental college

Anchorage control plays a vital role in the effective management of orthodontic treatment for obtaining both structural and facial esthetics. Anchorage can be augmented by various methods. Anchorage support can be derived from the teeth or bone and is called dental anchorage or skeletal anchorage respectively. The aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence of use of skeletal anchorage and dental anchorage during space closure in all extraction cases and also to study the association between the type of anchorage used and the nature of treatment results required for the patient. This was a retrospective cross-sectional study conducted in the Department of Orthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai.  320 records of patients who underwent orthodontic treatment with extraction were extracted and divided into two groups based on the type of intraoral anchorage used - dental anchorage and skeletal anchorage. The samples were also divided based on the type of treatment results required for the patients, that is, pure dentoalveolar change and dentoalveolar change along with skeletal change. 28.75% patients were treated using skeletal anchorage and 71.25% patients were treated using dental anchorage. 72.19% of the selected sample required pure dentoalveolar changes whereas 27.81% of the sample required both skeletal and dentoalveolar changes. P- value of less than 0.001 was obtained as result of chi-square test indicating that there was a significant association between the type of anticipated results and the type of anchorage used. The use of conventional dental anchorage for space closure is more prevalent than skeletal anchorage. Skeletal anchorage was commonly used for patients who required both skeletal and dentoalveolar changes.

Any occlusal force which goes beyond the adaptive capacity of our periodontium causes injury to periodontal structure, and the resultant trauma is called trauma from occlusion (TFO). Several views have been interpreted as trauma from occlusion as an etiological factor or cofactor for occurrence of periodontal status. The aim of the present study was to assess the association between trauma from occlusion and mandibular anterior teeth. This retrospective study  was conducted in a private institution in Chennai using the patient records from June 2019 to March 2020. A total of 100 patients were randomly selected and were categorized into two groups; Group 1 (n=50): patients with TFO and Group 2 (n=50): patients without TFO. Data regarding the presence or absence of clinical attachment loss and mobility of mandibular anterior teeth was collected from the record and analysed. Descriptive and inferential statistics were done using SPSS software, Version 23. In the present study, majority of the patients with trauma from occlusion presented with clinical attachment loss (43%) and mobility in mandibular anterior teeth (38%). Also, there was a statistically significant association between trauma from occlusion and periodontal disease in mandibular anterior teeth. (p=0.000)

Suture materials play a very important role in healing and enabling reconstruction and reassembly of tissue separated by the surgical procedure or trauma. Suture materials are used daily in oral surgery, and are considered to be substances most commonly implanted in the human body. Silk has been used as biomedical suture material for centuries and it provides important clinical repair options for many applications but the disadvantage is the biocompatibility problems .In the present day, Vicryl suture material is the most commonly used material in oral surgery, as it proves to be more biocompatible and plaque accumulation is reduced . Evaluation of 685 patients undergoing third molar extractions and evaluate the type of suture material given and compare between the different suture materials and their efficacy . Excel tabulation was done and SPSS results were derived .The study was able to evaluate and notice that Silk suture material was the most commonly given suture material and based it was also seen that the plaque accumulation was more in patients given silk sutures while Vicryl sutures was used the most post extraction of 18,28.From the present study we were able to conclude that Silk was the commonly used suture Material and the incidence of surgical site infection were greater in these patients . Of the 63 patients that were given Vicryl Sutures , there was no Surgical Site Infection (SSI) observed in any of the patients , this is attributed to the Antibacterial properties of Vicryl sutures that helps in avoiding surgical site infections ,

The occurrence of aberrant anatomy is one of the causes of endodontic failures when they are not detected accurately. Hence understanding these anomalies is highly important for a dental practitioner. The present retrospective study was conducted to analyse the incidence of a single fused canal in mandibular second molars and its association with gender . Data was obtained from the database of the institute and the preoperative and obturation radiographs were evaluated. The details were entered in an excel sheet and a descriptive statistical analysis and a chi square test  by SPSS. The results of the present study showed a 1.6% chance of occurance of a single fused root with a single canal in a mandibular second molar with a higher predilection for females. These results are statistically significant with a p value of 0.012. From a clinical point of application, a complete examination from multiple angled radiographs and three dimensional assessment must be conducted when an unusual anatomic form is encountered. This will reveal accurate details and will help in preventing iatrogenic errors which often lead to the failure of endodontic treatment. 

This investigation aimed to study and evaluate the correlation between the Sagittal Skeletal Relationship and the Lower Anterior Facial Height. A single-center data collection was done. 490 Lateral Cepahalograms were collected and traced. Only adult patients with average were considered for the study. 31 cephalograms were included. Beta angle measurement was used to divide the cephalograms into 3 groups. The lower anterior facial height measurement was made for each cephalogram. The Data was tabulated into an MS Excel spreadsheet. One Way ANOVA analysis was performed to study the correlation between the groups. The average Lower anterior facial height for all the groups 68.47  11.3 mm. The significance derived from the ANOVA test is 0.762. No statistically significant correlation between the Sagittal Skeletal Relationship and Lower Anterior Facial Height in the south Indian population

Facial vertical growth pattern plays an important role in achieving facial balance as well as response to orthodontic treatment. Variation in growth pattern ,function of soft tissue and jaw musculature has an impact on dentoalveolar tissues thus influencing the pattern of malocclusion.  The present study aims to identify the vertical growth patterns and its association with different malocclusion. A retrospective study was conducted using the case records of patients in a private University hospital between June 2019 to March 2020. The sample size consisted of a total of 225 patients  based on malocclusion (class I -75 , class II - 75, Class III  -75) whose data on age, gender, skeletal growth pattern  were recorded.  Frequency distribution and chi-square tests were applied for statistical analysis in SPSS 20.0. The study results showed that there is a statistically significant association between type of malocclusion and vertical growth pattern (p=0.026) vertical growth pattern was common in  class II malocclusion. Also there was no statistically significant difference between vertical growth pattern and age (p= 0.524), gender (p=0.178).Hence it can be concluded that vertical growth pattern is not associated with age, gender but in subjects with class II malocclusion vertical growth pattern is more common than in other malocclusions.

One of the most common etiologic factors of periodontitis is malocclusion. Malocclusion as an etiologic factor to periodontitis is due to certain morphological traits of malocclusion which impede and prevent oral hygiene and self cleaning, which then leads to increased bacterial dental plaque accumulation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the need for orthodontic treatment among adults suffering from chronic periodontitis. This study included adults, both males and females who reported to Saveetha Dental College between June 2019 to March 2020. Inclusion criteria included adult patients between 18 to 40 years with chronic periodontitis. Patients outside  the age range were excluded from the study. Around 86000 patient records were reviewed and analysed for the inclusion criteria and the following parameters were extracted; (i) patients’ gender, (ii) patient’s diet and (iii) presence of habits and (iv) orthodontic treatment need. Need for orthodontic treatment was measured using Dental Health Components of Orthodontic Treatment Need (DCH-IOTN). Data was recorded in Microsoft Office Excel (2013) and analysed using SPSS Software Version 26.0. Chi-square test was done to find out the association in need for orthodontic treatment between variables such as patient’s gender, diet and presence of habits. Significant level test was set at p<0.05. A total of 149 patients presented with chronic periodontitis and 63.4% of these patients needed orthodontic treatment (37.9% with need for orthodontic treatment and 25.5% with borderline need). 65.9% females and 62.4% males needed treatment. 96.1% of patients who presented with habits need orthodontic treatment. No statistically significant association was observed in gender and diet (p>0.05). Statistically significant association was found between patients with and without habits (p<0.05). Within the limits of this study, it was observed that the majority of patients with chronic periodontitis needed orthodontic treatment and treatment need was more common in females. Majority of patients with habits needed orthodontic treatment.

Nasolabial angle is a key indicator of facial esthetics and plays an important role in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Nasolabial angle is formed between a tangent to the lower border of the nose and a line joining the subnasale with the labial portion of the upper lip. Normal range of the nasolabial angle  is  90 to 110 degrees.The aim of this study was  to evaluate the gender association of various forms of nasolabial angle in patients with the maxillary incisor proclination. A total of six hundred and thirty five patients between  the age group of 18 to 30 years were taken into study. Their cases reports were reviewed and retrieved from dental records  and the data related to the correlation of nasolabial angle with the proclination of maxillary incisor were retrieved and tabulated. The correlation of nasolabial angle with age and gender distribution of patients with proclination of maxillary incisor was found using chi square test analysis in which P value was < 0.05 and this study is statistically significant.It is thus , important to record the soft tissue details and utilize them during diagnosis and treatment planning  ,so that both functional and esthetic harmony could be obtained.

The success of vital pulp therapy techniques is considerably dependent on the technique employed,the inflammatory status of the pulp tissue,the type of pulp therapy agent used and period of observation. The commonly used agents are calcium hydroxide ,Resin modified glass ionomer cement and mineral trioxide aggregate. The permanent restoration following the pulp capping plays a very crucial role in the success of the treatment. The commonly used restorations are composites,amalgam and bilayered restoration.The aim of this study was to assess the type of base materials in pulp capping and its influence on permanent restoration.A cross sectional study done at Saveetha Dental College with the sample size of 69 was analysed. The factors like age ,gender,base material ,type of teeth and permanent restoration were assessed. The P value of less than 0.05 was considered to be significant.Result of type of base material showed,Calcium hydroxide >Calcium hydroxide +Resin modified glass ionomer cement >Bio aggregate material and the permanent restoration showed Composite >Bilayered restoration > Amalgam.The statistical analysis showed the p value =0.338( >0.05) ,which implies that there is no significant association between the type of base material with the type of permanent restoration.The current study showed that calcium hydroxide and composite restoration were the preferred options of base material and permanent restoration respectively.But with recent advances it has been proved that Bioaggregate material has better properties than calcium hydroxide ,which is no longer a gold standard material.

As a normal situation of disease can take over a pandemic role and affect the population around the world,it's necessary for all the doctors and front line officers to be ready to act in case of any emergency at any time. This survey aims to assess the knowledge and attitude of interns,  towards handling a pandemic situation without fear and hesitation. This online questionnaire survey containing 15 items were  used among 100 interns of a private dental college in chennai. The responses obtained  were collected and tabulated in excel and then exported to SPSS, chi square test was used to check the association between gender and knowledge , knowledge and attitude. 13.0% of females had good knowledge when compared to males (4.0%)  and  32.0% males had positive attitudes, when compared to 21% females. It can be concluded that a positive attitude in nearly 50% of the study population with fair to poor knowledge, might not make them competent enough in being a part of the task force. Rigorous training and stringent protocols on infection control would prepare the target population for the new normal situation arising in the world

The aim of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the type of impression technique used by various dental students. A total of 98 data entries were taken, duplicate and missing entries were omitted. So a total of 63 entries were evaluated. The data was collected from patient records in Saveetha Dental College, over a period of one year. . The evaluation was based on the type of  impression technique used by various dental students. The results of the study were subjected to statistical analysis. Data analysis was done using SPSS software version 23.0.  Chi-square test and frequency evaluation was done to evaluate the most frequently used impression technique in FMR. It was found that more than 92% of dental students preferred to use double stage putty wash technique with a (P-value - .743) The present study concluded that most of the dental students preferred to use double stage putty wash impression technique for their dental treatment

Local anaesthesia are most commonly used drugs in dentistry. The required dose of local anaesthesia is based on factors like age, weight, systemic illness etc. Failure to administer the right amount may lead to adverse effects. Mandibular third molar is a common tooth to get impacted and due to which discomfort,pain and also caries in adjacent teeth occurs.Thus the aim of the study is to determine the amount of local anesthesia used in extraction of mandibular third molar. Evaluation of 634 patients reported to saveetha dental college for extraction of mandibular third molar. Data was collected from dental archiving software and the results were statistically analysed. From the results obtained, we can observe that impactions which use 0-2ml of local anaesthesia are mesioangular(28.01%), Distoangular impaction (8.79%), Horizontal impaction(21.01%), vertical impaction (6.35%), and impactions which use 3-5 ml are mesioangular(12.87%), Distoangular impaction (5.37%), Horizontal impaction(12.21%), vertical impaction (3.58%) and impactions which use 6-10 ml are mesioangular(1.30%), vertical impaction (0.33%) and the type of impaction which uses more amount of local anaesthesia was found to be mesioangular impaction but the results obtained are found to be statistically not significant(p>0.05). According to the age distribution, patients who use 0-2 ml of local anaesthesia belong to the age group of 17-25 years (23.78%), 26-35 years(28.50%), 36-45 years(8.41%), 45-65 years(3.75%) and patients who use 3-5ml of local anaesthesia  belong to the age group of 17-25 years (12.87%), 26-35 years(15.64%), 36-45 years(4.56%), 45-65 years(0.98%) and the patients of age group 17-25 years use maximum dose of local anaesthesia but the results obtained are statistically  insignificant (p>0.05). Within the limits of the study, we can conclude that mesioangular impaction is the common impaction that uses a maximum dose of 6-10 ml and age groups of 26-35 years use more LA upto 5ml and ages 17-25 years use a maximum of 6-10 ml.

Minimal intervention dentistry (MID) is a treatment philosophy that emphasizes the protection of existing tooth  structure. It has been incorporated  in dental curricula world wide in the management of dental caries. There is limited evidence that , whether the familiarity with MID principles inhibited  through the curriculum is translated into clinical decision making and practice. The study was conducted to assess the knowledge,attitude,practice of general dental practitioners towards MID, registered dental practitioners in chennai formed the sampling frame.  The data was analyzed using SPSS software and chi square tests  were done between knowledge and attitude scores, knowledge scores and gender . 44.4% had good knowledge and 37.9% had good attitudes towards MID.  General practitioners who had  5 to 10 years of clinical experience had 47.8% knowledge. Males had 39.1% good practice while females had 60.9% good practice . More of MID must be put into practice in the dental curriculum and implementing them during their clinical practice would ensure the proper knowledge and practice of dentists in future.

The vertical proportions of the face are significant in determining the esthetics and harmony of the face. Dental arch form is a reflection of underlying bone morphology, size and its shape. Correct identification of a patient's arch form is an important aspect to achieve a stable, functional and esthetic orthodontic treatment result. To evaluate the maxillary and mandibular dental arch forms in class II malocclusion. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using the patient records from a dental hospital from June 2019 until March 2020. Patients diagnosed with class II malocclusion were selected and evaluated for its association with dental arch form. Data was collected and then subjected to statistical analysis. Statistical analysis: Microsoft Excel 2016 data spreadsheet was used to collect data and later exported to the SPSS software. Among 308 individuals diagnosed with class II malocclusion, ovoid arch form was the most frequent dental arch form found in both maxillary and mandibular arches. Broad and narrow arch forms showed nearly equal distributions in both arches among males and females. Within the limitation of our study, ovoid arch form seems to be the most prevalent arch form in Class II malocclusions subjects

Abnormal oral habit could alter a normal growth of oro-facial structure and alo related to malocclusion which is caused by various reasons such as unusual repetitive behaviours in oral cavity To evaluate the prevalence of malocclusion and its association with deleterious oral habits in adults from 18-25 years old. The present cross-sectional study was undertaken to evaluate the prevalence of malocclusion and its association with deleterious oral habits in adults, from 18-25years old in south Indian population. Case sheets of 158 patients were evaluated for adverse oral habits and malocclusion. The collected information from the case sheet of the patients was entered in Microsoft Excel 2012.Descriptive statistics were expressed by means of frequency and percentage and Chi-square test was used to find the association between Independent variables (Age and Gender) and Deleterious Oral Habits. Level of statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Total sample size n=158,out of which patients with biting habits-52.91%,Tongue thrusting-25.58%,Mouth breathing-15.82%,Lip biting-8.86%,Thumb sucking-6.33%,biting and lip biting-3.80%,Tongue thrusting and lip biting-3.80%,Thumb sucking biting, Thumb sucking and  mouth breathing-0.63%. In conclusion, the majority of the study population had a biting habit and Angle’s class I malocclusion and also found  that there was no relationship between Malocclusion and deleterious oral habits among the study subjects enrolled in the present study. 

In the modern era where both parents are employed, there seems to be limited focus on the dietary habits and dental health of their children. Hence, the aim of this study was to assess the parental influence and family characteristics on the prevalence of dental caries among children who reported to the department of Orthodontics aged 10-17 years from Chennai. A cross-sectional epidemiological survey was carried out on 250  children aged 10 years to 17 years. The data was retrieved from the subjects records provided by the institution which consisted of information on their dental caries status. Structured questionnaires were given to parents to collect information regarding their socio-environmental and family characteristics. Student's t-test on metric parameters and Chi-square/Fisher for study parameters between two or more groups were used. It was observed that in  families where the average monthly income >10,000/-, decayed, missing, and filled teeth was proportionately lower. The socioeconomic status, which is primarily influenced by parental factors and family structure, have a definite role in dental needs of children from underprivileged backgrounds. Dental health programs should aim to reduce the gross inequalities in the oral health status of these children and their families.

A partially edentulous arches classification helps in identifying the teeth combinations, better communication and planning a good treatment. Kennedy’s classification will provide immediate prosthesis support recognition, visualization of risk, and design assessment that needed for a partial denture that will be fabricated. Therefore, this purpose of this study is to evaluate the partial edentulism of Kennedy’s Class I based on gender and arch. An institution based retrospective study was conducted among partial edentulism patients who visited Private Dental Hospital, Chennai. Data collection was  obtained by reviewing 86,000 patients records between June 2019 and March 2020. The study was done in 103 patients among gender and arch by doing clinical examination for evaluating the partial edentulism of Kennedy’s Class I. The data were collected and tabulated in excel sheets which were imported to SPSS version 20. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square test were used to determine the correlation between the variables. In this present study, out of 103 patients, partial edentulism of Kennedy’s Class I is more common in males(56%) than females and the most common arch was found to be mandibular arch (52%). This study result concludes that there is no association between the gender and arches for patients with Kennedy’s Class I partial edentulism (p>0.05).

Dental plaque is the community of microorganisms found on a tooth surface as a biofilm, embedded in a matrix of polymers of host and bacterial origin. If not removed regularly, the biofilm undergoes maturation and the resulting pathogenic bacterial complex can lead to dental caries, gingivitis and periodontitis. Dental plaque is seen in both genders and it depends on each individual’s oral hygiene maintenance, which prevents progression of disease such as gingivitis and periodontitis. The aim of the study is to evaluate the association of gender with the amount of plaque. Retrospective study was conducted using patient records of University hospital. Consecutive case sheets with plaque index records were retrieved. Data was entered in excel and coded, then imported to SPSS. Descriptive statistics and Peasron’s chi square association tests were done. The results were represented in the form of stacked bars.  In this study, it was observed that out of 1152 patients, 51% were males and 49% were females. In relation to distribution of plaque index interpretation, out of 1152 patients, 41.44% had good plaque index scores, 33.45% had fair plaque index scores and 25.11% had poor plaque index scores.Plaque index was good for males (22.59%) than females (18.85%). There was no statistically significant association found between gender and amount of plaque (Chi square test=5.266,p= 0.621). Amount of plaque accumulation is more in females with no association between gender and plaque index.

Gingivitis is defined as the inflammation of the soft tissues of the oral cavity, without the apical migration of the junctional epithelium. Periodontitis is an inflammatory condition which affects the soft tissues leading to the apical migration of the junctional epithelium. The aim of the study was to assess the gender based difference in the occurrence of periodontal diseases. A retrospective study was conducted using the case records of patients in a private institution between June 2019 to March 2020. A total of 4000 patients were recruited. The study participants were divided into 2 based on gender (Group 1 - 2000 males, Group 2 - 2000 females). Data regarding the periodontal status of the patients were collected from their records. Descriptive and inferential statistics were done using SPSS software. Prevalence of periodontitis was higher among males (31.08%) when compared to females (27.28%). Prevalence of gingivitis was higher in females (22.73%) when compared to males (18.93%). There was a statistically  significant association between the gender and periodontal disease (p<0.05). Also, the prevalence of periodontitis was higher among the age group of 56-65 years (19.38%) and gingivitis was higher among the age group of 15-25 years (19.85%). There was a statistically significant association between age and periodontal disease (p<0.05). The finding of the present study showed that prevalence of periodontitis was higher in males when compared to females.

Periodontal disease ranges from gingival inflammation to loss of teeth and supporting structures. The aim of this study was  to assess the periodontal health among individuals above the age of 45 years. This retrospective study was conducted using the case sheets of the patients in a private institution between June 2019 to March 2020. A total of 242 patients were randomly recruited. Data regarding the patient’s periodontal status were collected from the case records and analysed. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were done using SPSS software, Version 23. Among the 242 patients, 29 patients (11.96%) exhibited generalised chronic gingivitis, 32 patients (13.22%) exhibited clinically healthy gingiva and 181 patients (74.79%) exhibited generalised chronic periodontitis. Clinically healthy gingiva was highly prevalent(37.5%) among 45-54 year old patients. Generalised chronic periodontitis(27.1%) and generalised chronic gingivitis(31.0%) was highly prevalent among 65-74 year old patients. The association between age and periodontal status was statistically significant(p=0.016) Clinically healthy gingiva(75%), generalised chronic gingivitis(79.3%) and generalised chronic periodontitis(89.3%) were more prevalent among the males. The association between gender and the periodontal health was statistically not significant(p value=0.604).

Learning online is education taking place over the Internet. Among other words it's sometimes referred to as "e-learning. "Online learning, however, is only one form of "distance learning"-the paragliding term for any learning that takes place over distance and not in a typical classroom. e-Learning is defined as a learning system focused on formalised instruction but using online tools. Online teaching usually refers to classes that are conducted exclusively online , meaning physical or on-campus class sessions are not available. A thorough literature search was performed using the database  like Pubmed, google scholar, BioRxiv, MESH , Cochran database using the keywords ‘ online tools’ ,’ teaching’ and  ‘Learning’ with no date and year restrictions. The language is restricted to English. 15 articles with similar data have been found which were analysed and have been included in this study. Mind maps were done using Xmind, Diagrams were drawn using brushes redux app and tabular columns were made using Google documents application. The recent articles discussed in this study help us in gaining further knowledge about assessment of the widely used online tool for learning and teaching. In conclusion, Edmodo, Google classroom are more widely used online tools for learning and teaching because it connects teachers and students and is assimilated into a social network.

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. Poorly controlled DM has been associated with increased susceptibility to oral infections including periodontal diseases. It is well documented that one of the main causes of diabetes mellitus is that it leads to periodontal destruction which eventually leads to furcation exposure. This leads to poor prognosis of the affected tooth. Thus the aim of this study is to determine the most common furcation site involved in patients with diabetes. Completed case sheets were collected from June 2019 to April 2020. Data was retrieved and evaluated by 2 reviewers. This university setting study involved 700 sample sizes. Data is tabulated the parameters which are age groups, gender, RBS value and furcation grade. Ranges of RBS values are from 150mg/dl to >551mg/dl. A total of 700 patients case sheets were evaluated and their periodontal status was evaluated. 500 molars were affected (3rd molars exempted). It was found that among all the age groups the most number of participants were seen in 41-60 years (66%). Majority of the affected molars has a grade II furcation involvement (45%). 35.40% had grade I furcation involvement followed by 15.60% of affected teeth with grade III furcation involvement and finally 4% had grade IV furcation involvement. Amongst the teeth with grade I and grade III it was found that 16 was the mostly affected. For grade II furcation involvement it was seen that 46 was mostly affected. Association between grade I, II and III furcation and age groups was statistically insignificant. Finally, 37 was the most affected among the teeth with grade IV furcation involvement. Association between grade IV furcation and age groups was statistically significant (p value=0.006) Thus we can conclude that diabetes mellitus is associated with periodontal disease and in this study it is evident that it involves the furcation area of molars. Diabetic patients are more prone to severe periodontitis with multiple furcation involvement. 

The aim of this study is to evaluate defects in the impressions made for fixed partial denture prosthesis. For this, patient records of those who underwent replacement of missing teeth with fixed partial denture were collected. A total of 50 fixed partial denture impressions were evaluated. The data collection was done considering the following parameters - impression technique, number of prepared units, defect in the facial margin , defect or cut through finish lines, defect onto the axial wall, defect in material polymerisation, exposure of heavy body through wash material, retraction cord embedded in impression, air bubbles and voids, type of tray used, number of cords preferred. The collected data was tabulated in excel sheet. Statistical analysis was done in SPSS software. This study shows that 90% were double wash impressions, 10% were single wash impressions. About 36% showed defects on the facial margin, 62% showed defective cuts through the 360 degree flash, 38% defect on the axial wall, 38% showed air bubbles and voids. Majority of the impressions were made after packing  two cords. Within the limit of the present study it is concluded that double wash impression technique is the most preferred. The voids and bubbles were the majority of the defects that were present than any other defects.

The aim of the article is to evaluate the effect of trypsin and chymotrypsin (proteolytic enzyme ) on pain and swelling after the surgical removal of mandibular third molar. A prospective randomised clinical study was conducted among 30 patients requiring the surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molars. All the impacted molars were surgically removed and the patients were administered trypsin and chymotrypsin orally along with amoxicillin. The postoperative pain was assessed on 3rd and 7th consecutive days after extraction. 30 patients requiring the extraction of mandibular third molars were taken in this study.16 patients are male and 14 patients are females. There was the reduction in pain post operatively. The comparison was taken between 3rd and 7th postoperative days. Chymoral Forte can be used as a successful oral enzyme therapy for oral surgery patients, especially after the removal of impacted third molars.

Tooth whitening has become one of the most frequently requested dental procedures by the public and the public has come to demand more whiter teeth, and a perfect smile. These include home-based products such as toothpastes, gels, and in-office based highly concentrated bleaching agents are applied under professional supervision. The profession and public have been aware of certain risks related to tooth whitening such as increased tooth sensitivity and gingival irritation. New research has shown that there are other risks such as tooth surface roughening, increased potential for demineralization, degradation of dental restorations, and unacceptable color change of dental restorations. The research is also focused on optimizing whitening procedures to reduce tooth sensitivity and to increase the persistence of the whitening. The aim of the study is to find the association between age and gender of patients undergoing tooth whitening. A total of 89000 cases were reviewed between June 2019 to March 2020 for teeth whitening procedure. A sample size of 30 case sheets were reviewed and data was analysed using SPSS software. The results were represented in the form of graphs. Chi Square was done to find the association between age and gender of patients who had undergone tooth whitening procedure and association was found to be statistically not significant (p>0.05). However there the association between the age and gender of the patient and type of bleaching procedure was found to be statistically significant (p<0.05). There are various treatment modalities available for tooth whitening. Dentists should educate patients about the benefits and risks of different whitening methods based on the current research and to suggest the best treatment option based on a correct diagnosis.

Periodontitis (PD) is a complex, multifactorial disease which involves participation of microbial and host factors. Microbes activate inflammatory response in the host which stimulates the periodontal cells to secrete metalloproteinases and other proteolytic enzymes eventually resulting in the tissue destruction and bone resorption. Numerous experimental reports have gathered information related to the potential biomarkers involved in PD. Genetic component of the host as well as the microorganism has been shown to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Human genetic variation is considered to be a susceptibility factor in relation to PD. These variations could make an individual resistant or susceptible to infections caused by the microorganisms. Also, other factors such as food habits, lifestyle, smoking, alcoholism and poor oral hygiene practice can aggravate the disease. The magnitude of the disease PD that a patient develops is due to factors related to the individual’s response to the bacterial colonization. Several inflammatory markers and the genes encoded by them are discussed in the present review. Thus the review provides a general overview of the genes and their proteins in association with different forms of PD.

Tooth mobility is the degree of displacement of the tooth from the socket on the application of force. It is an important clinical feature in the diagnosis of periodontal diseases. The aim of the study was to assess the tooth mobility in periodontitis patients under the age of 35 visiting a private dental institution. This was a retrospective study. Samples were collected from June 2019 to March 2020. Data of the periodontal status of patients visiting a  private dental institution in the age group of 18 to 35 years were collected. Excel tabulation was done and SPSS results were obtained. In this study, it was shown that 1993 patients were diagnosed with periodontal diseases. Among those patients, 1676 patients were diagnosed with localized chronic periodontitis, 302 patients were diagnosed with generalized chronic periodontitis, 10 patients were diagnosed with localized aggressive periodontitis and 5 patients were diagnosed with generalized aggressive periodontitis. Among patients with mobility, 82% had Grade 1 mobility, 13% had Grade 2 mobility and 5% had Grade 3 mobility. From the present study, we can conclude that Grade 1 mobility was seen more in all the age groups when compared to Grade 2 and Grade 3 mobility. It was also found that Grade 1 mobility was predominantly seen in the age group of 25-30 years. The association of tooth mobility in different age groups was found to be statistically significant (p value- 0.023). Grade 1 mobility was more common in male patients. Grade 1 mobility was more common in localized chronic periodontitis patients. The association of tooth mobility with respect to different types of periodontal diseases was found to be statistically significant (p value- 0.004). Localized chronic periodontitis was seen more commonly among all age groups but predominantly in the age group of 25-30 years. The association of different types of periodontal diseases in different age groups was found to be statistically significant (p value- 0.01). Localized chronic periodontitis was seen more commonly in male patients when compared to other types of periodontal diseases. The key to successful management of periodontal disease at younger age patients lies in early diagnosis of the disease and rigorous treatment employing the different treatment modalities followed by meticulous lifelong maintenance therapy.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of midface fractures among different age groups. A retrospective study was conducted among patients who reported with a history of midface fracture to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery during July 2019 - March 2020 . All the datas were obtained from the case records of the patient. Road traffic accidents are the most common cause for midface fractures. Individuals greater than 30 years  were the ones mostly affected by midface fractures . They accounted to about 52% of the total population in the study. Dentoalveolar fracture is the most common fracture of the midface. A total of 23% of cases were reported to have dentoalveolar fractures. Chi Square test was used to find the association between the age and midface fracture. P value of 0.4 was obtained , which was statistically insignificant. From  this small sampled single centre retrospective study it was concluded that midface fractures were mostly contributed by  road traffic accidents in middle aged males.

Malocclusion is an irregularity or malalignment of teeth. Malocclusion can be either skeletal or dental. Several reasons exist that can result in the malocclusion, of which the most common is the tooth size arch length discrepancy. When the arch development is within the expected size or the size of the tooth is abnormally large, it can result in the crowding. Several other reasons have also been attributed with lower arch crowding. This study was done to assess the prevalence and gender distribution in patients with lower arch crowding. This study was carried out in an institutional setting. Data were collected regarding the lower arch crowding in the population and tabulated in the excel and transferred to statistical software SPSS. Descriptive statistics and chi square tests were done. Out of the total population (41545) , 5602 of them had lower arch crowding either alone or in combination with other malocclusion. Among those with lower arch crowding, 3067 of the males had only crowding and 293 had crowding in association with other malocclusion, whereas 1951 of the females had only lower arch crowding and 291 of them had crowding in association with other malocclusions. From the present study, we can conclude that the prevalence of crowding is relatively high(13.48%) compared to any other malocclusion. Higher male predilection in the study sample and more number of cases with crowding as the only malocclusion was also noted. Gender and age association showed a significant association with more numbers of males especially in the age group of 19-35 years in the study population had crowding.

Gingivitis is the most common form of periodontal disease which is considered to be the second most common oral disease affecting more than 75% of the population worldwide. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and severity of gingivitis among 19-22 years old South-Indian population visiting Saveetha dental college , Chennai. This study included the data of 165 patients who visited Saveetha Dental college in the period of June 2019 - March 2020. The required data was collected from the patient records and their Gingival index score was taken into account. Data was entered in Microsoft excel spreadsheet and analysed using IBM SPSS software version 20.O(Armonk, NY: IBM. Corp).Numerical data were presented as mean and standard deviation values. For the test, a p value of <0.05 is to be considered statistically significant.Shapiro Wilks test used to test the normality of the data set.Gingival index scores were continuous variables. Hence, it was presented as mean and standard deviation values. Independent T test was used to find the difference between the different age groups and gender with respect to the mean Gingival index score. Of the 165 people, 109 were male and 56 were female patients of the age group 19-22 years. Gingivitis is found to be more severe in 21-22 year old patients than patients who are 19-20 years old. Also, Gingivitis is highly prevalent in the male population with the mean gingival index score of 1.29 than females.

The endodontic treatment with excellent outcomes depends on the critical identification of the root and its canals anatomy. The successful identification of these anatomies guaranteed the pulp tissue extirpation completely, with efficiency in chemo-mechanical cleaning and shaping. All these lead to the most proper three-dimensionally root canal obturation with the most reliable inert filling. The purpose of this study is to provide clinical data on the presence of additional canals in mandibular anterior teeth among males and females.Patients reported from June 2019 to March 2020 were reviewed. 82000 patient records were reviewed and data related to patients undergone Root canal therapy in mandibular lower anteriors. Data includes age, gender and number of additional canals in lower anteriors. The collected data was tabulated in the excel sheet. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software (version 9.0.3). The prevalence of patients with additional canals in mandibular anteriors  was 8.1% . For females, the prevalence of additional canals was 3.24%  whereas in males it is 4.86%. However,  there is no relation between the gender and presence of additional canals in mandibular anteriors.

Oral lichen planus affects one to two percent of the general adult population and is the most common non‐infectious oral mucosal disease. Tobacco smoking increases the risk of OLP malignant transformation as cigarette smoke contains substances that induce chronic inflammation at mucosal surfaces. The aim of this study was to assess the association between smoking and oral lichen planus in males. A retrospective study was conducted using the case records of patients visiting a private dental college in Chennai from June 2019 - March 2020. The study population included case records of male patients with oral lichen planus, selected by non-probability purposive sampling. Data regarding their smoking habit were collected. Descriptive and inferential statistics were done using SPSS software. Among the study population, 43.59% of patients were below 40 years and 56.41% were above 40 years of age. About 53.8% of male patients with oral lichen planus had a smoking habit. Erosive lichen planus was the most common variant followed by the reticular type.Within the limits of the study, there was a significant association between smoking and oral lichen planus in males, with an increased incidence of erosive lichen planus among smokers.

The prevalence of malocclusion varies greatly among different race, ethnicity and geographic locations. Knowledge about the prevalence of malocclusion among the population helps in the early diagnosis and to provide a customized treatment plan for that population. The main aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of  class III malocclusion in permanent dentition.  The data were collected by analyzing the records of 86000 patients between June 2019-March 2020. The study includes 37756 patients above the age of 12 years in their permanent dentition who reported to the University in Chennai. The results were analysed and graphs were tabulated using SPSS software. Out of the total patients assessed, 365 patients (0.96%) had class III malocclusion among which 242  were males and 123 were females. It was further found that among the 365 patients, prevalence of class III malocclusion was 75.34% and class III subdivision was 24.66%. Chi square test done between type of malocclusion and gender was found to be insignificant with P value of 0.933. Within the limitations of the study, it was found that prevalence of class III malocclusion was less in our population with no significant difference in distribution among males and females.

When it comes to pediatric patients, the challenge is greater in terms of compliance of the patient, as patient satisfaction is directly related to quality of care while efficiently managing the fear and anxiety of the child. Sometimes, children require treatment for dental caries to be carried out under general anaesthetic (GA) in a hospital setting. Many parents view DGA (Dental general anaesthesia) as an acceptable and often convenient method of treatment to address their child’s oral health needs. The aim of this study was to evaluate parent’s preference for general or local anesthesia in their children’s dental treatments. This was a retrospective study conducted by evaluating data of 1005 patients who underwent invasive treatments in a private dental college between June 2019 to March 2020. To fulfil the inclusion criteria, patients between the age group of 1-17 years (pediatric patients) should have been provided with dental treatment like pulpectomy, SS crowns or strip crowns or FMR etc. The coding was done in MS excel. The data was transferred to a host computer and processed using SPSS software version 20.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) by tabulation and graphical illustration. Descriptive statistics was used to study the data collected and to analyse frequency and percentage distribution. Chi square test was used to assess association at 5% significance level (P< 0.05). The results showed that within the limitations of the study, it can be concluded that strong association is seen between age and preference for full mouth rehabilitation under GA. There is however no significant association between gender and preference for full mouth rehabilitation under GA. Of those who underwent FMR under GA, 80% were male and 51% belonged to the 5 years and above age group showing a new trend where  patients above 5 years are increasingly opting for treatment under GA.

Maxillofacial injury often results in mortality and morbidity related to functional and esthetic compromise. In developing countries, the greatest threat to sustaining these injuries is in road traffic accidents. It is estimated that 1.3 lakh people end up in fatal death each year due to RTA. The aim of the study is to analyse the age and gender distribution of maxillofacial injuries and to find any association between the etiology of injury with age and gender. This retrospective observational study was conducted among patients reporting to the Department of oral and maxillofacial surgery in Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. Exclusion criteria was patients reporting fractures associated/ secondary to other pathologies (local or systemic), patients with debilitating systemic disease, mentally and physically challenged, patients with head or cervical spine injury. The study data were retrieved from DIAS and analysed in IBM SPSS using descriptive statistics. Among 77 samples included in the study, 85.7% were males and 14.3% were females. Maxillofacial injury was more commonly seen in the 3rd decade of life (35.1%). There was no significant association between etiology and gender and etiology and age. Maxillofacial injury is more prevalent in males in their 3^rd decade of life.

Smile is characterised by upward curving of the corners of the mouth, indicates pleasure and plays an important role in social interactions. The study was done to assess the relation between the shape of lips, type of smile and their effect in the perception of aesthetic between the age group of 18-30 years.The study was designed to be a photographic analysis of smiles of 70 subjects between 18-30 years. The study was done in Saveetha Dental College, Chennai, India during the time frame of March-April 2020. The study analysed the type of smile, the shape of the lips and the smile line and its influence on the smile esthetics. An esthetic score was given to the patient on a score from 1-5, five being excellent and 1 being poor. These results were correlated to understand their influence on each other. Descriptive statistics was used to measure frequency and Pearson’s correlation  was performed to analyse the correlation. Moderately arched lips(53%), medium smile line(66.7%) and both Cuspid and commissural type(40%) of smile showed association with the highest grade of smile esthetics. There is a negligible  correlation between smile line and esthetic score, low positive correlation of type of smile with the perceived esthetics, and negative correlation between shape of smile and esthetics (-0.22). The esthetics of smile depends on the peri oral structures as much as it depends on the teeth and associated structures.Development of an index to incorporate the aspects of lips and face in the quantification of esthetic score would best enable to obtain a wholesome picture and also allows standardised comparisons. Further research is encouraged.

The cancer of oral cavity is the most prevalent with a recorded incidence rate higher in male than in females. In India, oral and nasopharyngeal carcinomas comprise upto half of all malignancies. The influence of carcinogens and region specific epidemiological factors like tobacco, betel leaf and quid chiming, makes it more aggressive and resistant to treatment. Tumour suppressor genes (TSG's) are genes that prevent cells from acquiring malignant characteristics. The aim of this study is to give a brief review on the novel tumour suppressor genes implicated in oral cancer in the last decade. A review with recent information about tumour suppressor genes in association with oral cancer and its role was derived from various sources such as Medline, Google scholar, MESH, Cochrane etc. Novel genes and signalling pathways have been implicated in the process of tumorigenesis in the last few years. The reports and studies discussed in this review would help in gaining knowledge about the role of tumor suppressor genes in oral cancer. A more comprehensive knowledge on the pathways will enable us to choose candidate genes as targets of therapy.

The purpose of this study investigates the effects of work - life Balance on the academic employees’ performance, motivation and job satisfaction among private and public universities of Kurdistan Region. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods were used to obtain empirical outcomes. The questionnaires were distributed to the 396 participants among public and private universities in KRG. The results indicate that the employees of the academic world do face challenges of work-life balance in their careers. These challenges are more difficult on the private university employees than the public employees, and the public employees enjoy a fairly better degree of work-life balance than the private universities, even though the rate of the work-life balance culture within the public universities is not at an acceptable level.

The current study focused on understanding human resource accounting practices of India and Kurdistan region in the process industry. The companies chosen for the current study are Cement Corporation of India Ltd., India and Al Mansoori Petroleum Services Ltd., Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Researcher observed the impact of various cost approaches on implementing Human Resource Accounting systems. The data was collected by constructing a questionnaire and distributed to respondents in two organizations. For the purpose of the data analysis and testing of hypothesis, 570 (386 from Cement Corporation Limited and 184 from Al Mansoori Petroleum Services Limited) have been considered for general evaluation. 46 (26 from CCI and 20 from AMPS) from the above lot has been taken separately confined only to the employees of HR & Finance departments considered for the evaluation. The valuation methods i.e. Historical Cost of Acquisition, Replacement Cost, Standard Cost, Present Value of Future Earnings and Discounted present value of future earnings have significant influence on HRA implementation.

The aim of current research is to examine critical success factor which is impact of employee’s attitude towards post implementation on support of top management as well as business performance. The respondents for the current study were employees of IT industries in India who are working under ERP platform. Researcher formulated two research objectives and two research hypotheses and the sample size for the current study was 187. The researcher formulated one predictor variable being employee’s attitude towards ERP post implementation and two predicted variables as support of top management and business performance. The impact between predictor variable and predicted variables were weak, positive and significant. The impact of employee’s attitude towards ERP post implementation is more on support of top management than business performance.  Organizations under information technology may focus more on business performance than support of top management as one of critical successful factors in post ERP implementation.

The current research focused on estimating critical success factors that are substantial competent team, training after ERP implementation, continual system improvement, department related to decision support and business performance. The respondents chosen for the current research were employees of process industries in India who are working under ERP platform. Researcher formulated four research objectives and four research hypotheses and the sample size for the current study was 139. The researcher formulated one predictor variable being substantial competent team and three predicted variables as training after ERP implementation, continual system improvement, department related to decision support and business performance. The impact between predictor variable and predicted variables were positive and significant except substantial competent team and continual system improvement which were negative but significant. Organizations may concentrate more on continual system improvement as critical success factor to increase productivity after implementation of ERP systems at department level.

The present research concentrated on acknowledging practices related to Human Resource Accounting in India and Kurdistan region under process oriented industry. The organizations selected for the present research are Al Mansoori Petroleum Services Ltd., Kurdistan Region of Iraq and Cement Corporation of India Ltd., India. Observations made by the researcher were to check the effect of Human Resource Information System on implementing Human Resource Accounting systems. The data was collected by constructing a questionnaire and distributed to respondents in two organizations. The study was conducted with a sample size 570 (386 from Cement Corporation Limited and 184 from Al Mansoori Petroleum Services Limited) have been considered for general evaluation. 46 (26 from CCI and 20 from AMPS) from the above lot has been taken separately confined only to the employees of HR & Finance departments considered for the evaluation. The results depict that Human Resource Information System has a significant influence on implementing HRA System.

The socio-economic development strategy for the 2021-2030 period with a vision to 2045 requires the proactive and flexible governance of the Government, especially in macroeconomic executives and digital economic development policies.   The IS-LM model is one of the many approaches of economists in research to make recommendations on economic policies and governance of Governments.
The following research focuses on developing and analyzing the IS-LM curve in the 2000-2020 period of Vietnam to serve as a basis for recommendations and contribute to creating a scientific basis for the macroeconomic executives of the Government.  The research results help to point out recommendations related to the direction to operate monetary policy, financial policy and priorities related to sectors / areas that support digital transformation, the development of the digital economy of Vietnam in the coming years.

In a developing country like Vietnam, businesses are, in many different ways, making an effort to integrate into the international business community. To achieve this purpose, one of the main strategies is to carry out CSR. Based on content analysis and statistical methods, the study systematically reviewed the existing literature indexed in Google Scholar, Google, and the library. The research's primary goal is to provide a theoretical basis for scholars, especially Vietnamese ones, to reasonably design CSR measurement indicators for future quantitative research. As a result, the paper presented CSR concepts that stand out from each historical period, moreover, placed in connection with theories explaining whether incorporations should engage in CSR activities or not. Besides, the paper introduces a range of international CSR standards and guidelines, with an emphasis on GRI and ISO26000. From the perspective of Vietnam, this country's government also applied ISO 26000 to develop its national standards on CSR. Vietnamese enterprises can also consult GRI to implement CSR activities as well as prepare sustainability reports. They must comply with legal provisions on CSR information disclosure and refer to Vietnamese guidelines such as the Corporate Governance Principles, the Corporate Sustainable Index 2020.

In emerging markets in Asia including Vietnam, environment protection has been becoming meaningful in the context of global warming. There area huge number of used tires in region every year; so, pyrolysis firms have updated new technology to solve this environmental issue.
That’s why it is important for us to consider solutions for better management of net working capital (including inventory for waste tires, for output products such as fuel oil, carbon black, steel). with all data collected from financial statements of energy firms. From financial reports on current business operation, we can  make assumptions for input data of working capital.
Hence, This paper will use statistic methods, together with practical experience in an energy firm case in one of developing countries in Asia, Vietnam.
Finally, we think it is important to suggest some plans for better management of net working capital in this renewable energy  business sector. This is a vital part of financial management mission in the business and in functions  of CFOs and financial accounting team.
JEL classification numbers: G00, G390

The purpose of this study was to design an effective human resource excellence model in the oil industry. The statistical population of the study consisted of two groups: the first group consisted of experts familiar with human resources management and the second group included experts in the field of Iranian oil industry. The research method was descriptive-survey. Data collection was done using Human Resources Excellence Questionnaire and Organizational Effectiveness. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 21, 17.8.8, MINITAB and LISREL. The results indicate that there is a meaningful relationship between the strategies and dimensions of human resources with the components of effectiveness in the oil industry. There is a meaningful relationship between the processes and its dimensions with the components of effectiveness in the oil industry. There is a meaningful relationship between the empowerment and its dimensions with the components of effectiveness in the oil industry.

The present study was an attempt to design a model for the strategic enhancement of human resources in judiciaries across the country using fuzzy TOPSIS approach. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and exploratory in terms of approach. The Cochran's formula for limited sample populations was used to select samples from the statistical population. Based on this formula, the number of samples was determined as 365 participants and sample members were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling. The results of content analysis indicated that the model of strategic enhancement of human resources in nationwide judiciaries is comprised mainly of ninety-eight concepts, eighteen categories and six dimensions. The results demonstrated that the most significant inhibitors are “resistance of organizations to change”, “lack of institutionalization of knowledge concerning management culture in the subsets”, “inappropriate long-term policy for human resources”, “inadequate support for managers”, “reduction in motivational factors among employees”, “weak support from senior managers”, “absence of a proper context for monitoring, refining and training employees”, and “inaccurate definition and improper implementation of support mechanisms”. The results further demonstrated that the most important motivating factors are “explaining the role and position of each employee in advancing the goals of the group”, “creating a context for employee self-control and self-management”, “creating a spirit of cooperation and teamwork” and “establishing a logical relationship with performance results”.

Due to its sensitive strategic and geopolitical position, the Islamic Republic of Iran is obliged to strengthen the dimensions of its soft power while paying attention to strengthening various aspects of hard power. Iran can use its soft power and achieve the strengthening of its national power when it presents its strategy and strategy as well as its desired values ​​in such a way that it utilizes the components of its power production components from both national and transnational dimensions. Brought. The purpose of this article is to design a model of soft media power in order to improve the combat capability of the Army of the Islamic Republic of Iran using the ground-based approach. In this study, in order to identify the indicators of soft power in promoting the combat capability of the army of the Islamic Republic of Iran, experts' opinions were used. Four basic indicators for soft power were determined, which are in order of priority: Army, changing the rules of the armed forces, parallel armed forces in the country, armed forces of foreign countries) in the media dimension (national media, new media, foreign media, hardware and software facilities) in the cultural dimension (orbital province, God-centered, Basij thinking And then manpower (creativity, participation in organizational decision-making, elites and professors inside the organization, elites and professors outside the organization, training, Q&A sessions, improving organizational communication, improving staff livelihoods).

Police are regarded as the most important job as it helps in guiding us from all the wrong doers. They act as a mirror of the society . They help in reducing the crime rate of the place and also help in bringing justice to the system. They play a major role in reforming the negative vibes to positive vibes for the people and their satisfaction. Manipur , a state in North east of India face end number of issues every day which ultimately lead to solving with police. In this case police need to make a good image and should understanding with people so that they are connected with them.
This paper focus on how police perform their duty to give 100% to the society. Questionnaire were prepared to have direct interaction with the respondents. Tabulation and pie chart were made to analyse the questions in detail.

Bank is a special corporation and plays a vital role in economic circulation. In order to achieve sustainable bank management in emerging markets such as Vietnam, this paper measures bank management capabilities in famous model under impacts of both macro internal and external variables during low inflation time 2015-2020 in the country. During covid 19 and US-China commerce war, analyzing these impacts to have a netter management plans are necessary for commercial banks to respond to economic recession and impacts from trade war.
In recent years, research scholars link banking sustainability with CSR and community and environment; however this study takes another macro approach to banking sustainability. This research paper aims to figure out what are recommendations to management better bank performance to respond to fluctuation sin macro conditions under the case of one of big listed Vietnam commercial bank, Saigon Hanoi Bank (SHB) during the low inflation period 2015-2020 with stock price weekly data.
We use an econometric model with Eviews to estimate impacts from 9 macro variables on Beta CAPM. We find out that bank management team need to pay attention to macro contex in which increasing VNIndex and lending rate and Risk free rate. 
Then, one of its major findings is the suggestion of macro and risk management policies for bank and relevant government agencies. Our recommendation can be used for reference in many other developing markets.
JEL classification numbers: M21, M1, G12, G30

Rapid modernization and economic development is accompanied with social changes in Vietnam, including changes in family relations in urban as well as rural areas. Among the changes, cohesion among family members becomes less tight and there is an increasing trend of divorce rate and among main reasons is economic reason and other individual and social causes. Using data from a sample survey conducted in 3 provinces/cities in Viet Nam in 2017, the author focuses on analysis of the factors that affect divorce decisions in modern Vietnamese society, thereby, contributing to mitigate the unwanted impacts of divorce, and to the implementation of Vietnam Family Development Strategy to 2020, vision to 2030.

Vietcombank (VCB) and Vietinbank (CTG) are two big listed commercial banks in Vietnam banking industry. They are previous state-owned enterprises with big market share in local market.
This paper will use statistic, combined with synthesis, inductive and qualitative analysis to measure and evaluate beta CAPM of these 2 banks in2 special stages of domestic economy: pre-L and post-low (L) inflation time.
Research results show that during 2011-2020 period, most of time, beta CAPM of VCB is higher than those of CTG bank. Statistic chart give us warning that market risk of 2 banks is higher than 1.
Then these analysis can be used for policy implications. Business and banking is still growing so risk management is becoming meaningful for the financial industry.

The purpose of this research is to develop a model in which the Leader-member Exchange theory works as a moderator between the Organizational Citizenship Behavior and practices of Transformational Leadership theory.
The sample was made up of 92 from managers and employees of Majid Al Futtaim Carrefour Iraq, which is a UAE-based leading retail company in the Middle East, operating in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The researchers used a quantitative strategy by conducting a questionnaire of 26 items. To analyze the data, the researchers has used four analytical tools, descriptive analysis, normality distribution, reliability analysis, correlation Analysis, and regression Analysis to test the moderator.
In this study, the dependent variable is Organizational Citizenship Behavior, the independent variable is Transformational Leadership, and the moderator is Leader-member Exchange, which is believed to influence the relationship between the independent variable and dependent variable.
The findings of the study have evidenced through data analysis and interpretations that Leader-member Exchange as a moderator moderates the relationship between Transformational Leadership and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors to a full extent. The outcomes also suggest the manager who shows transformational leadership styles and establishes a good relationship with the employees, tends to result in better employee citizenship behavior.

There are various types of brackets available in orthodontics. This retrospective study investigated the difference in clinical efficiency between Damon Q self-ligating brackets (SLB) compared with MBT conventional ligating brackets (CLBs) during tooth alignment in straightwire fixed appliance therapy. Twenty patients (8 males and 12 females), aged between 12 and 25 years, were randomly divided into two groups: 9 patients received the SLB and 11 received the CLB. Upper arch impressions were taken for pre-treatment records (T0). A transpalatal arch was soldered to both maxillary first molar bands prior to extraction of the maxillary first premolars, followed by straightwire fixed appliances (0.022 × 0.028 inch). A 0.014 inch nickel titanium (NiTi) wire was used as the levelling and aligning archwire. Four monthly reviews were undertaken and impressions of the upper arch were taken at each appointment (T1, T2, T3, and T4). Displacements of the teeth were determined using Little’s irregularity index (LII). Data were analysed using the Mann–Whitney U-test. In the aligning stage, the CLB group showed significantly faster alignment of the teeth compared with the SLB group at the T1–T2 interval (P < 0.05). However, there were no differences at T2–T3, and T3–T4 for either group (P > 0.05). The CLB group showed 93 per cent crowding alleviation compared with 76 per cent for the SLB after 4 months of alignment and levelling. MBT  brackets aligned the teeth faster than Damon Q but only during the first month. There was no difference in efficacy between the two groups in the later 3 weeks. Alleviation of crowding was faster with CLB than with SLB.

The international practice of leading companies indicates that there is no successful development and sound company performance improvement, particularly, in consulting, without a proper strategy as a complex of measures tailored to achieve the set goal. The relevance of this paper lies in that all business operations are fraught with risks and thus require the development and implementation of a strategy for the consulting company within the scope of various business units.
Businesses face intense competition. Adequate decision-making requires in-depth comprehensive assessments of the situation and reliable forecasting. The main stages of strategy formulation of a consulting company are determined; strategic alternatives are identified; measures to evaluate strategic follow-up are drawn; examples of strategy development in a consulting company are provided.
The objective of this paper is to analyse strategy development processes at consulting companies. The object is consulting companies and their business models.

It is a well known incontrovertible fact that the media, which is defined because the biquadrate after the legislative, executive and judicial powers within the development of democracy, acts as a bridge between politics and society with all its traditional and new elements. The media, which has been interacting with politics since the primary moment of its emergence, is beyond being an influence that directs individuals in almost every area of life; It also plays a fundamental role in determining the political agenda and evaluating the political leaders. during this study, today's media, which has become an increasing force gradually effect, their impact on the connection between popular opinion and therefore the political establishment, which has similar social and cultural characteristics of Northern Cyprus Turkish Republic (TRNC) and Turkey society by examining especially, are evaluated. press screening publication and review of the literature conducted in Turkey, the media, said that their actions and news during a fairly wide audience of no simpler within the orientation of replacing or convictions. If a smaller scale within the TRNC with transmission power of the media that the overwhelming majority of publications for his or her own political opinion, compared to Turkey media about changing the orientation and convictions popular opinion are often expressed as less effective.

The present study investigates the relationship between intrinsic factors and monetary disorders for the first time in Iran. The statistical population is the banks that are members of the Tehran Stock Exchange. The sample size is based on new methods of experiments and using Sample Power software and according to the type of research relationship hypothesis which is a combination of two scale variables but abnormal, Spearman test has been used. The first hypothesis of the study based on the relationship between two variables of financial risk tolerance and monetary disorders, showed that there is a significant relationship between the variables of financial risk tolerance and monetary disorders and there is a positive and moderate relationship between variables and the first hypothesis was accepted. Moreover, based on the results, the second hypothesis has a significant relationship between the variables of financial anxiety and monetary disorders, which shows a positive and moderate relationship between the variables. The second hypothesis was accepted and finally the third test showed that there is no significant relationship between monetary outcomes variables and monetary disorders and the third hypothesis of the research was not accepted. Therefore, based on the inherent origin of the variables of financial risk tolerance and financial anxiety, it has a positive and significant relationship with monetary disorders.

The decision-making of managers in today's organizations is crucial due to increased complexity of internal and external influential factors and increased competition among organizations. Game theory attempts to model the mathematical behavior of a strategic situation. This situation arises when the success of one side of the game depends on the strategies selected by other side. The present study aims at finding a strategy to maximize the balance interests of managers and shareholders by applying strategic characteristics of accounting information and accounting conservatism.  The statistical population of study included 132 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during a period of seven years (2012-2018).  The data analysis method is inferential and SPSS software was used to prepare the data and estimate the models. Pooled data model was used to test the research hypotheses.  The results of testing the research hypotheses show that the combination of strategies of manager low reporting quality-shareholder low reporting quality (m1, S1), manager high reporting quality- shareholder high reporting quality (m2, S2), manager low conservatism - shareholder low conservatism (m3, S3), manager high conservatism - shareholder high conservatism (m4, s4), were selected as poor Nash equilibrium. The study results show that game theory plays a major role in the relationship between managers and shareholders and finding equilibrium points of game can play an effective role in the decisions of game parties (managers and shareholders). Accordingly, it informs the parties of game of the strategy that has highest utility for them.

Employer loyalty stems from a positive attitude towards a service that is directly related to the working relationship between the auditor and the Employer. This may be due to a better working relationship with the auditor of your choice or an opportunity to influence the auditor. Managers may seek auditing to approve the method because they do not prepare financial statements in accordance with common accounting principles. In this case, the level of quality of accounting information largely depends on the behavior of managers. The present study tries to optimize the quality of accounting information in the face of customer loyalty by using the algorithm (PSO) in a period of 7 years from 2012 to 2018. The results showed that in each group of loyalty and loyalty of the Employer, the number of characteristics with equal desirable and undesirable levels is equal and in Tehran Stock Exchange, managers, whether loyal to their previous auditor or not, the highest level of importance and desirability can be attributed to the characteristic They give confidence and give the lowest level of relevance.

Relevance of Affect or Emotions is paramount in front-line jobs. Especially during times like these with the global spread of COVID-19, both mental and physical well-being of healthcare workers are at stake. Having to face hardships of treatment of infected patients, exhausted resources and fear of infection, doctors and paramedical staff need resolute and emotional composure more than ever. Our research aimed to understand the sequential effect of doctors’ emotional job demands on their emotional labor practices at work, emotional exhaustion and well-being. With data gathered from 332 doctors serving in 11 tertiary hospitals across Pakistan, we found that emotional job demands can lower doctors’ subjective, psychological and physical well-being, if they opt to use surface acting at work. However, showing genuine and natural emotions at workplace helps beat emotional exhaustion, thereby increasing the well-being levels. The study contributes to theory and practice by providing a detailed literary examination of emotions in healthcare context and suggesting ways to combat the adversities associated with the affective part of healthcare profession.

The development of the 4^th Industrial revolution has brought many changes in technologies that are set to change the business world. In Vietnam, retailers of consumer products have taken the advantage of the innovation to engage in digital marketing. The aim of this study is therefore to evaluate the significance of digital marketing in consumer goods retailing. The hypothesis developed for the research is that there is a certain link between digital marketing and consumer goods industry. To achieve its aim, the study uses quantitative research methodologies where data is collected through online questionnaires. A purposive sample of 580 respondents was used to obtain data. The information gathered was analyzed using Ms. Excel and SPSS packages. The study finds that most respondents knew about online sale of consumer goods through advertising ads on the web. The paper then draws a correlation between knowledge of marketing and the actual buying of goods. It is further established that majority of participants prefer buying goods online because it is convenient and cost-effective. The role of digital marketing in consumer goods retailing is explicitly outlined and linked to research hypothesis. By so doing, the study is said to have met its objective.

The main purpose of this study is to find the factors affecting the consumer goods buyers’ choice on e-commerce sites in Vietnam. By using the quantitative method, the paper examines the theoretical research model and tests four hypotheses. The sample was drawn from the population of e-commerce sites in Vietnam comprising about 1,000 respondents. This study used the questionnaire method to collect primary data to test the hypotheses. Data analysis of the questionnaire was done using SPSS. The results show that there is a correlation between personal preferences of consumers on colors and brands and their actual final choice on e-commerce sites in Vietnam. The most important factor affecting the consumer goods buyers’ choice on e-commerce in Vietnam is the brand of E-commerce site, following by the color and position. Among all educational groups, respondents with a Master degree pay the biggest attention to the site’s color attribute, and those with a Bachelor degree pay more attention to the brand attribute. Women pay much more attention to the location of the products on the screen than men, as do consumers with a PhD degree, over respondents with a Bachelor or Master degree, and foreigners over Vietnamese consumers.

This study examined the impact of work feedback on work engagement of faculty members at Jordanian private universities. The increased turnover and burnout among Jordanian faculty members was the reason for examining such relationship.  A quantitative correlational survey design research method was used to collect data from 112 faculty members who are currently employed at Jordanian private universities utilizing Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) model and Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES-9) model. Descriptive statistics and correlational frequency were used to answer the research question related to the relationship between the job resources indicators of work feedback, and work engagement. Participants were Jordanian faculty members who are involved in classroom teaching and holders of masters or doctoral degrees. The P-Value was found at a significant level of .000 for each of work feedback on the level of work engagement of faculty members. It was found that by providing work feedback practitioners at Jordanian private universities might increase their faculty members’ level of work engagement and decrease turnover and burnout. Future research recommendations made were to encourage researchers to explore ways that might assist university administrators on improving their techniques and skills related to work feedback to their faculty members.

Purpose The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the differences between selection and evaluation criteria among Arab and western expatriates. The employment opportunities are thus the main intention that is found from the perception of the Saudi Arabian HR managers.
Methodology
Deductive research approach has been chosen for the study and also qualitative as well as hermeneutic phenomenology has been applied for dealing with the perception of the HR managers. The interview process is preferred for gathering the perception and this is done with 21 HR managers of Saudi Arabian companies. The data has been analyzed with thematic coding analysis.
Findings
Based on the gathered data from the perception of the HR managers it was found that Western expatriates, they get the better job opportunities from the Arab expatriates as they have more creativity, innovative skills and higher education levels. The management of the Western expatriates is still better than the Arab expatriates. Western expats are getting higher salaries than the Arab expats. However, the small companies select the expats based on their skills and past performances and for the cultural influence, the Arab expats are preferred more.
Originality
Primary data has been gathered from the HR managers’ interview process. Some statistics has been gathered from the internet sources and journals to analyze the difference between Arab and western expatriates.

Gratitude is considered as a feeling of appreciation a person receives whether material or immaterial. With gratitude, people acknowledge the goodness in their lives which can also be cultivated by continuous practice. Moreover, The teachings of Buddhism considers gratitude as an spiritual practice to attain the ultimate purpose of life. The field of positive psychology and Buddhism share a common belief on nurturing constructive emotions, personal strengths and virtues. The psychological studies on Buddhism have gradually shown an interest in the area of gratitude and related dimensions in the light of Buddhist teachings. Therefore, present paper draws on centuries of Buddhist teachings and the relevant research done in the area of positive psychology to explore the nature of gratitude and its benefits in everyday life

Expatriate Success Factors (ESFs) are essential to evaluate expatriate commitment to international assignments. The study aims to identify ESFs that impact expatriate commitment levels;and rank these factors according to their importance. 13 factors were studied, and structured interviews were conducted with 10 experts from different industries. An online survey was distributed to non-Arab expatriates, who were currently working in 22 Arab countries. Valid responses from 5280 expatriates were collected and data was treated using factor loading and statistical analysis.Results indicated that logistical support, compensation, professional development, cultural adjustment, and satisfaction with human resources(HR) procedures are amongst five most important factors impacting expatriates’ commitment to their assignment. This study provides international human resources managers (IHRMs)with areas that must be addressed when locating expatriates abroad. However, further research is needed for non-Arab markets.

Vietnam e-commerce has a miraculous acceleration based on the advantages of a young population, the popularity of smart mobile devices along with the improvement of legal and payment platforms. and logistics. This fact has made Vietnam one of the fastest growing e-commerce markets in Southeast Asia. Not only that, Vietnam e-commerce is forecast to continue to grow rapidly in the period 2020 - 2025 with an annual growth rate of over 30%. However, the most important issue for e-commerce to continue to accelerate as expected and to develop stably is the need to objectively and accurately evaluate the results achieved as well as find out the shortcomings. , explaining the causes of the existing e-commerce market in Vietnam. The article has detailed the current situation of Vietnam e-commerce market, as well as based on statistics and market outlook forecasts of reputable e-commerce research organizations in Vietnam as well as in the world to propose solutions in order to develop e-commerce in Vietnam to a new high level.

The Poland economy has gained lots of achievements esp. in gas and oil industry during the 2014-2019 period and affected by Covid 19 and US-China trade war. Orlens group is a big gas and oil group operating in Central Europe countries such as Germany, Poland, Czech and Lithuania. This paper measures the revenue and EBITDA of a big gas and oil company, PKN Orlens in Poland, under impacts of macro indicators. As we experienced role of business management and sustainable development in gas and oil industry has been increasing with new perspectives in management, corporate governance models.In order to recommend for sustainable business development, this research paper aims to figure out how much effects in revenue from macro indicators of one of big listed Poland firms, PKN Orlens during the period 2014-2019 with semiannual data. Our findings show that revenue are affected much more by exchange rate and lending rate. It implies bank system policies and macro policies.

Is it the time for us to evaluate roles of Vietnam commercial banks and importance of risk management activities? This paper uses both quantitative analysis with statistical data and charts, combined with qualitative analysis including synthesis, inductive and explanatory methods in order to estimate and compare market risk via beta CAPM of Eximbank (EIB) and Asia Commercial Bank (ACB), 2 big listed joint stock banks in Vietnam. Research findings show us that market risk of Eximbank is higher and increase during post-low (L) inflation stage, compared to pre-L inflation time. Results may be used for policy implications and research models can be references for other countries including emerging markets.

Saigon Hanoi bank (SHB) and Sacombank (STB) are two big listed banks who opened lots of branches and hold big market shares in Vietnam. This paper use quantitative and quantitative methods in order to estimate risks of these two banks and make comparison. Study findings show that market risk, beta CAPM of SHB bank higher than those of STB bank during pre-low (L) inflation stage, but lower during post low inflation time. Based on above results we can propose risk policies for banks, bank system, State bank and relevant agencies.

Quang Nam tourism industry recently also affected by Covid 19 and Hoi An Tourism Holding Company (HOT) is one of leader with 15% average growth annually. HOT is much paying attention to social security and create more jobs for local laborers. With the use of qualitative and quantitative analysis in OLS model, we get the results presenting that: stock price of HOT (Hoi An company) is much affected by GDP growth and  CPI, negative correlation. We can propose suitable policies for better managing company stock price volatility and expan our research for other markets.

Women play a significant and crucial role in all spheres of the socio – economic development of any country. The agricultural sector is the largest employer of women. Majority of the women workforce in the rural areas depends upon agricultural sector and its allied activities. farming expansion and related pasture counting, key harvest manufacture, live-stock production, horticulture, post-harvesting operations, agro social forestry, fishing, etc, it is a fact long taken for granted but ignored since era. The huge number of factors economic and non economics is accountable for the trouble of scarcity among the agricultural labourers. Several discussions are going on the problem of women agricultural labourers in the world in general and in the study area in particular. Women as farming labourers are categorize in earnings disbursement on masculinity source.The earnings disparities is in all key agriculture process as well as transfers and prepare in which women serious process along with recovered is inclusive by women agricultural labourers. The women agricultural workers are supplementary to poor on agriculture sector. The comparative deficiency of non-agricultural employment among women labourers is reliable with the argument that women expression restriction to physical mobility and prefer employment near their homes. Women agricultural labourers in the study area suffer from a multiple burden on their time due to their home making, child rearing and income earning each day to day  jobs in arrange to convene the day to day house expenditures. Here this background, this research paper mainly concentrates on women agricultural labourers in rural areas of Ranipettai District an theoretical perspectives.

This study aims to evaluate the factors affecting the satisfaction of citizen when using online public services through data collected from direct surveys of people. Research results show that Quality of online public services, Citizen's awareness, Privacy and security, Trust and accessibility affect citizen's satisfaction when using online public services. Based on these results, the study also gives some discussion and governance implications for researchers as well as policy-makers in improving citizen's satisfaction as well as attracting more users for online public services in Vietnam context.

The substance of the law of Law No. 11 of 2012 on the Juvenile Criminal Justice System determines that in the settlement of child criminal cases must be carried out diversion by law enforcement officials. The implementation of diversion is carried out at every level of the child criminal justice process. However, in the SPSA Act, not all cases done by children can be implemented diversion. In this case the law determines the limits of the qualifications of crimes that can be carried out diversionary in the settlement of child cases. The problems in this study, concerning the factors that influence the implementation of diversion and how the qualifications of criminal acts committed by children, as well as efforts to protect children in the settlement of child cases through the implementation of diversion. This type of research is empirical normative juridical research, by conducting research at the Medan Resort Police. This research is descriptive analysis, using primary and secondary sources. Data analysis used in this research is qualitative data analysis. The implementation of diversion is influenced by law enforcement factors and the legal culture of the community. From the aspect of law enforcement, human resources law enforcement apparatus still does not support the implementation of diversion through restorative justice approach. In addition, the implementation of diversion is also influenced by the difficulty of reaching a peace agreement between the victim and the perpetrator, due to the attitude of the perpetrator who is less cooperative and the victim or family who demands compensation outside the limits of the perpetrator's ability. The limitation of the qualification of crimes that can be implemented diversion in the child criminal justice system is, the crime is threatened with imprisonment of under 7 (seven) years and is not a repeat of the crime. The implementation of diversion in the resolution of ABH cases through restorative justice approach will provide protection to children. The implementation of diversion in the settlement of ABH cases will prevent children from formal criminal justice proceedings and also prevent children from the bad stigma that arises in the community towards children, as a result of the punishment by the court against the child. 

The presence of Law No. 11 of 2008 on Information and Electronic Transactions as revised by Law No. 19 of 2016 on Amendments to Law No. 11 of 2008 on Information and Electronic Transactions, should be expected to be able to direct Indonesians to be more intelligent in building communication and behaving on social media which is now a new social reality in human civilization in the modernization era. This study aims to find out and analyze about the crime of blasphemy through social media and the application of the law and the impact of the application of the ITE Law law on public legal awareness. This research is normative legal research using case approach, legal approach and conceptual approach. This research is descriptive analytically using qualitative analysis.

The objective of this study is to develop and test a conceptual framework which linked the creativity of employees with four organizational climatic factors: the structure, obligation, rewards, and support, as well as the connection between creativity of employees and performance of employees. 432 employees in 18 luxury hotels in Jordan obtained data. The quantitative study is focused on an empirical exploratory factor, a basic linear regression analysis and the validity of the CFA factor solution. Results and recommendations in the study showed that the relationship
between employee creativity and employee success affects the creativity of workers through different organizational factors. This study aims to strengthen the organizational environment and results for hotels in the area of hospitality in order to enhance their organizational climate.

It is the consensus among many econometrician and environmental economists that Greenhouse gases like CO2, CH4, N2O, and O3 are the major source of environmental degradation around the globe. EU economies are also suffering from this problem as other economies of the world. The prime objective of this paper is to analyze and gauge the environmental degradation due to economic activities in EU economies. The time series data (1961 to 2017) of economic growth (GDP per capita) has collected from world development indicator and the data of ecological footprint of consumption per capita is collected from Global Footprint Network. The results of
Johansson Co-integration and Vector Error Correction model confirms the long run and short run association between both the variables. The economic activities are the main reasons of environmental degradation in the EU economies. EU economies should adopts such policies which reduces the greenhouse gas emissions

Nowadays, every student is able to use technology in school or at home. Computers have
become a necessary part in schools for the sake of well teaching style. The low levels of
students’ achievement and their computer subject skills weaknesses at the public
examinations in Jordan have continued to draw major stakeholders' attention in education.
This study examined Jordanian high school students' academic achievement in computer
subject, also gender difference in students’ achievement was examined. An ex-post-facto
design of descriptive research was adopted for the study. A preform was used to collect data
from a sample of (200) students who have been selected using a stratified random sampling
procedure from the secondary schools in Jordan/Irbid. The data, which was collected, is the
students’ performances in computer subject achievement tests. The data were analyzed using
descriptive statistics and an independent-sample t-test. Results showed that the test internal
consistency reliability is low; the students performed below average (M=47.02, SD=16.493
(47%).

At the present stage of strategic development of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the integration issues of education, science and production are acquiring more and more practical significance. Science and technology, constituting an element of the productive forces of society, are one of the basic conditions of social progress, and science becomes in full measure a direct productive force. In this paper, we aim to investigate the effects of organizational structures and learning organization on the integration of education, science and industry contributes to the formation of new social relations. Furthermore, we explore advances in science and technology in a number of industries and methods to characterize the nature of workers' labor.

This research aimed to determine the relationship between social media marketing and brand loyalty. It also explores the moderating role of culture in the relationship between social media marketing and brand loyalty. 177 students from the universities of Pakistan and Azad Jammu and Kashmir were selected as a sample for conducting a cross-sectional survey. Self-managed questionnaires were used for data collection and correlation and regression analyses were used to analyze the data. The research results showed a positive impact of social media marketing on brand loyalty. Moreover, culture can alleviate the relationship between social media marketing and brand loyalty, which showed that culture had an impact on the use of social media and brand loyalty. The current study will be helpful for the marketers and decision-makers of the brands to make important decisions to increase Brand Loyalty by using Social Media Marketing but keeping in mind the cultural aspects.

Environmental accounts bring together economic and environmental information in a common framework for measuring the contribution towards the economy as well as the impact of the economy on the environment. It organize environmental data from different domains by showing the interaction between economic, household and environmental factors, which as a result becomes more informative than national accounts alone. The paper is an attempt to report survey results for framing a better decision by establishing a link between economy and the environmental accounts. This paper is based on certain literature from a limited database.

The current study investigates the relationship among the overconfidence (OVC), economic expectations (EE), social factors (SOF) and investment decision making behavior (IDMB) with the mediating and moderating effect. The data was collected from the investors of Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) that were selected through convenience sampling technique. The results of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) showed that OVC, EE, SOF have a positive and significant relationship with IDMB. On the other hand, OVC, EE, SOF also has a positive and significant relationship with the information search (IS) while IS did not have direct effect on the IDMC. In other words, the IS also did not have mediating effect among the relationship of OVC, EE, SOF and IDMB. The indirect effect further indicated that financial literacy (FL) has a significant moderating effect among the relationship of OVC, EE, SOF and IDMC. Therefore, this moderating effect could be considered a contributions of the study. The research limitations and future directions had also discussed at the end of the study.

This study investigates the serial mediation between Service quality and adaptive performance of managers through usage and mobile banking incontextual framework ofSMEs’ enterprises of Pakistan. This study aims to find out how usage and mobile banking sequentially mediate the relationship between Service quality and adaptive performanceof managers at the workplace. This study's target population includes managers or owners of SMEs listed in Chambers of Commerce of Capital cities of Pakistan. As part of the more extensive research, 422 responses were received, which shows a 50% response. To test the hypotheses, structural and measurement models were developed in SEM. The findings show that serial mediation is observed in the case of service quality and adaptive performance as when we measure direct relation in the absence of mediators, it is significant and positive, as well as in the presence of serial mediators (usage and mobile banking) service quality, and adaptive performance is positive and significant. This study's findings will help the academia, banking sector, SMEDA and practitioners understand the importance of service quality, usage of mobile devices and mobile banking on adaptive performance. Future researchers must focus on practical investigation of testing the effect of system quality, information quality and usage of mobile devices, mobile banking to predict managers' adaptive performance by comparing SMEs and large enterprises in Pakistan.

A review of study provided by operational level employees is more often depended on their attitude towards customers while dealing with any item of product to be disposed of or sold to the customer. That would obviously speak on the quality of service being provided to the customer. This would remain an important factor to confer sufficient amount of leverage for the success of an organization. This paper particularly emphasize on the static relationship maintained between customer orientation and customer satisfaction on the part of departmental stores employees. A survey has been conducted on 100 employees through questionnaire mode. The results have  predicted positive correlationship between customer satisfaction and customer orientation. This might ultimately lead to retention and customer commitment in the business front.

This paper proposes a conceptual framework that considers religiosity as a moderator of the relationship between personality trait and perceived risk. This paper also examines five dimensions of personality traits in exploring the relationship of personality trait and perceived risk. The review finds that perceived risks towards financial products are affected by personality traits and influence by moderating factor; religiosity. Such an extensive review of examining variouspersonality traits to investigate the consumer perceived risk has not been done before. This paper will be useful to researchers, professionals and others concerned about understanding consumers' perceived risk when introducing new financial products and services.The proposed framework would lead to operational efficiencies through effective marketing strategies and a better understanding of the religiosity andcustomer traits.

Purpose: Although the financial planning for retirement is a complex and multifaceted process for any employed individual, much of the existing research only examines retirement planning in the lines of factors that influence savings for the future, perception of individuals, role of financial planners and also impact of debt level with respect to retirement planning. As the global pandemic storm wreaked havoc in almost every sector of the economy, a more comprehensive understanding on the financial planning for retirement and in particular the discipline of holding on to the plan was considered imperative to be studied. The research also involved understanding the perception of the individuals regarding asset allocation preferred for retired life, priority in terms of financial planning and the impact of various factors affecting the behaviour of adhering to the financial planning for retirement for which Social Cognitive Theory was used as a conceptual base. The empirical study has followed a questionnaire based survey research on employed individuals. Data from 202 participants were analysed using various tools like Descriptive Statistics, Chi Square Analysis, Kendall’s Coefficient of Concordance W, Exploratory Factor Analysis and Multiple Regression. The collected data were analysed using SPSS 20.0. The study revealed that an individual’s financial planning for retirement behaviour is highly influenced by external environmental factors.

We have traversed a path few have dared to. We  are continuing on a  path still fewer  have the courage tofollow. We must pursue  a path that even fewer can dream  to pursue. Yet we must, because we  hold in trustthe aims and aspirations  of millions of our countrymen. I  am confident – as I know you  are – that with thenation’s dairy farmers  by our side we cannot  fail! Let us therefore  resolve that however fulfilling our  firsttwenty  five years  have been,  in  the next  twenty five  years  we will  transform the  lives  of millions  more,opening for them the door to an India that is the land of our dreams.
Dr. Verghese Kurien
Co-operative is a form of community organization where all the members work together in order to fulfill their common needs. All the members of this organization are obliged to maintain their democratic, participatory and transparent decision making procedure because it is jointly owned, and commonly operated on the value of self-help, mutual help and self- responsibility (National Cooperative Federation Nepal, 2010). The members ofacooperative have a common goal in order to meet their economic, social and cultural needs under the control of joint approach by its own members so that their members are directly responsible for benefiting themselves and ultimately to the society at large. While pricing the milk and milk products co-operatives play an important role. A cooperative is an enterprise owned by and operated for the benefit of those members and users. The dairy co-operatives operated by the farmers often use a complete milk distribution system from the point of procurement to the consumers where it is marketed. Also make a bargaining capacity for the price with the traders. It represents in that level of decision where different rules and regulations are formed. Cooperative also can make the decision to change the marketing system of the product and the nature of product from one to another in order to maintain highest return to the members and users
Now-a-days, Indian dairy industry has to face the global dairy markets. At this point of changing times,Gujarat State is undergoing considerable modernization with latest technology. It will be right to study and analyze the performance of the district co-operative milk unions of Gujarat and its socio economic impact on rural people's livelihood. The present study will focus on performance of co-operative dairy industry of Gujarat State which are engaged in processing and selling of milk and milk products as well as performing the social and welfare programs in the communities they own. For this study, we choose to pick a leading co-operative dairy unit(Banas Dairy) performanceis analyzing co-operative growth and the way the rural community benefited out of it.

Purpose – Unlearning has been one of the interesting and debatable construct emerged in studies of organizational behaviour. Discussion on this phenomenon precedes from interdisciplinary realms ranging from psychology to pedagogy approaching towards arena of business studies. Studies often question the applicability of its existence and practical applications. Starting from the base of unlearning this paper attempts to enfolds the multi-foci perspectives associated with unlearning. Aiming to analyse the construct, this paper provides an insight to definitional notions, account of existing stream of work, its unit of analysis at individual and organizational level and finally discussion of routines structured on unlearning perspective.
Design/methodology/approach – A systematic analysis and review is proposed in order to study streams of literature existing on phenomenon existing on unlearning. This systematic review will help in stating various definitional notions of unlearning, identifying the theoretical lenses applied, processes underlying the unlearning mechanism and extent of quantitative and qualitative studies carried out.
Originality/value – As the study is conceptual in its nature, therefore it aims to contribute towards identifying and enhancing the literature of unlearningby identifying gaps and future avenues. Enlightening the applicability of unlearning in multiple sectors it enhances its dimensionality.
Practical implications – Study can be helpful for managers and organizations, as unlearning is rooting from change management, which would provide new revelations for organization as useful tools. Review provides insights to areas which can be useful for future studies.

The purpose of this study is to examine the determinants of investors’ behaviour in the Pakistan stock market with the moderating role of financial literacy.  The study also explains the mediating mechanism between the attitude of investment, religiosity, social influence and investment behaviour in stocks. This study used quantitative method to test the hypotheses.  The data was collected by using survey approach and self-administrative questionnaire. The data was collected from 250 stock investors through convenience sampling.  This study utilized Partial Least Squares structural equation modelling method (PLS-SEM) to test modelled hypothesis and used the Smart PLS version 2.0 to conduct the analysis. This study found that social influence and religiosity influence investment intention while religiosity doesn’t affect investment behaviour. This study also indicates that relationship of investment intention and investment behaviour of individual investors in stock market was significantly moderated by financial literacy. Moreover, results indicate that intentions to investment significantly mediate between the religiosity and investment in stock. Similarly, intentions to investment significantly mediate between social influence and investment in stock. However, intention to investment doesn’t significantly mediate between attitude toward investment and investment behaviour in stock. This study extends the existing literature, specifically in a Pakistan context and helps the policymaker to develop policies to increase investment in the stock market.

COVID-19 is observed as a significant economic threat for the economies across the globe. This research paper specifically focuses on the case of Jordon. It evaluates whether COVID-19 crisis has significantly affected the country's economy. Based on the objective, the study applies a quantitative methodology to assess the problem. It assumes stock market performance as a representation of economic performance and examines the impact of coronavirus (COVID-19) on the Jordon's Amman SE General Index price and returns. Considering the sample periods before and during the COVID-19 outbreak, the study finds that the COVID-19 period exhibit both lower index price and index returns at 0.01 level. Similarly, the impact of COVID-19's new cases is significant and negative on the performance of the stock market. Based on the findings, this research recommends to focus on COVID's negative economic implications.

In the current context, with the continuous development of digital technology 4.0 and AI, the social sciences and humanities majors need to change approaches in teaching, transformation and combine multi-method, interdisciplinary in teaching. Approaching from a historical perspective, the article analyzes the transformation and operation of the interdisciplinary approach in teaching and research in social sciences and humanities in Vietnamese universities. The above research results confirm that the interdisciplinary approach in teaching and research in the social sciences and humanities is an inevitable trend in the context of university autonomy in Vietnam and responds to the changing the world today

In the economic literature, there are not many studies in the empirical literature on defense spending, current account deficit and its effect on economic growth. In this study, to investigate the relationship between NATO countries for the 1990-2017 period. In the analyzes, Emirmahmutoğlu and Köse (2011) and Dumitreschu-Hurlin (2012) panel causality tests were used. As a result of the analysis, one unit increase in defense expenditures increased economic growth by 0.878 units, according to the first model in which GNP variable is taken as dependent variable for NATO countries. Therefore, it has been determined that there is a positive externality relationship between defense expenditures and economic growth. According to the second model, in which defense expenditures are taken as dependent variable, a positive relationship was determined between military expenditures and arms exports and imports.

The purpose of this paper is to examine whether or to what extent national culture influences
bilateral trade flows between Vietnam and its trading partners. Using a panel dataset of 52
countries from 2001 till 2011 and six cultural dimensions of Hofstede, the regression analysis
performed by gravity model shows that national culture and bilateral trade flows between
Vietnam and trading partners are significantly correlated. This study''s implications may help
macro-policy makers devise better export promotion policies and boost the volume of bilateral
trade between Vietnam and other countries around the world.

Organizational commitment is a vital subject for all organizations that are trying to establish a
sustainable business model. In all studies examining the effects of variables on organizational
commitment, the research models are designed as all three dimensions of the organizational
commitment are distinct variables that are not affecting each other. This research model is valid
if the researcher is only trying to investigate the effects of the independent variables on the
dimensions. However, if the organizational commitment is being investigated, then the research
models should be different. This study tries to examine how the research models should be
designed as per research purpose and demonstrates the difference between currently used and
the proposed research models by using a sample dataset from a previous study.

The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between social networks and cultural tourism in the elephant-owning community model, north-eastern Thailand. The study employs a sequential mixed-method approach, comprising a qualitative phase (using an inductive approach) and a quantitative phase (a deductive approach). In the qualitative phase, data were collected from 20 key informants, and the second phase involved a sample of 118 members of the elephant-owning communities. Our qualitative study indicates that interpersonal relationships, family ancestors, mahout groups, social status and interdependence of groups contribute to creating the social networks of cultural tourism in elephant communities. The quantitative study shows that the strength of a social network ( ̅ = 3.51, SD = .650, R-squared = .810) accounts for 81% of the model’s predictive accuracy.

Social media technology provides different services for the greater benefit of citizens. Like
many other developing nations, Pakistan has a low level of social media technology
adoption in the public sector. The purpose of this study is to investigate the obstacles and
hindrances of the adoption of social media from the public sector's point of view. In this
study, a changed variant of the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology
(UTAUT) demonstration is utilised to examine the factors impacting the take-up of social
media by the public sector in Pakistan. The outcomes demonstrate that the factors affecting
the adoption of social media in Pakistan are identified as: usability, value, social impact,
innovation issues, lack of proper training and human resource, information security, and
trust. Suggestions for online services providing e-organisations and information regarding
the government top management approach are likewise considered in this study.

The study examines the significant determinants of the insurance companies' capital structure
listed on the Saudi Stock Exchange (Tadawul) from 2010 to 2018. In this study, one dependent
variable capital structure is represented by leverage and six independent variables, firm
characteristics variables (profitability, growth rate, risk, size, age) and macroeconomic variable
(GDP). A random effect on a panel data regression model is employed as a tool of analysis. This
study attempts to fill the lack of research in Saudi insurance companies to arrive at constructive
suggestions that could contribute to financial structure decisions. The results show that
profitability, age and risk have a statistically significant negative effect on the capital structure.
Growth rate and firm size significantly positively influence the capital structure, while gross
domestic product is insignificant.

Selling a product is not the sole proposition of any e-retailer. Equally important is the number of issues involved in managing returns, chalking out a strong return policy so as to retain the customers. The problem with a number of e-retailers remains that they focus on one time sale of the product which leads to dissatisfaction among the customers.
The forward and reverse logistics network of a company facilitate in improving its sales and image among the customers. Logistics services also lead to an enhancement in the confidence and trust of the consumers in the company and motivate them to make repeat purchases from such e-retailers. With ever-increasing competition in e-retailing, the onus on companies has also increased. They have to provide ample opportunity to the customer for getting satisfied and after that further wait for the return time limit to get over. The customer might reject a product on the grounds of being defective or simply because he didn’t liked it or found a better price deal somewhere else or has changed the mind. In either of these cases, most companies prefer to accept the returns because marketing believes in the age-old adage “customer is the king”. The return policy defines ground rules for product rejections by customers. A problematic return policy may drive away customers, whereas too easy policy may encourage unjustified product rejections. Therefore, E-retailers have to make a strategic balance is designing their return policies.  This review paper is based on the return policies of some of the popular e-retailers and also the importance of ‘returns’ in case of e-retailing business. Further, various review papers related to the impact of the return policy on consumers’ online shopping behaviour have been analysed and have been made a part of this review paper. A conceptual framework based on the impact of the return policy of e-retailers on consumers’ buying behaviour and the mediating effect of knowledge, awareness and attitude of consumers’ towards online shopping behaviour on the relationship between the impact of the return policy of e-retailers on consumers’ buying behaviour has been suggested on which empirical research can be carried out in the future.

The aim of the current research is to identify the degree of availability of levels of depth of knowledge in the mathematics book for the fifth grade of the scientific and applied branch, the research sample consisted of the mathematics book of the tenth edition of the year 2019 of the fifth grade of the scientific branch of the application. To achieve the goal of the research, the two researchers prepared a list of levels of depth of mathematical knowledge. The recall, the level of concepts and skills, the level of strategic thinking and the level of extended thinking, the book was analyzed according to the aforementioned levels, using the analytical descriptive method and the stability of the analysis was confirmed by analyzing over time and individuals and the proportion of stability was 75% that was obtained by applying the Holste equation The results of the analysis of the book, as I have said: the percentage of availability of the level of recall reached (36.65%), the percentage of availability of the level of concepts and skills reached (31.78%), the percentage of availability of the level of strategic thinking reached (20.88%), the percentage of availability of the level of extended thinking reached (6710%)

The aim of the current research is to identify the effectiveness of an educational program _Learn according to the cognitive model in the mathematical culture of the scientific fifth-grade students, as the research was limited to students of the fifth grade of the applied branch for the academic year 2020-2021, and the research sample consisted of (21) students for the experimental group, and ( 21) A student for the control group, and parity between the two groups was conducted in a number of variables, the researcher taught the experimental group according to the educational _ learning program, and the control group is taught in the usual way, and for the purpose of measuring the effectiveness of the educational program on the mathematical culture, the mathematical culture scale was built and consists of ( 40) A paragraph in four areas, and the results showed a clear effect of the educational program - the learning on the mathematical culture of the experimental group students who were taught according to the program.

Hospitality industry has always the forerunner in its responsibility towards environment and has been recognized for greening efforts. It gives an added advantage in attracting global traveler and has been an appealing feature of this industry. The industry has taken green efforts in planning and design of green products, creating and delivering green services, distributed and priced the products and services without harming environment, created environment friendly infrastructure and reduced carbon emissions. This paper is an empirical study of green marketing practices the hospitality has adopted over a period of time and has explored the way green practices are communicated to consumers. The innovative techniques of emotional message and visual communication about environmental characteristics of hotels are investigated in the study.

Handbooks and manuals are noteworthy tools for the guidance of the functioning of
any product or process. Human beings to function optimally have varied needs. The
physiological needs which are required to be fulfilled are hunger, thirst and sleep
while the psychological needs are autonomy, competence and relatedness. The paper
puts forth that the important prerequisite of the content of any handbook manual is to
satisfy the psychological necessities. The paper attempts to review different formats of
operational manuals to study and understand their effectiveness. The paper concludes
that graphics contribute strongly and are appropriate apparatuses to convey
information.

The Congress Socialist Party in early 1930s played a significant role in Indian nation political movement. It contributed to the socio- economic radicalism and political militancy and succeeded in making socialism as political agenda of development and struggle for the Independence . The Indian Social Movement was led mainly by Acharya Narendra Deva, Ram Monohar Lohia and Jayaprakasah Narayan , Acharya Narendra Deva was strong believer that the political leadership must give the “Congress and the national movement a socialist direction and in order to achieve the objective they must organise the workers and peasants in their class organisations and make them the social base of the anti imperialist struggle.” The contribution of Acharya Narendra Deva in Indian Socialism and shaping the political movement during 1930s and 1940s has been quite significant while his role as Educationalist in early 1950s paved the Gandhian path of development of higher education and social development. Archarya Narendra Deva is also known as Socialist Political Thinker and his ideas are still relevant . Against this backdrop, present paper highlights the role and contribution of Acharya Narendra Deva in contemporary Indian political movement and highlighting his socio- political ideas.

Blue tourism is important for sustainable development and become one of the largest industries
to generate income and promote economic growth and development. Blue tourism is a highincome,
healthy and clean industry for the country which has borders with the sea and free water.
The growth of blue tourism contributes to poverty alleviation and its prosperity reflects the
political, economic, social, security, cultural, and scientific stability of the countries of the world.
Tourism has a profound effect on the economic situation of some developed and underdeveloped
countries in recent years, making it one of the largest economic sectors in many countries today
with the potential to impact poverty reduction. The study used the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS
method), which attempted to share the impact of ocean tourism on poverty in India during the
time series period (2001-2019. The findings prove Ocean Tourism and Poverty have a positive
relationship.

Qays ibn Sa'd ibn Ubadah Ansari is one of the companions of the Prophet (PBUH) and one of the companions of Imam Ali (PBUH) and Imam Hassan (PBUH). There is no date for his birth, but according to current research, upon the entrance of the Prophet to Medina, he was as a teenager. During the time of the Prophet, he was honored by the titles of The Prophet's servant, the chief of police and the bearer of the flag of Ansar in some of the Ghazwa, indicating that he was closely associated with the Prophet. When Imam Ali became the caliphate, Qays was one of the first to swear allegiance to him and to provide the preparations for the Jamal war with Imam Ali and even later, he was as one of the major commanders of Siffin and Nahrawan. Imam Ali initially chose him as the governor of Egypt, but was later dismissed for some reason. Then, Qays was chosen by the Imam Ali as the chief commander of the city guards and then assigned to the Azerbaijan province. Qays ibn Sa'd was the first to pledge allegiance to Imam Hassan and eventually settled in Medina after the peace of Imam Hassan and died at the end of Muawiyah’s rule. The present study has investigated the role and impact of Qays ibn Sa'd on historical events of the Prophet's era and the era of Imam Ali and after them, using descriptive-analytical and historical resources. Our studies show that Qays and his family were the main pillars of Islam in the time of the Prophet and even after his death and in the time of Imam Ali. He has shown great interest in strengthening and consolidating Islam and has remained committed to his promise to the end.

In the notarial tradition, there is a common document called power of attorney, according to which the power of attorney is delegated to a new lawyer and brings to mind an institution similar to power of attorney or power of attorney, but in an in-depth study, the difference between power of attorney and power of attorney It is obvious that after delegating the powers of the delegating lawyer, the said authority disappears and the powers are completely transferred to the new lawyer; However, in the power of attorney of the previous lawyer, he is still the deputy of his client, despite his former authority, he temporarily transfers his position to a new lawyer, which, of course, is not explicit in the expressions of these two. It should be considered that the words were forged with a purpose and no word was forged and created by an unreasonable author and a philosophy was born for it. The desired difference can be easily discovered and achieved.

There has been a lot of theoretical discussion about how to achieve an Islamic state, and some Shiite movements have been formed to achieve it, but there was no news of it in practice. Ayatollah Khamenei, with his unparalleled efforts, has provided solutions for the formation of the Islamic State, while clarifying how the legitimacy of the Islamic State is and proving that the truth of religion is impossible except with the implementation of a religious government. Accordingly, this research, with a descriptive-analytical method and relying on the statements of Ayatollah Khamenei, seeks to examine how to achieve an Islamic state from His Holiness's point of view. Findings indicate that considering the current situation of Muslim societies that are planning and shaping the Islamic state and despite the forward movement of Islamic civilization, always provide obstacles to the formation of the Islamic state. Therefore, Ayatollah Khamenei considers the grounds for achieving an Islamic state to be attention to monotheism, pivotal governance, resistance, the existence of leadership, the production of thought, and economic advancement.

After the death of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), the most important difference that gave rise to subsequent factions was the challenge of determining successor. A group that believed in a will and a group that tried to give the community their choice. A large group of people who came to the political area because of this challenge was a Shiite, which included several streams. Abbasid currents included many currents, most notably Ravandiyya, which were considered extremes and recognized the Imamate of the Abbasids and had a far-reaching view of the Imams. After the killing of Abu Muslem, they rose in the Mansour era and were suppressed by the caliphate, but their views on the issue of Imamate were accepted in the Mahdi period. The purpose of the present study is to investigate Ravandiyeh's view of Imamate and its impact on the future of the Abbasid caliphate.

Malaysia is a known for its high level of sensitivity in the halal and haram aspects. Its status as an international halal hub reflects the sustainable halal ecosystem in the country, supported by the sensitivities of the government, industry and consumers. Unfortunately, there are irresponsible parties who make halal food a medium of crime. Thus, various food crime issues rise such as food crime, food fraud, food adulteration, food terrorism and cases that cover it. Accordingly, the objective of this article is to target the analysis of food crime issues in Malaysia, focusing on the issue of illegal meat cartels. In addition, various causative factors have been put forward, as well as modern technological alternatives as practical solutions. Data were analysed in a qualitative approach, in which data were collected through document analysis from various primary and secondary sources. As a result, the issue of illegal cartel meat has betrayed all consumers in Malaysia. The government needs to empower halal control in the country, including making practical use of the Industrial Revolution 4.0 era technology.

Objectives: To measure the factors responsible for or contributing to the choice of accommodation in urban areas during and immediately after COVID 19 pandemic, with an increasing importance of location and its shifting perception for confidence building and future marketing.
Method: Principal Component Analysis and Chi-Square tests are found useful for analyzing the primary data collected from the urban areas in West Bengal
Results: COVID 19 risk perception and resultant behavior could not supersede purchasing power in the study area while location is playing a critical role. This study also projected a sustainability-safety-sustainability diaspora exhibiting future trends for supplementary accommodation sector with new-normal sustainability orientation in the area.
Practical Implications: COVID 19 measures with more investments does not enhance confidence among urban dwellers in the study area, rather price and location play critical role with new COVID 19 orientation for supplementary accommodations.
Social Implications: Risk perception, safety measures and actual availing of accommodation services are experiencing a wide gap as never before owing to this COVID 19 outbreak. This study focuses on this area with a future scope for supplementary accommodation.
Value: This study redirects the future marketing, financial and entrepreneurial policy issues for supplementary accommodation sectors

Purpose of the study:  This study focused on job satisfaction and organizational commitment among teachers who are teaching the indigenous students in the Pahang state. The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between job satisfaction and organizational commitment among the teachers and to find out which dimension in job satisfaction scored the highest factors in fulfilling organizational commitment.
Methodology:  This is a correlational study adopting a quantitative approach in data analysis.  A questionnaire on organizational commitment was adapted from Meyer and Allen (1990) while job satisfaction dimension was adapted from Spector (1985).  The questionnaires were distributed to 51 respondents from 3 indigenous schools in Pahang.  This study used purposive sampling technique and data were analysed using SPSS version 25. 
Main Findings:  Findings showed a significant relationship between job satisfaction and organizational commitment among the teachers.  The result showed that promotion opportunities were the element of job satisfaction that has the highest influence towards organizational commitment, meanwhile supervision has the factors lowest influence to organizational commitment.
Applications of this study:  This study is beneficial to the Pahang State Education Department in providing guidelines on how to increase organizational commitment among teachers in indigenous schools. Besides that, this study also benefits the school management as it offers a guideline for them to improve performance appraisal.  The findings can also help future researchers by providing better understanding of the connection between job satisfaction and organizational commitment.
Novelty/Originality of this study:  Although literature pertaining to job satisfaction and organizational commitment has often been discussed internationally, there is a scarcity of investigation on the issue in the Malaysian context, explicitly in the topic related to indigenous school teachers.  Hence, this study is trying to fill this gap.

The Industrial Revolution 4.0 (IR4.0) era has changed the working environments and the expertise of many professions rapidly. This 21^st Century is a daunting period for all the workforce because it requires a new technical and soft skills suite. Thus, this study aims to identify the Vocational Wellbeing Taxonomy (VWT) for sustainable growth of Technical Vocational and Education Training (TVET). TVET has a significant role in achieving and supporting sustainable growth. Its institutions are the primary supplier of the workforce that will be at the forefront in dealing directly with sustainability issues. As the rates of fresh-grade unemployment increase, students are more mindful of engaging in the vocational stream to ensure the workplace's well-being. Bloom's taxonomy has been used in an educational context to identify educational goals, objectives, and outcomes since 1956. However, it does not fulfil the 'well-being' assessment criterion for highly skilled workers with technical expertise. The concepts of well-being are closely linked to human capital that could be translated into individual skills, as highlighted in TVET. Therefore, the identification of  VWT is crucial to provide a framework for the determination of objectives and evaluating learning outcomes relevant to vocational education. In this study, the VWT domains are expecting to contribute to the worker's well-being for the sustainable growth of TVET. This initial study employed a thorough review of the relevant literature.

In the global world where intercultural exchange of student group has become a common
aspect wherein main cultures come in contact with each other in the journey of achieving
motives like education, business jobs in global market etc. In such a scenario where people
have to interact with diverse individuals they tend to treat their cultural norms and values
superior to others. The existence of strong ethnocentrism does not allow smooth exchange
of such values and culture.

Background: New trends in the educational sector development are caused by the transformation of the society's socio-economic structure and by values changing. New tendency and pandemic conditions especially require more lability. It gives and more possibilities and more problems at the same time. Materials and Methods: It have been noted individual learning forms are not strange for most people. We have learned the pros and cons of the individual learning systems in front of both teacher and student. Results: The construction of the individual educational system is an urgent task of modern education. The development of information and communication technologies that took place at the end of the previous century has triggered global alterations, and the new interpretation of educational processes too. The individual approach is the most effective realization of the competency model because of its centered around each individual with his singularities. The article proposes to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of the individual approach through the scheme: analysis of its base, components,and formulation of different tasks for each student. Discussions and Conclusions: Our outcomes demonstrate there is no single right, any learning form has its pros and cons. It depends on the learning direction, learning stimuli of the student, and teacher's proper to be in lability and new tendency

The purpose of the article is to describe stages of variables formation and identification and develop a student’s educational trajectory mathematical model and to create a technological model for the application of machine learning methods to predict the optimal educational trajectory of the student. External variables are analyzed, variables’ numerical values are determined, types of collecting information sessions are highlighted. Data arrays from information sources electronic diary Diary.ru and the GlobalLab online platform were analyzed. A mathematical model of the student is presented based on variables. Using the technical and scientific results of the Project will provide useful economic, technological and technical effects.

The data acquiring mechanism on the criteria of users-interaction to the users-interface has been developed in the initial stage of this applied science research. The input system gets multiple inhomogeneous texts about the interface actions of a specific user, whereas the vector has been demonstrated by the results that describe the user in a consolidated manner. Moreover, the vector collection for various users has been employed as an input of clustering algorithm (i.e. K-means), the outcomes of behaviors of users are among the one of these (k-clusters) that differentiates the users by their behavioral types. Almost, 67.8% of the Interactional data of the interface of the user is accessible to GlobalLab platform users. However, for the electronic diary (i.e.Diary.ru) there is no corresponding data. Although not every user of the GlobalLab system takes the initiative to create the projects, ideas, questionnaire task, and educational resources, the proportion of learners have been 9.7 thousand whose value with all 4 variables varied according to a neutral one.

This paper is focused on investment planning in the enterprise economic security
management. The actuality of the research is determined by the need for the identification
and usage of the adaptation enterprise system in Russia in the current circumstances of the
domestic problems and changes in the world economic relations. In work was formed the
mechanism of realization the current investing planning (CIP). Besides, authors have
highlighted the stages that provide factors of economic security of an enterprise in a shortand
medium-term perspective. The research aim is in the development of the mechanism of
the practical realization of the current investment planning on the base of its logical structure
and the investment program of the business entity. The methodological base of the research
was: the dialectical materialistic method, the method of the unity of logical and historical, the
methods of the induction and deduction, analytical groups and also such scientific methods as
the analysis and synthesis, the logic, the graphic method of the information interpretation

The article contains results of the factors analysis that form a social behavior of master students in the learning process and during training period at a higher educational institution. In the research was distinguished: the degree of information of students about the purpose of magistracy, their motivation for studying in the magistracy, the tendency to implement research activities, and the financial situation of students. The object of research is the bachelor’s degrees’ students of a third and fourth years of study and master students of a first and second year of study from eight regional state universities of Russia. The article also provides comparative data with the results of studies implemented earlier, in 2011, 2014, and 2016 years, by the authors from eight Russian universities. The results of the study enable us to identify problems concerning certain aspects of the functioning of the institute of magistracy in the system of Russian higher education institutions.

The Malabari community is a Muslim minority in Malaysia. People from Kerala in India has been living in Malaya since the days of the Malacca Sultanate. One theory of the spread of Islam to Malaya connected with minority communities that of the Shafi’i sect. Majority of the community presently lives in the states of Johore, Selangor, Perak, Malacca and Penang. The study’s focus was to examine the assimilation of Malay culture in the life of Muslim Malabaris by looking at the social and cultural aspects that included the assimilation of language communication, education, traditional dress, and wedding. This research was a “non-experimental” study that concentrated on field studies and interviews. Study data were collected through interviews and surveys. The outcomes revealed that the language of the Muslim Malabari community is losing their identity in Malaysia. They already assimilate the Malay culture in their daily lives. This paper also presented some ideas to maintain their identity in Malaysia and recommended further documentation and research to preserve and uphold their customs and traditions not to stay relevant.

Nowadays, psychological issues often occurs among elite athletes and were higher than the general population. However, this problem can be controlled by providing an appropriate intervention. In addition, studies on the impact of Sports Massage toward cortisol and pre-competit ion anxiety were still lacking in attention on tennis. Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of Sports Massage intervention on cortisol and pre-competition anxiety. A total of 14 elite tennis athletes were participated in this study and were divided into treatment groups and control groups by using the Quasi-Experimental study design, quantitatively. Instruments used in this study were Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
(ELISA) and Competit ive State Anxiety Inventory (CSAI-2). There were three phase of instrument measurement in this study namely pretest, first posttest and second posttest. Repeated Measures Two Way ANOVA was performed, there was a significant difference in the cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and self-confidence (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference on cortisol (p > 0.05). These findings suggested as the basis for determining the effect of Sports Massage therapy towards cortisol level and pre-competition anxiety level among Malaysian elite tennis athlete

With the changing norms and evolving society, it becomes significant for the youth to be aware and informed about the benefits their country’s laws provide them through their set rights and duties. The laws for women in any country help in succoring them towards their well-being and development in both personal and professional roles. This research aimed at evaluating and identifying the level of legal awareness the adolescents of the national capital region of India had about these very laws made for women safety, security and progress.

This research studied the relationship of business operations based on business elements of
Business Model Canvas that influenced the efficiency in risk management and the performance
of SMEs in Rayong province. The research is based on a Quantitative research methodology,
where data collection has been achieved through self- administered questionnaires. The statistical
results found that the Business Model Canvas influenced SMEs performance in Rayong.The
empirical data and correlation testing via Structure Equation Modeling in which found thatSMEs
businesses in Rayong had well business plan that covered all the nine aspects of Business Model
Canvas with the efficient risk management.Both led to the well Balance Scorecard performance
including the well business plan that would lead the business to have good risk management
efficiency. The risk management efficiency was the partial mediation from the Business Model
Canvas to the business performance result.

Information plays an important role as a resource in the development and success of an
organization. It is useful in decision-making to achieve the goals of the organization in an
optimized way. This has to be achieved without affecting the information security and privacy of
the stakeholders. Organizational policies are addressing the above-stated requirements within the
jurisdiction and domain of an organization. While accessing and sharing the information among
the organizations, the interests of all the stakeholders across the organizations have to be
considered. For this, the policies have to be implemented to safeguard the information of the
individuals as well as the organization through regulations or laws.

Despite the positive tendencies in housing and communal services (HCS) of the Russian
Federation, in the 2020 positive changes occur very slowly and sometimes with sharp
contradictory deviations from the intended course. In this article, we highlight the major
problems of the development of HCS that demand priority elimination. This study aimed at
assessing the effectiveness of government programs implemented in the HCS sector and was
based on the methods of analysis, induction, deduction and dialectical- logical approaches.
Five main problems in the development of HCS were found out by using induction method.
The identified problems relate to the field of strategic management and characterize the
inefficiency of the development and implementation of development plans. These problems
were compared with the tools of private concepts of controlling the sphere of HCS. Namely,
the problems of development were compared with the technology of forming a controlling
system. Results indicated irregularities or incorrect execution of separate stages of controlling
technology. The obtained results have theoretical and practical importance for increasing the
efficiency of the development of the sphere. The results of the study can be used to clarify
goals, objectives, and adjust activities to accelerate the development of the industry.

Cloud solutions are promising directions among modern technologies using in education. Many
companies today are gradually moving their business processes including education business to
the cloud or preparing to move to it. Cloud technology was one of the ideas that first emerged in
the end of 1980s when scientists were talking about the concept of distance education. One of the
main reasons for implementing this concept was the high cost of computers and software in the
case of using systems without using of cloud technologies in distance education. Therefore, the
idea of connecting several employees to a common cloud processor at the same time was
considered. Implementation of cloud computer technologies began in 1990s, and the first
economically successful solution was released around 2000s. In the case of using cloud
computer capabilities customers could purchase the software power needed to perform the
calculations. The second major factor influencing today’s clouds is the ability to connect to a
global network for everyone in everywhere. The basic principle of this technology is that users
can access services from anywhere in the world.

This article is about the characters in Uzbek and English literature prose .The literary description of children’s spiritual world, the psychology of heroes, reflection of character’ thinking and images, the position, ways of psychologism in children’s literature. It discusses the problems of teenagers’ psychology in Uzbek and English children's realistic novels.

The article presents the study results, the ecological assessment of populationhealth indicators of the Republic of Karakalpakstan and their relationship with the environment.The
structure analysis of the nosological disease forms distribution showed that there is some
redistribution of the main nosologies.The environment acts as a whole, and the whole influence is
always greater than the sum effect of the individual parts.

The article provides information about folklore samples and their role in Navoi's works. There is also an analysis of its place in the written literature. At the same time, the system of genres of literature and its poetic changes are considered. There are also a number of analyzes of the relationship between folklore and Navoi's works.

The article discusses methodological approaches to the transition from centralized system to
market relations. Strengths and weaknesses of the market mechanism have been identified. The priorities of the development of the economy of Uzbekistan and the tendencies of institutional transformations are considered. Proposals have been developed for the reform of economic management in the context of the spread of COVID-19 and the need to improve economic security.

Fine arts classes are considered to be one of the main subjects in the educational process in special schools. Because art classes serve to enrich children's artistic and aesthetic worldview. Under the influence of fine arts, children's level of emotional knowledge increases, and their mental and volitional qualities develop. Correction of hand motor skills is also effective. It is important to strengthen students' ability to work with plot drawings, to create attractive images, to strengthen the ability to place any image correctly on the surface of the paper, and to develop the ability to draw independently.

This article discusses the origins of terminology and its place in world linguistics. Research by foreign and Uzbek scholars in the field of terminology, as well as the lexicalsemantic and national-cultural features of art terms in French and Uzbek languages are also discussed.

Pancasila as the source of all legal resources is determined by the politics that develop in every ruling regime. During the New Order (Orba) regime in power, Pancasila became a static dogma because it was initiated by applying Pancasila and the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia in 1945 (abbreviated as the 1945 NRI Constitution) purely and consequently. In the reform era, the existence of Pancasila as the source of all legal resources still obtained the legal house through TAP MPR Number III /MPR/2000 on The Source of Law and The Order of Legislation. However, in this TAP MPR the position of Pancasila is no longer explicitly asserted as the source of all legal resources in the national legal system. This research is normative law research using legal approach and conceptual approach. This research is descriptive analytical using qualitative data analysis. Factors causing the emergence of pro-cons and rejection of the formulation, formation and validity of the Bill of Copyright Work into Law No. 1 of 2020 on Copyright Work, because in the establishment is not participatory, transparent. The regulation on the normative rights of workers in Law No. 11 of 2020 on Copyright work, has not accommodated the normative rights of labor. In fact, the substation of the Labor Act is perceived as ignoring the normative rights of the workforce. The establishment of the Working Copyright Law has not realized the values of Pancasila as the basis of the nation's living philosophy that becomes the main legal source in every legislator. This is known from the substance of the articles on the employment cluster that many do not conform to the values of industrial relations based on the family economic system, which reflects the principles of social justice.

The scientific article discusses the model of unification of criminal procedure based on the interaction of national legal systems. It is justified that the key modern models of the criminal procedure at present are the German, French and English models, which set standards for unification for other states, including for Russia.
The article justifies the concept that the criminal procedure policy of Russia, starting in 1864, is based on the unification of the procedural institutions of other legal systems. The Russian Empire unified the criminal procedure with the French model, the Soviet Union introduced German criminal procedural institutions, the criminal procedure of the modern Russian Federation, is the object of competition between the German, French and English models of criminal procedure, which is reflected in the legislative regulation of various institutions of criminal procedure (jury trial, simplified judicial procedures, alternatives to criminal prosecution, appeal of court decisions).

Summary.:The present study aims to make its theoretical contribution to the rationale for the creation of an integrated system theory of human capital management and to clarify the interaction of knowledge generation factors in a dynamic innovation system. The systems theory of intellectual capital identifies the mechanisms that ensure the role of intellectual capital in the dynamic innovation capabilities of technology companies and industrial sectors.

The technology of forming an investment portfolio, the problems of forming a portfolio in the current conditions are investigated. The approaches to assessing the profitability and risk of the investment portfolio are considered. The concept of strategic emergency risk is introduced (for example, the pandemic of the coronavirus infection COVID-19). The necessity of forecasting such risks, the impact on the economic security of companies, that is, on the profitability and risk of the investment portfolio, is substantiated. A technology has been developed to diagnose the effectiveness of the investment portfolio, taking into account the strategic risk of emergency as a factor of economic security of enterprises. Practical implementation of the developed technique is carried out.

In the modern world, cross-border (transboundary) regions acquire special significance for optimizing the economy of the country and its individual regions, as well as for realizing its national interests in the international space. Any economic activity is associated with the use of nature, with the emergence of new or the development of old production and natural relations, which inevitably generate a complex of problems and form the ecological state of the territory. Therefore, the study of the territorial structure of production, production and natural relations, their dynamics is important and relevant, and especially in the border areas, because these territories are affected by their own production and economic activities of adjacent territories. In this paper, we consider the border counties of Heilongjiang Province and the regions of the southern regions of the Far East. The material on the natural-resource potential of the studied territories, their economic activities was collected and analyzed. In addition, the characteristic of the ecological situation of the territories, as well as some calculated indicators (according to the necessary statistical information available), characterizing the ecological status and economic sufficiency of nature protection activity is given. The uneven economic development of the border territories of the regions of the Far East and Heilongjiang Province and, consequently, the unequal impact of the economic activities of the considered territories on the environment are revealed. It is obvious that there are many factors that determine the further effective cooperation. At the same time, it is pointed out the need for joint projects aimed at methodological development on the basis of a uniform reading of the rules of nature management and sanitary norms. It is also extremely important for cross-border territories, in addition to economic joint projects, to formulate and implement joint projects for the protection of the environment and rational use of natural resources.

The study examines modularly distributed systems using the example of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). It is determined that UAVs are divided into three main classes: strategic, tactical and special purpose. The concept of the efficiency of operation of modularly distributed systems of aviation technology is introduced, considering the factors of uncertainty and cost. In comparison with the manned aircraft, there are emphasized the properties and advantages of the UAV. The scenario of joint use of UAVs has been substantiated. A model is being developed for determining the required number of UAVs in a group based on preliminary information regarding the tactical situation in the group's area of  operations; the estimated number and nature of targets located in the target area and other parameters. A probabilistic model for analyzing the effectiveness of the actions of a group of modularly distributed systems of aircraft, considering the cost factors and uncertainty in extinguishing forest fires, is proposed. 

The protection of the rights and freedoms of persons subject to criminal prosecution, participation of counsel in criminal proceedings are always the center of attention of the progressive world community and legislators. However, the practice of ensuring the right to protection of persons from suspicion or accusation in some countries, including taking into account the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights, indicates that not all issues of its legal regulation have been resolved to a degree that satisfies science and practice, and there are violations of human rights enshrined in international legal standards, the principle of adversarial parties in criminal proceedings is not fully implemented, so there is increasing scientific interest in problematic issues of protection from criminal prosecution.
Despite the great contribution of the conducted research to the development of the institute of protection from criminal prosecution, many issues related to the implementation of international standards in the field of human rights in the provision of this protection in the criminal proceedings of Russia and some foreign countries have not been fully covered and require a comprehensive study.
The purpose of the study is to analyze international standards in the field of human rights, as well as the experience of Russia and some foreign countries in the field of ensuring the right to protection from criminal prosecution in criminal proceedings, to identify problematic issues of a legal nature in this part and to formulate scientifically based recommendations for their solution (minimization).

In history, many mistakes were made, such as: wars, distortion of history, trust in the first persons who wore "masks". You can shift the responsibility to politicians, the TV industry, and so on. If a number of conditions are met, a citizen can independently perform an analysis of the safety of their own life. To do this, you need to carefully look at the people around you (at home, at work, in the yard); conduct an objective analysis of negative news from TV and the Internet; analyze the activities of your immediate supervisor, whom you see weekly; analysis of the work of the educational institution where children study; the environmental situation in the city; the quality of life in terms of determining psychological health. Based on these factors, without being an expert in the field of security, a citizen will be able to draw conclusions about the legality of actions taken by the state against himself and his family. Based on the urgency of the problem, the article will present the types of crimes committed against citizens in "democratic" states.

The article examines the problems of human life in a totalitarian state. Examples of the use of violence against adults and children are given. Describes the harsh treatment of free-thinking citizens. It is assumed that the increase in the number of diseases in children is directly related to the quality of imported products, therefore, it is recommended to check for the content of psychoactive substances and other components that negatively affect the nervous system of children. A special threat to civilians in a totalitarian state can be represented by experiments on people in order to intimidate and influence the psyche. Particular attention should be paid to sex education, namely, the satisfaction of cognitive, family needs within the framework of moral principles. It should be taken into account that when taking psychoactive substances, libido in relation to a spouse or spouse decreases (oppression of the brain centers responsible for processing sensory information), which leads to negative consequences.

Domestic violence is one of the most common types of human violence prevalent since ancient times. Violence has increased in contemporary societies, its causes have varied, its forms and colours have varied, and its effects on our Islamic societies have begun to appear tangible. Domestic violence has become one of the most important contemporary family problems. Especially, with the increasing forms and types of increasing violence and the consequent adverse effects on the family and community stability. The Shariah has dealt with this violence that may cause the dissolution of the family and the disintegration of its foundations, so Islamic Shariah law has put in place the provisions and regulations that guarantee the protection, stability and survival of the family.

Waste management is one of the major concerns of the developing countries today. The increase in population and the exploitation of all kinds of natural recourses without the inclusion of sustainable practices have added to generation of solid and hazardous waste endangering living beings and the ecosystem. More or less every country is putting effort to develop and maintain an effective mechanism for managing waste. In India, many states and cities including Assam have undertaken significant steps to address this issue. Sivasagar, a city in Upper Assam has recently joined this endeavor and is on its way of implementing certain projects. This study would focus on Social Cost Benefit Analysis of a project named “Door to Door Garbage Collection” recently implemented by Sivasagar Municipal Board. It is expected that the study would reveal relevant social cost and benefits to be considered while undertaking such kind of projects in developing nations

The objective of this paper is to investigate the impact of debt structure on the market value of transportationcompanies,debt structure was measured by both debt ratio and short term debt, while market value was measured by market share price. The paper conducted on the data of all the 12 transportation companies listed in Amman Stock Exchange. The study relied on multiple regression analysis to examine the impact of debt ratios on firm market value.The analysis result indicates thatmarket value is effected by debt structure significantly, both debt ratio andshort term debthad a negative impact on market value, and suggests that more debt is not always useful for market value

This paper examines the annual data series from 2000 to 2020 and analyses the interaction among foreign direct investment, economic growth and employment through VAR model.Augmented Dickey-Fuller test, Grangercausality test and variance decompositionresults show that the foreign directinvestment has a positive effect on economic growth and employment, and the economic growth has a positiveeffect on foreign direct investment and employment. There is a bi-directional causality between employment and economic growth.Meanwhile, theforeign direct investment can also result in an increase in the employment.Simultaneously, the high speed economicgrowth can improve the employment in Uzbekistan.More importantly, this paper providesrecommendationsfor Uzbekistan’s government to settle social problems such as employment and economic growth.Specifically, at present, Uzbekistan’s government should encourage foreign investors to invest in Uzbekistan because itcan be beneficial to employment and economic growth in Uzbekistan. Of course, the structure of employment alsoshould be optimized so as to keep high speed economic growth.

The study exploresthe impact of applying green marketing dimensions on preserving the environment, according to vision 2030, the case of the Northern Region Cement Company (NRC).
The research follows the descriptive, analytical approach to describe the research topic, present the research literature and its theoretical framework, define the research problem, analyze the questionnaire, and the results of the research
The environmental axis of the vision was to make business organizations in the Kingdom work on preserving the environment and the natural capabilities. It is among our responsibilities toward future generations, and a fundamental ingredient in the quality of our lives to work on raising the level of work in the environment, improving the level of services provided that contribute to the safety and welfare of society, and promoting sustainable development, by reducing pollution and by raising the efficiency of violation management, to preserve the environment and our natural capabilities

Current study aimed at examining the influence of using buzz marketing on drawing attention of customers towards green products through the moderating influence of shockvertising. Study employed elements of buzz marketing (buzzing, seeding, and motivation). Depending on quantitative approach, a questionnaire was uploaded online through Google forms and (456) responses were collected. Utilizing SPSSV26 program, results of study indicated that buzz marketing can have the ability to draw customers' attention towards green products through the moderating influence of shockvertising; results also indicated that buzz marketing through shockvertising can motivate individuals towards getting the product in order to experience what others have based on WoM through social media. Study recommended that buzz marketing is all about presenting what is unusual, but tackling the forbidden within the society as an approach to buzz marketing won't be a good choice for the organization.

This study investigates the relationship between financial leverage, operating leverages and industrial performance in the context of Pakistan. For this purpose secondary data have been collected and ratio analysis, as well as, fixed effect model has been used to estimate the results. The Hausman test suggested the presence of cross section heterogeneity. It was established that FL and OL have significant impact on cement sector firm’s performance and it is also providing close eye view on interrelation between financial management and operational management and their impact on firm success or failure.

The study conduct to determine the co-integration between the FDI and terrorism. Time series data. The data for terrorism is taken form World Governances Indicator WGI and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) data is taken from world bank. The study applied the co-integration and granger causality test to check the causality between terrorism and foreign Direct Investment (FDI). The study applied the ADF unit root test, co-integration and granger causality test the result concluded that variable are stationary at difference so the variable are not co-integrate means that the FDI and terrorism does not a granger causality of each other

Purpose: Cultural & Heritage Destination Branding plays an important role to attract tourists. Jaunsar Bawar is endowed with historical and archaeological sites. The main purpose of this study is to identify the constituent elements of the overall image of the brand of Jaunsar Bawar’s main heritage destinations by utilizing heritage, general, and unique images, and it proposes a model for branding Jaunsar Bawar’s cultural & heritage destinations.
The region has all the potential to be an important cultural heritage destination in the world. Well-planned branding strategies of these heritage destinations are a primary requirement to attract both foreign and domestic tourists. There are some barriers, which can impede successful heritage tourism marketing in Jaunsar Bawar. Lack of coordination among stakeholders, insufficient funding and providing less importance to the needs of the tourists can obstruct successful heritage destination branding. Developing creative promotional program, coordination among relevant stakeholders, conservation and protection of heritage sites and active participation of both private and public sector are necessary to implement heritage destination branding in Jaunsar Bawar.
Design/methodology/approach – This research is exploratory in nature and it uses the qualitative approach of primary research methodology by adopting a non-random stratified sampling method. To collect the data, approach of face-to-face semi-structured & open-ended interviews of 20 local people of Jaunsar from varied background were conducted.
Outcomes – The study reveals that the people perceive Destination Branding as an effective tool for the enhancement of the tourism in field related to Cultural & Historical perspective of a tribal region like Jaunsar Bawar. The study also establishes that the various initiatives in field of creating a destination brand enhances the reputation and build a very strong, unique & competitive brand in the minds of locals as well as in the minds of tourists/ visitors who are planning or who have visited Jaunsar Bawar and this could result in the economic development of this Himalayan tribal region.
Research implications – The findings of the study represent a significant contribution to the field of destination branding and will help practitioners to develop destination brand of their area of research and achieve competitive advantage in long-run which will create several business opportunities in the local area and thus gives competitive advantage in the long-run.Research limitations – The study is confined only to the region of Jaunsar Bawar thus having a limited geographic scope of one region of one state of India. Therefore, further research may be carried out by studying other tribal regions of Himalayas.

The socio-economic development of Pacific Russia is traditionally associated with the active involvement of its natural resource and production potential in the integration processes of the Asia-Pacific region of the world. An important factor that stimulates the foreign economic activity of production is also the favorable economic and geographical position of the region. The aim of the work is to study the influence of foreign economic factors on the formation of the sectoral structure of the subjects of the Far Eastern Federal District (FEFD). Currently, the positive effect of foreign economic activity in the regions is limited to the "backward" structure of the economy of most subjects of the Far Eastern Federal District (a high share of extractive industries, poor development of manufacturing and services), which has developed due to the uneven distribution of demographic, production and infrastructure potentials. To assess the uneven development of subjects, it is proposed to use the methods of sectoral analysis of the economy, as well as the method of zoning the territory of the Far Eastern Federal District by the specifics of economic activity, incl. commodity structure of exports and imports. Thus, on the territory of Pacific Russia, there are two zones of economic development - 1) "northern" and 2) "southern", differing in the combination of factors and living conditions of the population, the sectoral structure of the economy and foreign economic activity. The subjects of the "southern" zone are distinguished by a higher level of demographic, production and infrastructural potential, as well as a relatively high share of processing and service activities in the sectoral structure of the economy. At the same time, a common feature of all regions of Pacific Russia is noted - the predominance in the commodity structure of exports of products with low added value (raw materials and materials), and in the structure of imports - products of manufacturing industries (machinery and equipment).

Drawing on the stimulus-organism-response (S-O-R) paradigm this study focuses on online sales promotion, impulse buying tendency and social influence to examine online impulsive buying behavior of online customers of Pakistan. The study further assesses the mediating role of urge to buy impulsively on the relationship of sales promotion, impulse buying tendency, social influence and online impulse buying behavior. A total 576 questionnaires were distributed to students from four universities of using convenience sampling technique. The study has used SPSS (version 21.0) and PLS-SEM (version 3.2.8) for analyzing data at 0.05 critical level. According to the analysis results all the factors including sales promotion, impulse buying tendency and social influence significant influence on online impulse buying behavior. Results revealed the positive impact of targeted constructs on online impulse buying behavior with mediating role of urge to buy impulsively.The study adds new theoretical linkages and empirical evidences on the interaction between by sales promotion, impulse buying tendency, social influence and online impulse buying behavior with theoretical support of S-O-R Model. Moreover, this study is useful for e-marketers in assisting them to develop appropriate policies and customer-driven strategies by addressing customer’s online impulse buying behavior in south Asian context.

For survival in the environment and increase organizational success it is mandatory for any organization to focus on enhancing employees’ job performance. The main objective of this study was to determine the correlation of leadership styles, work climate and organizational commitment with job performance. The public universities lecturers were selected as population of the study while 339 lecturers were administered as a sample for this study through stratified random sampling technique. Data was collected by using standardized questionnaire through survey method. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS-25) was adopted to analyse the data according to the proposed hypothesis. It was concluded that the constructs such as; leadership styles, work climate and organizational commitment are the predictor to boostjob performance of lecturers.

An enterprise constantly needs to improve its sales logistics. The purpose of the work is to
create a matrix of tactical prospects for the company's sales logistics. Tasks for conducting a
comprehensive study of the scientific and methodological support of ABC analysis methods
have been identified; the use of the economic and mathematical apparatus for modeling the
sales matrix; a description of the methodology for building the sales matrix and identifying
the tactical prospects of the enterprise. The study relies on systemic and process approaches.
The main methods are methods of statistical, economic, and mathematical analysis. The
presented matrix model is based on the creation of individual contract sales conditions,
grounding on multi-parameter ratings of customers and goods. It is shown that the regulation
of relations and flows in the sales sector can be carried out on the basis of standard decisions
taken from the proposed model of the matrix of sales logistics

The purpose of the work is to determine objective criteria that can serve as the basis for complementing state statistics systems to assess the full potential of the logistics services market. Countries and world statistical systems have to highlight new competitive advantages of territories, regions, and states. Applying a systematic approach, economical methods for processing special data, and an analysis of data arrays we obtained a system of statistical indicators comprising five elemental databases, that allowed to assess logistics attractiveness of the subjects of the Central Federal District of the Russian Federation and Russia’s logistics attractiveness relative to some other countries. The developed rating complements and refines the existing methods for assessing the investment attractiveness of regions. Evaluating the data to formulate the logistic attractiveness rating reveals additional competitive factors for certain territories, since the developed rating technique outlines the quantitative boundaries of the parameters of the created logistics infrastructure

In the present scenario it is clearly known that customers are very smart and also
had various options from different sellers with varieties of options for whatever products or service there are a large number of options are there with the customers so for the above issue mostly companies or seller are targeting more on creating loyal customers by providing better quality product or service at a reasonable rate which means they are giving more emphasis on satisfying the customers instead of mass products for increasing profits which were earlier used in the traditional marketing concept but now-a-days the trend is totally different and they only try to satisfy the customers. The study was conducted on customer satisfaction in relation to brand loyalty towards online selling application – Amazon and Flipkart. The purpose of the study was to examine various factors influencing brand loyalty and also to study the impact & satisfaction level of customer on brand loyalty by taking sample size as 400 from Guwahati city. The researcher has design descriptive and analytical structure for the purpose of the study. After analysing the data, it is find that mostly customers are influence by quality of the product or service which give them moresatisfaction in comparison to other factors and also in times of price increase majority of the respondents are of the opinion that they never switch to other brands.

In the changing world of work, including increasing working parents and work from home, work-life balance is receiving increased attention from HR executives looking to improve employee productivity. Talent retention and getting active and responsible contributions from existing employees are permanent concern for organizations because of their high costs and negative consequences. This research aims to investigate the relationship of work-life balance with turnover intention and procrastination. The present study was conducted with 104 office staff working in various business organizations. The results showed a significant relationship between work-life balance and turnover intention and a significant relationship between work-life balance and procrastination. Further regression analysis showed a significant prediction of turnover intention and procrastination by worklife balance. The study's results suggested that work-life balance provisions should be included in organization policy and talent retention strategies.

In this article, a general analysis of the causes of injury to the human body through the factors of Organization of production and the protection of labor during the organization of an active movement, as well as active movement and constant physical loads, an analysis of the causes of the injury of athletes engaged in the activity of the body, the impact.

The main objective of the current study is to investigate the direct relationship between the green supply chain management, environmental management, and sustainable  performance. In addition to that the study has also examined the mediating role of environmental management. The manufacturing firms listed in PSX are chosen as a sample of the study. The study has employed the survey based methodology and the data were collected with the aid of a questionnaire. The response rate after omitting unusable questionnaires is 59.6%. For the data analysis, the study has chosen, SEM-PLS, which is one of the most robust technique for the data analysis. The findings of the study have shown agreement with the hypothesized results. The response rate after omitting unusable questionnaires is 59.6%. The researchers highlighted the presence of two different mediation impacts between the internal and external GSCM activities or both are the mediators of these associations. The scholars highlighted the presence of two different mediation impacts between internal and external GSCM practices and organizational economic performance enhancement. The study will be helpful for practioners, and policymakers in understanding the issues related to green supply chain management, environmental management, and sustainable  performance.

The awareness about environmental concerns in organizations has been increased in recent research. Green human resources are becoming a crucial element to implement green practices in organizations. Limited research in the context of the inefficient environmental performance of universities is drawing the attention of scholars. Based on the Ability -Motivation-Opportunity  (AMO) theory, the current study examines the indirect effect of GHRM practices on universities' environmental performance through organizational citizenship behavior toward the environment. The survey method was used for data collection from the academic staff of public sector universities in Punjab, Pakistan. Convenience sampling was used, and a partial least square structural equation modeling technique was used to analyze the data statistically. Direct hypothesis results revealed the significant impact of green performance, green reward, and green training on the environment's organizational citizenship behavior. The environment's organizational citizenship behavior significantly mediates the relationship between green performance, green reward, and green training and environmental performance for mediation analysis. The study findings provide numerous theoretical and practical implications by extending the AMO theory and guiding universities' administration to train the academic staff and increase the reward to improve public sector universities' environmental performance. 

The study seeks to investigate the relationship of stock market developent with financial structure of firms in Pakistan. Quantitative approach is used in this study. For this purpose, secondary data is obtained from published annual reports of 100 non-financial firms listed in Pakistan Stock Exchange from 2008-2018. The data related to stock index is obtained from daily KSE 100 stock index ranging from 2008 to 2018. Dynamic panel model has been used; two step system GMM panel estimators are applied for empirical testing of hypothesis. The study indicates that two stock market development measures like stock market capitalization and trading volume increases the debt level in financial structure. However, stock market volatility decreases the optimal financial structure of firms. The study is beneficial for corporate managers for efficient and optimal financial decision making. Moreover, the study has novel contribution in the relationship of various stock market development measures with number of financial structure measures.

Better management of listed firms will help them to attract more FDI investment capitals. There are many factors affecting business management including financial risk management.
This papers mainly uses quantitative analysis with OLS model, and qualitative analysis including synthesis, inductive and analytical methods.
OLS regression give us results that, in a 6 factors model, LAF stock price decrease are much affected by increase in CPI and lending rate with a significant effect, then increasing the exchange rate.
From that, we can have policy and management implications.
The limitation of research is that we can expand model for other industries and markets.

This study aimed to identify a strategic learning approach to support student learning development from home, resulting from school closures policy due to the disruption of the COVID-19. Many studies have shown that learning success at home during a pandemic is closely related to students' learning outcome orientation strategies. To understand what approach can support this learning, we have reviewed various related literature. After the review completed, in-depth analysis and interpretation were with a descriptive design on pedagogical competence, motivation, materials, methods, and evaluation of success. Connected with teaching experiences, theories, and student learning realities from home so far, finally, we can identify efforts to develop strategic designs to support student learning from home as follows: 1) learning mindset and ownership, 2) situational awareness, 3) vision and learning innovation, 4) collaborative learning, 5) critical thinking skills, 6, 7) high commitment, 8) new learning skills, 9) knowledge resources, 10) independent learning management, 11) academic competency innovation, and 12) learning balance. These findings are valid and reliable because they have answered the research question. Therefore, these findings can serve as a relevant solution to support students learning from home while waiting for schools to reopen.

This study discuss efforts to bridge the gap between the competency of applying lecturer technology and student learning outcomes in the 21st century, an era full of challenges and global job market competition. We started this discussion by collecting data from literary sources and international publications. Then proceed with a narrative qualitative analysis involving a coding system, critical evaluation, and concluding by fulfilling the principles of the validity and reliability of the findings. We conducted data searches with the journal Google Doc, Google Scholar, and Eric with various publications from 2010 to 2020. We also analyzed learning strategies and techniques, as well as evaluation approaches. We find that most lecturers' papers have very low teaching technology competence to current standards in backing up their teaching and research. The paper offers solutions and ideas approaches to support active student learning activities with various techniques, methods, and technology-based learning exploration activities, up to date. Some publications offer lecturers an academic work approach that is effective in research-based learning; reduce the traditional lecturing approach, which often hinders the accelerated process of conceptual understanding and application of core content and useful advice to lecturers and students. Several papers also advise on specific college-style learning solutions that are different from school student learning. Finally, this study's results will be useful input for improving student learning in the digital era, which is full of global competition, and for developing higher education curricula.

There are three main problems in analyzing the origins of economic growth: First, the choice of irrelevant production functions, second, the failed ignorance of such indispensable variables as human capital in a research model, and third, the use of unreliable econometric methods. Using the Bayesian non-linear regression via the Metropolis-Hasting algorithm, this work estimates a human capital-extended variable elasticity of substitution (VES) function in a Solow-Swan one-sector growth model for Vietnam, an emerging economy. The study reports the following findings: (1) A variable elasticity of substitution between capital and labor (ES) of higher than one implies that the possibility of unbounded endogenous growth has been generated in the economy of Vietnam; (2) Despite a continuous increase in physical investment over the transition period, the labor share rises relative to the capital share in Vietnam due to including embodied human capital in the model; (3) Scale economies do not take place in Vietnam, i.e., the economy approaches a status of perfect competition market; and (4) The human capital-extended VES production model is found to be appropriate for evaluating endogenous growth.

Efforts to understand the increasing business progress by increasing human resources with digital technology through a systematic review were made. We have carried out with the results, among others, that we have systematically reviewed publications confirming that efforts to increase the capacity of human business resources and public service organizations through optimization of digitalization are the right steps and very reasonable. This is because the effectiveness and superiority of technology to this day are unmatched. We seek to find this understanding with a descriptive qualitative approach review design. We searched secondary sources of data through the Google search engine for two data sources; Google Scholar and ERIC publications. For our data to be updated, we choose between the 2010 to 2020 issues except fundamental theory data. Thus these findings become input for business people, academics, and policymaking.

In this study we will categorize both macro factors and micro factors that affect banking policies  in agricultural development in emerging market such as Vietnam. We use qualitative analytical methods including synthesis and inductive methods, together with statistic data analysis. Our study shows results that agricultural development is much affected by macro factors such as GDP growth, land area and inflation and micro factors effects such as advice from experts and hi-tech application. Then, we also present results for bank policies for agricultural development on the country. Last but not least, we believe these findings could be used by banks, companies and borrowers in agriculture.

There are several factors affecting enhancing management capabilities of real estate companies in Vietnam. For instance: management of quality of construction and real estate projects, better organization of human resources, better practices of corporate governance, etc. With OLS regression method, the article suggests a total quality management perspective for managing real estate activities and propose recommendations for macro policies that affect firm performance. For instance, exchange rate policy need to be in favor of USD/VND just little bit while inflation policy need to be controlled well.  Moreover, Applying TQM not only improves the quality of products and services but also improves the operational efficiency of the whole system thanks to the principle of always doing the right thing the first time. Limitation of the research is that the model can be expanded for other markets.

What are macro effects on business performance indicators such as stock price in medicine sector and such firms such as Vimedimex (VMD) in Vietnam? Is it the time we propose better management model via analyzing business performance under macro factors effects?
This paper will use quantitative and qualitative analytical methods, such as synthesis and inductive, with OLS regression supported by Eviews.
First, we found that many macro factors have negative correlation with stock price of firm, VMD. Whereas Risk free rate (Rf) has positive correlation with stock price.
Next we discovered better business performance will be affected by better stock price management. Hence, management team need to predict effects from macro policies on their stock price as our suggested model.
We believe these findings could be used by companies and investors as a prediction of stock price management.

Humans are both the target and the driving force behind the socio-economic development of each country in all times. Therefore, during the process of leading the revolution, Vietnam always considers people as the most precious capital, the goal and the driving force of the revolution, as the decisive factor for the success or failure of the revolution, especially in the process of international integration with a new comprehensive and profound awareness of both theory and practice in all fields, awareness of the position and role of human is also becoming more complete and profound. Vietnam always puts people at the center of the development process, that is the object, target and driving force of all socio-economic activities. Currently, Vietnam has become a low-middle income country and has reaped many achievements in human development. However, the reality still has many limitations and weaknesses, requiring the Government to have appropriate solutions and policies to promote human development that meet the requirements of sustainable development in Vietnam in the coming time.

Efforts to implement da'wah in the organisation must be made in an orderly and planned manner to achieve good results. The Ministry of Defence Malaysia, established the Armed Forces Religious Corps(Malay: Kor Agama Angkatan Tentera, KAGAT) in 1985, to build an appreciation of Islam among the military to form the strength of personnel’s, both spiritually and mentally, to provide a strong combat force to defend religion, race and country. This paper will explain the da'wahefforts made by KAGAT in the way ofwasatiyyahto have a significantimpact on the appreciation of Islam among the personnel of the Malaysian Armed Forces as well as the effectsof Islamic da'wahin Malaysia. Library research, questionnaire methods, interviews and observations were used to obtain research data. The findings of the study show that KAGAT's experience in the implementation of da'wah throughwasatiyyahin military organisations and face various of challenge can be used as a useful guideline for
da'wah organisations and preachers in Malaysia.

This article deals with linguistic gaps and the correlation of non-equivalent vocabulary with them in the English and Karakalpak languages. Invisible from within, but revealed when comparing two linguocultures, lacunas and non-equivalent vocabulary are fixators of their specificity and in the teaching process deserve special attention, since they also carry rich information about the culture of the language being studied and the mentality of its bearer.

Thearticleexaminestheintegrationofpedagogicalandinformationtechnologiesasanintegrati
veapproachtoeducation,thecreatorsofanintegrationenvironment,identifyingproblemsinthisenvironm
ent,showingtheirsolutions,integratingpedagogicalandinformationtechnologiesincomputereducation
,itspedagogicalandpsychologicalaspects.andopportunities,pedagogicalandinformational.Preparatio
nofinformaticsteachersfortheintegrationoftechnologies,thedevelopmentofrequirementsforthem,thef
ormationofprofessionalcompetencies,selfdiagnostics,
trainingintheformationanddevelopmentoftheirownmethodologicalsystem,experimentalt
estingoftheseprocessesinpedagogicalpracticeandanalysisoftheresultsofexperiments,conclusionsand
recommendations

The given article examines one of the insufficiently explored problems of art history of Uzbekistan – The formation of a genre system in local painting at the beginning of the 20th century through the example of portrait. Authors investigate such aspects as formation, specificity of themes and traditions, the historical and cultural situation, nature of artistic processes, its main tendencies as well as the role and influence of cultural traditions.

This paper aims to examine the relationship between Comprehensive Performance Measurement (CPMS) and football player satisfaction mediated by the role of reward. Structural Equation Model (SEM) through the PLS Smart Modeling verifies the construct and tests the hypothesis. There were 330 professional football players from the Super League and Malaysia Premier League involved in this study. The study findings showedthe reward acts as a social factor of an extrinsic motivator was fully internalised towards intrinsic motivation has a positive and significant impact on the relationship between CPMS and the football players' satisfaction. It is based on the self-determination theory, comprising three basic psychological needs: autonomy, relatedness, and competence that
can influence players' satisfaction and enhance performance. This study was conducted in a football sports setting that adds to the knowledge of CPMS in performance evaluation based on self-determination theory. The CPMS, as a source of reference, can use to improve documentation from the aspects of setting skills standard, physical fitness, regulations, and strategies. It can increase the quality and performance of the players as well as the football team in Malaysia, all at once giving high levels of satisfaction

Everywhere around the world, financial inclusion has become the watchword
and strategy challenge. Although money has been consistently expressed as the
lifeblood of any financial system, financial inclusion is seen as an instrument that
can allow inclined agencies, including low-profit groups and more vulnerable
segments, to participate more fully in the financial environment. It is a structure
that associates people with the formal monetary system. If individuals have
simple and satisfactory access to the monetary framework, greater financial
development can be achieved by that nation.This paper plans to assess the
progress of financial inclusion in India from 2009 to 2018 and to prepare the
Composite Financial Inclusion Index (IFI). The Wroclaw Taxonomic approach is
used to create a composite financial inclusion index.

Strategy, as regards business, is a long term course of action to fulfill objectives.
Organizations make long term plans to achieve their ends using means available to them
internally and in the environment. All strategies tend to result in the firm achieving more than
what a competitor achieves or lose less than what others do. Villages of India lack basic
infrastructure, are agriculturally rich, are opposed to English language and practically to any
fruitful activity contributing to economic growth. More than half of India lives in its villages
which don’t even have access to basic life essentials like health, education, access and clean fuel.
This set of challenges calls for a pragmatic approach in strategising for rural India.
A review of literature was undertaken which revealed three, not very distinct, bodies of
work covering the aspects of Marketing, Ethics and Innovation in strategy making. A conceptual
plan was derived out of the study calling for an integration of all three aspects which has been
posited to make Rural Marketing strategy a success. Gaps in research have been pointed out and
recommendations made.

The outbreak of Coronavirus has battered the Indian economy and IMF has projected that the
growth rate of India will contract by 4.5 percent in this fiscal year. The market sentiments over
the last few months have gone down. Financial markets are adversely affected by this pandemic
and the mutual fund industry is no more exception. The mutual fund industry is facing high
volatility due to this turmoil. This paper, therefore, aims to study empirically the impact of
COVID -19 on diverse aspects of different schemes of mutual funds. The paper is divided into
two parts i.e. the first part has analyzed mutual fund schemes from the perspective of several
folios, redemption/repurchase, and cash flows. The second part of the paper empirically drives
the impact of COVID-19 on various schemes of mutual funds by applying econometric dummy
variable regressions. The study concluded that COVID-19 has largely impacted the large-cap
schemes rather than mid and small-cap schemes. Further, funds i.e. DSP Midcap fund, Axis
Small-Cap, and Kotak Small-Cap funds had shown the positive impact of the crisis on the Net
Asset Values (NAVs) of the funds. Therefore, the investors long in other schemes could take a
short position in these schemes to get a considerable hedge against probable losses.

Conflict is an integral part of human life. Any human community makes conflict possible. Every company no meter job or study needs comfortable communica tion, and often it is necessary for creating a harmonious and productive microclimate in a team. The right approach to resolving conflicts allows us to relieve tension, and to find a compromise, to develop a consensual movement vector to achieve the goals. The student community is always the most creative, movement, and socially active. This social range is usually a universal engine of social, technical, cultural, and moral changes in every country all the world. And it is important to form progressive, smart, and tolerant young generation. This is able for High School to do. Forming tolerant relations becomes an important part of professionals creating. The high school has a unique opportunity to form a culture-and-moral model of behavioral co-existence, it allows to make the individual initiative significant, to consolidate interest and to reveal the hidden resources in the professional personality formation process

The economic development of any country road infrastructure plays a vital role. Originally public infrastructure like roads has been financing from   central budgetary recourses. Because of revenue deficit state and central governments are unable to fund for construction of road infrastructure projects.  To a given period of time,the private sector has been increased the financing and construction of road infra projects. The development of road infrastructure projects various forms of Public-Private Partnerships(PPPs) have been used extensively. For implementation of any infrastructure toll road projects financial feasibility or sustainability has been a leading issue. This case study is based on project financial risks at public-private partnership delivery, especially under a build operate transfer (BOT) model. The main purpose of this study is to undertake an integrated profitability appraisal of an existing PPP toll road project in the South Indian state of Andhra Pradesh by using the Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) method.

Indian hospitals are using branding to create a positive outlook about their services to outpatient. This in turn enhances outpatient confidence on the hospital, increases loyalty and chances for revisiting hospital. Branding also helps the hospital to stand out from competition. The whole branding activities will lead to increase in revenue. Among the hospitals, private hospitals are seen to adopt branding more. Messages reflecting brand communication can be seen on print media, electronic media, display boards inside hospital premises and hoardings. Branding influences some factors.  Awareness of these factors will help hospitals to plan their branding activities better. Hospitals can focus on factors having influence from branding and can drop or reduce focus on factors that do not have influence by branding. The purpose of this study is to identifying factors that are influenced by branding. Data on the 13 factors is collected by an online questionnaire on 429 outpatients. Chi square test was performed to find the association of factor with hospital branding. 12 factors showed statistically significant association with branding indicating that branding does affect those 12 factors. The option having the highest frequency of respondents amongst 7 options was identified for all the 12 factors. This option is concluded as having the maximum influence by hospital branding. Only 1 factor did not show statistically significant association with hospital branding.

The reason of the study is to recognize worker Green HR Practices and their implementation in Educational establishments positioned in Guntur. The well-being of personnel has grown to be a vital problem in aggressive market inside the instructional institutions. Many establishments behaviour quite a number Green HR Practices applications for perception its impact and have an impact on worker employer dedication strategically. But some personnel ignore these packages as they are no longer conscious about the advantages of collaborating in these programs. Conveniences of one hundred twenty-five respondents are finalized for the find out about out of a hundred and fifty samples used to be 25 responses are inconsistent and semi-filled are eliminated for inclusion in the study. Through this find out about we strive to discover that elements through which personnel are involved to take part in the Green HR Practices application interventions in the organization. To take a look at the mannequin we used descriptive and inferential statistics. The correlation between the constructs resulted that they show off an excessive correlation and the regression was once carried out to pick out the dependence relation between the constructs. It is located that the all the developed speculations are positively and substantially exhibit a significant relation with organizational dedication by using interventions of Green HR Practices.

Unplanned buyers are always considered as a dream segment for marketers. many times, consumers buy the product due to their sudden unplanned buying intention rather than their need. That is the reason unplanned buying pattern and behaviour is one of the most demandable topics for investigation by the marketers as well consumer behaviour researcher from last half centuries. This research aim to explore, impact of the combination of store attributes like light ,scent, music, displays and efficient employees and personal attributes like customer’s shopping enjoyment and the effect of their store perception. On customer unplanned buying intention. This research has done by a survey method by collecting data with the help of structured questionnaire. The finding of this study will be helpful to the retailers to plan their investment on store ambience that motivate the store visitors to browse the store for  longer time which further help them to do unplanned shopping. At the same time it will guide the marketing researchers to understand the unplanned buyer’s insight and explore some more  influencing factors which affect the unplanned buying behaviour as well as post purchase behaviour .

Protecting the environment and mother earth has assumed greater importance in the past few decades. Producers and consumers worldwide are making a radical shift towards green products, further adding remarkable value in the direction of sustainable economic development. The fact that the phenomenon of green consumer purchase is at a nescient stage in India shows that more research needs to be done in this area. This makes it crucial to understand and prioritize the attributes that lead to the purchase of green products. This study applies ISM methodology and provides a complex contextual relationship among characteristics through diagrammatic representation that enables marketers to precisely understand the consumer prioritization attributes at the time of green product purchasing. It highlights consumer insights and provides knowledge to the sellers about prime importance aspects, and act as a catalyst in the culmination of green purchase behaviour. This research is based on attributes classified through the literature survey followed by an expert panel discussion.

The study aims to find out the factors which have a strong impact on technology-related decisions making. After a deep literature review, various factors that have a great influence on decision making were found out. These are experience, intelligence, information availability, and organizational capabilities. The research is based on a review of literature related to the subject and its analysis. It recommends that for making strategically suitable decisions, the decision-makers should have attributes like individual experience, intelligence, and availability of information and capabilities of the organizations to make suitable decisions. The study adds a much clear picture of the elements and their association with technology decision making. And can be used for the development of a decision-making model for any technology industry during high uncertainty.

This paper provides an overview of the Malaysian productivity and competence related issues in Malaysia. Being an emerging economy, low productivity and low competence easily sends Malaysia spiralling down into the Middle-Income Trap (MIT). The first part of this paper discusses issues related to labour productivity, labour competence, and Middle-Income Trap. The second part looks at possible strategies aimed at overcoming these

The development of conservation and law enforcement for underwater cultural heritage in Malaysia has been slow due to some internal problems. Among them are that Malaysia does not have expertise in excavation, lack of funding, insufficient tools and awareness of the importance of underwater cultural heritage is still not sufficiently disseminated. maritime and still employs experts from abroad such as Michael Flecker and Sten Sjostrand. when enlisting the help of the custodians of historic objects from every shipwreck discovery in the world. which has a great influence on the status of maritime archeology, especially in the process of rescuing historical objects in Malaysia. UNESCO Convention 2001 the Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage is a convention on the protection and preservation of historic underwater objects such as shipframes such as ships, airplanes, any form of vehicle including cargo and cargo

The transition with the well-argued restructuring of the financial sector that was initiated globally over the last few years has affected the functioning of not only the banking industry in India but also the efficiency and effectiveness of Regional Rural Banks with a diverse range of decision issues. Since the events associated with everyday decision tradeoffs among the multiple variables the RRB units can filter out costly errors before they do any damage and can influence the performance, so deciding with the multiple measures, the managerial prerequisites are to identify and utilize different influential inputs by pursuing the best-practiced resource regenerating process to put the operating unit in a stronger position. Ruling out all other possibilities than the chosen one can best be identified with the relative magnitudes of different inputs and outputs. Using last year published data of all the forty-five RRBs, operating all over the country, the study drill down to identify the decisive one from the three inputs namely non-performing assets, operating expenditure, and interest costs on a bundle of tangible activities covering net profit, number of branches, and total business, as these are more regular in banking operation. The best practice rank based on efficiency score is evaluated to see whether a change in the value of one or a set of decisive factors significantly affects the performance ranking between the banking units under study. The study provided two key interesting indications: first, there is almost adequate uniformity in the performance grades between the RRB units with a clear signal that the non-performing assetsare not the only decisive value driver to change the unsatisfying performance score of the banking units under study, except five decision-making units,  and second,  only one- fourth of the RRB units are more fulfilling in achieving the best practice status with a set of decisive variables.
JEL classificationN5; O 44; Q56

The management of supply chain practices is the essential element for high organizational performance and captures the focus of regulators and recent studies. Thus, the current study examines the impact of supply chain practices such as supplier relationship, customer relationship, and lean manufacturing on the performance of manufacturing companies in Pakistan. This research also investigates the mediating role of organizational culture among the relationships of the supplier relationship, customer relationship, lean manufacturing, and performance of manufacturing companies in Pakistan. This study has followed the quantitative approach of data collection and used the questionnaires for this purpose and also used the smart-PLS for analysis purposes. The results exposed that supplier relationship, customer relationship, and lean manufacturing have a positive association with the performance of manufacturing companies. The findings also indicated that organizational culture positively mediates the relationships among the supplier relationship, customer relationship, lean manufacturing, and performance of manufacturing companies in Pakistan. This study will help the policymakers while formulating the policies related to the supply chain and organizational performance.

In this study we examine the relative ability of comprehensive income and net income to summarize firm performance as reflected in stock returns. We also examine which comprehensive income adjustments get better the aptitude of income to summarize firm performance. We also examine this claim that income measured on a comprehensive basis is a better measure of firm performance than other summary income measures. The results do not show that comprehensive income is superior to net income for evaluating firm performance on the basis of stock return and price. Except for investment industrial group, In Tehran Stock Exchange, we found no evidence that comprehensive income for firm performance evaluation on the basis of cash flows prediction is superior to net income. While, we found the better results for the state companies (only in other companies group), i.e., firm performance evaluation on the basis of cash flows prediction using comprehensive income is superior to net income. Collectively, our results provide some weak evidence that show comprehensive income adjustments improve ability of income for reflecting firm performance.

Until now, Vietnam's economic activities have mainly relied on the traditional
approach, which is a linear economy. This is also the main cause leading to the shortage of
natural resources and serious environmental pollution. To overcome these problems,
countries in the world, including Vietnam, are moving towards a circular economic
development in order to solve the challenge between economic growth and environmental
protection, “without trade-off” growth. The economy with environmental pollution and
degradation. The World Economic Forum (WEF) also broadcast on its website in early
2020 calling “The world is in need of a cyclic economy”. In that economy, high-quality
human resources are becoming increasingly urgent. This study focuses on analyzing the
current situation of the circulation economy in Vietnam, the human resources in that
economy, thereby posing many issues that need to be discussed in order to develop a
circular economy in Vietnam today

Experience of the world shows that building a team of leaders and managers
is always the top priority in the human resource development strategy. For Vietnam, in
order to well develop human resources - one of the three breakthroughs in socioeconomic
development and reform of the civil service regime, civil servants, the
quality improvement of the contingent of cadres, leadership, management is always an
urgent requirement and is a requirement of current practice. Leadership and
management team is built through many solutions such as discovering, recommending,
recommending, attracting, retraining, planning, dismissing, etc. In which, how to
choose Choosing someone worthy of appointment is a decisive content to the quality
of the leadership and management team. This study focuses on analyzing the model of
the political system’s cadres selection; the problems posed and the causes of
inadequacies in the mode of staff selection in the current political system in Vietnam;
from there, proposing solutions for innovating the mode of selecting cadres in the
political system in Vietnam in the coming time.

Nowaday, the digital age is expanding with the strong development of 4.0 Industry.
The transformations of the flat world force businesses to have solutions to handle their works
quicker, safer, more efficient, convenient and with high security so that they can trade goods.
Declare tax, contracting, etc. all data are digitized in order to be easily stored, retrieved and
accessed. To resolve the mentioned problems, the research topic "Researches and applications of
digital signatures in Nowaday E-commerce" will explain what digital signature is, the application
of digital signature (tokens) in e-commerce, hence, provides methods and goals to users, creates
premises for higher development in Information Technology.

In today‟s data driven world, HRM strategies are changing in terms of HR metrics and HR analytics being used in the organization for better decision making. This digitalization will help the organization to become more reliable towards data driven decision making rather than intuition. Which can assist organizations to take up present strategic and operational data and turn it into an effective approach to the HR problems of tomorrow. HR analytics has become a significant instrument for achieving success; taking advantage of present data to anticipate future ROI as a source of strategic advantage. The current study is an attempt to give an overview of developments in HR analytics at present by briefly focusing to identify the shift in the HR roles in different perspective. This paper also discusses the importance of understanding the implications of HRA. In addition, article also highlighted the future need for HR analytics, befitting for today‟s world of business industry.

^{Dental fluorosis is recognized as an oral health disease of public health importance by the WHO.Dental fluorosis results in poor esthetic appearance which may have a psychological bearing and lead to low confidence. In today’s competitive world, these factors have gained much importance.To assess the incidence of fluorosis patients in young adults underwent routine dental check up with regards to age and gender. This is a descriptive clinical study carried out in saveetha Dental college and hospitals, Poonamallee chennai which was conducted using the patient record from the Department of Endodontics. Sample data  has been collected from reviewing the case record of patients who visited clinics for dental checkup. All the patients who suspected fluorosis and who came for routine dental check up were selected for assessment of DF, Deans fluorosis index is used. Totalof 283 patients,69.1% were male and 30.9% were female.Mean age between 20-30 years of age group and the mild fluorosis is higher in percentage about 46.5%. In moderate fluorosis, P value is 0.03 which was statistically significant compared to other types of fluorosis and the male predilection is more compared to females. Within limits of the study,mild fluorosis is present more compared to Dean’s fluorosis index and male preditection is more. It is necessary to conduct a community based programme to determine other factors that may contribute to its occurrence in this population.}

In recent years', about 3% of the middle-aged population suffers from daytime sleepiness and nighttime sleep interruptions, it may be due to upper airway sleep disorders (UASD). A UASD is the narrowing of the upper airway and results in disruptions of sleep, affects health and lifestyle, and less concentration in work. Most of the automobile and work accidents are due to sleeplessness. It can also cause critical medical conditions. Apnea is the complete cessation of breath and hypopnea is a reduction in the airflow. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) affects 4% of males and 2% of females. In a normal person, airway space is free for air passage, and in a disordered person, the airway space is compromised which makes it difficult for passage of air. There are multifactorial factors that can cause UASD. They are the position of muscles, anatomical alterations. In supine, the muscles tensor veli palatini and genioglossus have decreased activity. Anatomical alterations such as posteriorly positioned maxilla and mandible, over erupted anterior teeth, large gonial angle, and long tongue may reduce the upper airway space. There are various treatments for UASD. Dental treatment options such as tongue retaining device (TRD) and a mandibular advancement device. This study reviewed the dental treatment involved in the treatment of UASD, surgical methods involved, and also the failure of dental treatment. Many snoring and OSA patients were successfully treated using dental devices. UASD is treated successfully using oral devices. Dental treatments are successful to treat mild to moderate OSA.

Tooth loss can rob people of much more than the ability to chew and properly digest food. It has serious social, psychological and emotional consequences, impacting quality of life, self image and self esteem.The aim of this study is to investigate early loss of permanent teeth and its causative factors below 18 yrs old children. A retrospective study was conducted using the patient records of children visiting Saveetha dental college.The children between 6-18 years with early permanent tooth loss were selected for this study.Data including age,tooth loss and its reason was collected.The data collected were entered  into SPSS version 20.0 and subjected to statistical analysis.Level of significance was set at 5% (p<0.05). Descriptive statistics and  chi square test were applied .The results showedoverall prevalence of permanent tooth loss,15.09%, dental caries was the main causative factor (31.85%) in 16-18 year old children  showing statistical significant difference (p<0.05) and about 56.8% male predominance.It can be concluded that dental caries remains a real public health problem in developing countries. Decision makers need to focus on strategies on prevention of dental caries.

^{Hypodontia or tooth agenesis is the most prevalent craniofacial malformation in humans. A tooth is considered to be congenitally missing when it remains invisible in radiographs and fails to erupt into the oral cavity. A thorough knowledge on tooth agenesis and its associated syndromes is essential as these are commonly encountered clinical scenarios. The aim of this study is to assess the current prevalence of dental agenesis in the permanent dentition among the patients visiting Saveetha Dental College.We reviewed  86000 patient records between.  February 2019 to february 2020 and arrived at the data of 24. Cross verification of data is done by photographic and radiographic verification. Internal and external validity of the study were verified. Patients' details such as name , age , gender, missing teeth and treatment done were tabulated and transferred to SPSS software version 26 by IBM. The data is verified by 2 reviewers.The results of the study observed a male predilection for dental agenesis. And the most common missing teeth is maxillary lateral incisors.}

^{Gingivitis and periodontitis are two main periodontal diseases in which gingivitis is reversible and periodontitis is irreversible. Pocket depth and loss of attachment can distinguish gingivitis and  periodontitis. Their distribution with age and gender and association is still a controversy. Aim of the study was to analyse the distribution of community periodontal health and its treatment needs among patients attending a private dental college in Chennai.CPITN  index was used to measure the CPI scores and treatment needs of individual indexed teeth.This study included all CPITN index patient records from 18- 80 years old who visited from August 2019- March 2020 and a  total of 112 records were reviewed. Descriptive statistics and chi square tests were used for statistical analysis.Gender distribution of the records showed that among 112 records 72.32% were males and 29.68 % were females. Bleeding (38.24%) was the most prevalent CPI score  among the study population. Improvement of oral hygiene and scaling (44.04%) was commonly found treatment needs. Significant association was found between age and treatment needs of most of the index teeth . There was no significant association found between gender and CPI score or Treatment Needs of the index teeth. In the age group of 18 - 35 years, bleeding was found to be more prevalent; calculus was found to be more prevalent in the age groups 36-50 years and 51-80 years. Improvement of personal oral hygiene and scaling was the most prevalent treatment needs among all the age groups. Calculus was observed more prevalent among males and bleeding was common among females.  Improvement of personal oral hygiene and scaling was the most prevalent  treatment needs among both males and females.}

^{Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by bacterial colonization, which results in destruction of the tissues between the tooth surface and gingiva, loss of connective tissue attachment, erosion of alveolar bone, and tooth loss. There is much evidence stating that prevalent periodontitis is associated with increased coronary heart disease risk. Thus there is a need to evaluate the extent to which the strength of this association has been established. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between cardiovascular diseases and periodontitis. A retrospective study was conducted using the patient records from a private dental college from June 2019 - March 2020. The study population included the case records of cardiovascular disease patients, selected by non-probability purposive sampling. Data was collected and then subjected to statistical analysis. Microsoft Excel 2016 (Microsoft office 10) data spreadsheet was used to collect data and later exported to SPSS IBM (version 20.0). Descriptive statistics and chi square test were employed with a level of significance set at p<0.05. The prevalence of periodontitis among cardiovascular patients was 81.47%. Among patients with CVD, 78.06% of hypertension patients, 3.41% of MI patients and 0.22% patients with other cardiac diseases had periodontitis. Within the limits of this study, there was a significant correlation between CVD and periodontitis (p=0.000), with a higher prevalence among hypertension patients. Patients with periodontitis are at an increased risk for cardiovascular diseases. The systemic inflammatory or immune response to periodontal infection may increase cardiovascular risk. Thus proper oral hygiene practices are important in maintaining overall health.}

^{Pulp capping is a procedure commonly performed to preserve the vitality of the pulp in teeth with lesion approximating or involving the pulp. Careful case selection is critical as its successful clinical outcome depends on several factors. The aim of the study was to evaluate the association between patients' age and gender with pulp capping. The study was a retrospective analysis done in a university set up. Data of patients who underwent pulp capping were collected by evaluating the patient records and tabulated. Data was imported to IBM SPSS version 20 software and statistical analysis done. The frequency of pulp capping was higher in the age group of 16 to 30 years, however there was no significant association between pulp capping in different age groups (Chi square: p value- 0.358). Gender of the patients had no significant association with pulp capping (Chi square: p value-0.93) although pulp capping was performed more frequently in males.Within the limitations of the study, it was concluded that different age groups and gender did not affect the treatment planning for pulp capping.}

A Dentist plays a crucial role in providing health education (General and Oral) to the community. Questions arise regarding their own health, which successively affects their patients’ counselling for leading a healthy and a physically active life. Physical activity or exercise can improve your health and reduce the danger of developing several diseases. Itcan have immediate and long-term health benefits. Most over, regular activity can improve your quality of life. The current study aimed to study the practice of physical activity among Dental students. The aim of the survey study is to create awareness and knowledge among people about Sporting activity among dental students. A questionnaire about  Sporting activities among dental students, the data are collected using google forms and the results were analysed through SPSS software. Descriptive statistical analysis was carried out and chi square test was  used and p value was calculated. According to the data collected about 51% of them said that 1 hour of physical activity is needed. and 37% of them said 2 hours is needed and the remaining 12% of them said 1 hour is needed. About 65% of the people have normal BMI 18.5 to 24.9, 13% of them are underweight which is less than 18.5, 10% of them are overweight 25 to 29.9 and 12% of them are obese which is 30 or more. A gender comparison was done on awareness of practicing sports on a daily basis, improvement in work life and negative effects. It was found that there was statistically non significant difference(p-value >0.05) between the awareness among the males and females in this study. Knowledge and awareness were  created among dental students about sporting activities.The prevalence of physical activity  was high among dental health professionals in this study. This higher prevalence of physical activity in the study group may be because the respondents were all health professionals and their income, education, and occupation likely led them to engage in healthier behaviors.

^{Orthodontic treatment is aimed at improving facial and dental appearances as well as enhancing the relationships of the teeth and skeletal bases to each other.The goal of early treatment is to correct existing or developing skeletal, dentoalveolar and muscular imbalances.Class II malocclusion is one of the most common orthodontic problems.There are a number of modalities available for managing Class II malocclusions. Some of the more common options include extraoral traction appliances, arch expansion appliances, extraction procedures, functional jaw orthopaedic appliances and orthognathic surgery. The most commonly used removable functional appliances are activator, frankel and twin block. The Aim of the study is to find out the prevalence of various removable functional appliances used in SDC. A University-based study was conducted among 32 patients with removable functional appliances in the age group of 5 to 40 years from June 2019 to March 2020. Data collection was done by reviewing the patient records and analysing the data of 32 patients, the Variables collected included the age, gender and the type of removable functional appliance used. The data was entered into Excel tabulation was done, statistical analysis was done using SPSS and Pearson chi-square test. Total 32 patients undergoing removable functional therapy were chosen out of which 14 were females and 18 were males.Twin block was found to be the most prevalent appliance with 62.5% followed by activator (15.63%), frankel (9.38%) and other appliances were 12.5%. Within the limits of this Study, it was concluded that the twin block is the most commonly used removable functional appliance.}

Periodontitis is an infectious inflammatory disease that is caused by the bacteria of dental plaque resulting in the progressive destruction of the tissue supporting the teeth, that is gingival, periodontal ligament, cementum and the alveolar bone. The progression of the disease is accelerated by tobacco consumption. The aim of this study is to find the pattern of tooth mobility in smokers and non smokers. This retrospective study was conducted in a Private dental college, chennai. The sample size was 100, with 50 smokers and 50 non smokers. The data was collected from the hospital digital database. It was observed that tooth mobility in smokers was prevalent in the posterior region (16%) (p<0.05) and in the maxilla and both the jaws (11% & 23% respectively). Tooth mobility in smokers was commonly seen in the posterior region of maxilla (10%) and anterior region of mandible (20%) for which the P value was found to be statistically significant (<0.05). For non-smokers, there was an increased tooth mobility observed in the anterior region of the mandible (34%) for which the P value was found to be statistically significant (<0.05). Within the limits of the study, it can be concluded that smoking causes increased periodontal destruction to the surrounding tissues, with tooth mobility and loss commonly observed in the posterior regions of maxilla and posterior region in both the jaws. Thus, Progression of disease can be prevented by early diagnosis and by tobacco cessation programmes.

The aim of this study is to review the gender differences in dental anxiety and the role a dentist plays in it, to assess those patients and treat them according and to make certain exceptions with patients with dental anxiety. Dental anxiety is a major hurdle when it comes to seeking advice in oral and dental problems. Dental pain and dental anxiety  are the most common phobias among people. Pain is defined as an unpleasant sensation associated with sensory and emotional stimuli. Anxiety is due to emotion aroused by danger and pain because of distress. Toothache is one of the major causes which brings the patient to a dentist. Dental fear and anxiety are the two major factors that prevent patients from visiting a dentist. There is a common observation where patients only visit a dentist when there is severe Pain otherwise patients with dental anxiety don't go to a dentist. Anxious patients suffer from inferior oral health than non - anxious patients.A review with recent information about gender differences in dental anxiety and its impact on dentists and patients from various search engines like medline, google scholar, bioRXIV, pubmed, chem RXIV, MESH etc. The recent articles discussed in this review helps in gaining knowledge about the gender differences in dental anxiety, how much the influence of anxiety has on patients who need dental treatment .Female patients wish to seek treatment and also have a higher level of anxiety whereas male patients avoid dental treatment because they are frightened about pain, their negative experience and in some cases, worried about the expense of a dental treatment. And in other cases, people do not think dental treatment is necessary at all and thus leading to improper oral hygiene.

Advances in preventive dentistry are not unknown to mankind despite that , edentulism is a major public health issue worldwide. Edentulism has  been hallmarked as “final  marker  of disease burden for oral health.” The objective of the present study is to determine the relationship between socio-demographic variables and partial edentulism. A Cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted in an institution, on randomly selected individuals. The study group consisted of adult patients who attended the outpatient Department of Prosthodontics from June 2019- March 2020.Data collection was done by using college database and  Chi-square  test and frequency analysis  was  used  to  explore  the  relationship between two variables Males had more missing teeth in general compared to females.Males had more missing teeth in upper anterior region than females.Females had more missing teeth in upper posterior region.Males had more missing teeth in lower anterior region compared to females.Females had more missing teeth in lower posterior region.Age group(31-40) years had more missing teeth over all. Upper anteriors were more missing in Age group(31-40) years.Upper posteriors were more missing in Age group(31-40) years.Lower anteriors were more missing in Age group(31-40) years.Lower posterior were more missing in Age group(31-40) years.In general anterior teeth were more missing in males compared to posterior teeth which were more missing in females.Age group(31-40) years is more prone to missing teeth in partial edentulous cases. There was an increase in the number of missing teeth as the age advances.More awareness is needed among the population in order to maintain good oral hygiene.

Online shopping is flattering more accepted due to its ease and affordability. But that doesn‟t mean online shopping is with no flaw or drawbacks. Payment security is big question mark in the online shopping; consumers are facing such issues every day. To safeguard the interests of the online shopping consumers there are security systems and payment systems available to protect against deception and security related threats, but still there is a threat of security breaches for online stores. This present study examines the features of online payment security threats with reference to online shopping consumers‟ purchase intentions. This research further approached the online shopping customers in Chennai city as representatives and all those representatives were contacted by mail along with the questionnaires. The data was collected from 305 respondents and the Structural equation modeling (SEM) with Wrap-PLS is administered to examine the data. The findings of the research shows that a fit model to enlighten online shopping consumers‟ purchase intentions. The outcomes of the study expose a good mediating effect relationship of perceived usefulness on online payment security and purchase intentions of the customers. Further, the perceived ease of use also has an important indirect effect, all the way through digital payment security, on the purchase intentions of the online shopping customers. Moreover accepting the ease and adoption of the security sides of the payment affect the purchase intentions of the online shopping consumers. The outcomes of the research also give more awareness over various security aspects in electronic transactions

Mobile wallet payment is a massive and unique advanced Technology platform to make cashless payments around the world. In a developing country like India, the adoption of advanced technology is more essential and it is also a part of economic development. The mobile wallet payment system and financial inclusions are part of the economic growth of the country. This study develops a conceptual model to determine the factors influencing adopting the mobile wallet payment and financial inclusion. The study aims to check the technology acceptance of cashless payment and mobile wallet in the Indian scenario. Apart from the Technology, Safety, and Social factors of TAM and UTAUT models, this study introduces two additional factors namely economic factors and Government insisting factors to analyze the adaptation of mobile wallets in Tamil Nadu.We found in this study that, the Government of India has predominantly insisted on the people to adopt the mobile wallet/ cashless payment in India. Even though the factors influence, the actual benefit of the mobile wallet is priceless and makes the customers very much comfortable to transfer the funds. This study also analyzes the risk and security issues of mobile wallets and how the customers are mentally disturbed at the time of using mobile wallet payments, and we brought a strong recommendation to overcome the issues

India and Republic of Korea (Korea) have been engaging in the bilateral trade relationship from 1962. Though the trade relationship exists for 56 years between the countries, very limited researches have conducted on the trade relationship between the countries. Hence, the present study made an attempt to fill the gap in the literature by assessing and understanding trade pattern of two countries. Based on the existing studies and the availability of data, qualitative methods have been utilized to analyze composition of trade between India and Korea. Further, the trade intensity index, intra industry trade index, and revealed comparative advantage index have been utilized to assess the dynamics of the bilateral trade between India and Korea. It is observed from the trade intensity index that, India’s trade with Korea is less than it should and thus India has a great scope to expand its trade with Korea. There are 9 commodity groups alone having highest intra industry index value and the remaining smaller values indicates less trade between the countries. Comparative advantage index shows that there were no overlaps in two countries trade; therefore two countries have a chance to increase their trade with each other. Since very limited studies have analyzed bilateral trade between India and Korea, the present work assesses the trade pattern between the countries, and the factors motivating such trade. Moreover, the findings would be helpful to promote the commercial as well as economic relations between the countries.

Introduction of faster and cheaper internet connection provide Indian customers a new horizon to explore for shopping at their convenience. This study predominantly deals with how online shoppers impulsive buying tendency trigger with that of marketers E-Commerce marketing strategy. Multiple Regression was used to analyze objectives and it was found that marketing stimuli strategy like Web store quality, and Product display are significantly related with the cognitive impulsive buying tendency. In case of Affective impulsive buying tendency only pricing as well as promotion offers were significant.

Clothing is considered to be evergreen until human being resides in this universe. Diversified apparels reveal the status of the people socially and economically. In today’s scenario, large number of people spends on their dressing which looks elegant, pretty, sparkling etc., One fact is hidden here about the weavers who brings out all these outcomes. As it is quite transparent that, in ancient days 3 occupations are considered to be major i.e. Food, Clothing and Shelter. To be focused on these 3 professions, Food is considered to be prime which is offered by Farmers, then comes clothing. Post Adam-Eve period, once human beings learned to behave in civilized manner, clothing plays honor part which is offered by weavers. Then to reside with safety and security, home/house is required which is offered by Mason. In this article, Researcher tried to dig on how the weavers are empowered currently which have reflection in economic development too. It is important to know about weaver’s contribution and the level of empowerment attained as the product from handloom industry has greater demand. Even many shifted to modern lives and wears, still unique place is there for traditional wear too which is to be acceptable without any hesitation

Leadership development for women plays an indispensable function in economic progress of India. The present study tries to analyze the relationship between sociological and psychological barriers on various strategies employed by women leaders in IT/ITeS Sector in Bengaluru and Coimbatore in India among 436 samples using a structured questionnaire consisting of 83 constructs. Smart PLS SEM was used to test theoretical framework since the present study tries to explore an area which is relatively less researched in India. The results of the study found the existence of statistically significant path between socio-psychological barriers and the strategies.

The epics like the Ramayana and the Mahabharata have always remained the integral part of the Indian cultural tradition. They have been told or retold several times, getting communicated from one generation to another. The Ramayana celebrates the victory of goodness over evil, obedience, call of duty, brotherhood, compassion, sacrifice – all looped into the thread of Indian culture. These issues are depicted mainly through male characters, while most of the females have been kept on the margins. In this very stream is Urmila (Laxmana‟s wife), who has not received the lime light she deserves. Kavita Kane, in her novel Sita‟s Sister, has lifted the Urmila of the traditional versions of the Ramayana, from the periphery and placed her on the centre stage of the fabric. She has reiterated the myth from a daring and unwavering Urmila‟s perspective – a standpoint that is not dissimilar to that of the modern Indian woman. The present paper explores this particular stand of Kane‟s Urmila and studies her proximity from this contemporary angle.

The customer reviews and ratings are now part of the purchasing process on E-Commerce platforms. It helps online businesses from knowing the goods but also influences companies to rectify the lacunas in buying process and to give better services to the customers. Nevertheless, poor reviews are a great deal to enhance the quality of the goods and services. That means a lot for the improvement of the products is needed. Most of the time bad reviews and ratings are outcomes of the problems faced by the customer after the delivery of the products. The customer expects a repair facility after the warranty period of the products. Often customers expect the repair facility like a service engineer to be close to their home. The key issue is that there is no shared forum to provide all of the product services. Online businesses must consider the effect of the psychology of the customers on their company. The paper recommends SERVQUAL for improvements in Indian E-Commerce like pre-purchase product comparisons, repair facility to every product after warrantee, and a helpdesk with a real-time conversation facility to resolve the issues in services for any brands in the existing E-Commerce structure based on customer’s reviews and ratings only

Technological advancement and resultant proliferation of electronic dumps has immensely hampered health and environment. Authorities in developed and developing countries, find it difficult to control the exponentially growing e-waste menace and the toxic dangers associated with it. However, internet communications and technologies have transformed the way e-waste management scenario is looked upon. Advanced technologies including cloud computing, Internet of Things and Big Data has created new dimensions in management by opening opportunities that are convenient and easily accessible. These have made management activities including collection, transportation, recycling and reuse of electronic equipments with stakeholders much easier. This paper utilized behavioral scales in analyzing the perspective of informal e-waste colleciton units in using technology forcollection activities.

In the first MPC meeting held on 27.03.20, Finance Minister of India, Nirmala Sitharaman and the Governor of RBI, Shaktikanta Das announced a moratorium of three months on all loans and credit card instalments due between 1st March and 31st May initially, which was later extended to 31st August, in order to provide relief to the borrowers in the economy, in the current scenario of losses. Loans being on moratorium are sup-posed to have zero impact on the credit history of the borrower concerned, which means a no default situa-tion.
Now, banking sector, which is the backbone of any economy, will have to carry the burden of this year for many more years to come. In this paper, it has been attempted to study the impact of the decision of putting the loans on moratorium on the banking industry of India, adding to the ever existing issue of high NPAs.

The retrospective study was conducted among patients visiting the out patient department of a private hospital, Chennai. The aim of the study was to identify the frequency of missing mandibular first molars in medium aged adults. Patients belonging to age group 35 to 75 years with missing mandibular first molar and patients who underwent extraction of mandibular first molar from June 2019 to March 2020 were selected for the study . The patients undergoing replacement of the missing teeth were also evaluated. The data was entered into the SPSS software by IBM and analyzed by descriptive analysis and Pearson correlation.The study population consisted of 1099 patients with missing or extracted mandibular first molar within the age group 35 to 75 years. We observed that the frequency of missing mandibular first molar  is 12%  among the medium aged adult population with missing teeth. Maximum number of patients with missing mandibular first molar belonged to the age group 35 to 45 years (66.33%)  [p value = 0.002 - significant]. Around 50.05% of the study population did not undergo any replacement procedure and 49.95% underwent prosthodontic treatment for replacement of the missing mandibular first molar teeth .Out of which 23% underwent implant , 20.1% underwent TPD, 7% underwent Fixed dental prosthesis . The remaining 47.4% of the population did not undergo treatment of missing / extracted teeth .

The impacted tooth that is most frequently extracted is the mandibular third molar. The investigations for its removal include determining the type and degree of impaction so as to assess the level of difficulty during extraction. The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of  bilateral impacted mandibular third molars undergoing extraction. The materials and method includes a study sample of 500 patients who have undergone extractions of impacted mandibular third molars. Data analysis was done using SPSS PC Version 23.0(IBM;2016) software for statistics. Chi square test  for independence between impacted mandibular third molar and gender. Chi square test which gives p value of  0.933 which is statistically significant denoting that there exists no association between gender and impacted mandibular third molar extraction among the study population. The prevalence of mandibular bilateral impacted third molar  extraction is more common among males .

^{Maxillofacial fractures are typically treated with open reduction and internal fixation. Open reduction and internal fixation can be complicated by hardware exposure or infection. The literature often does not differentiate between these 2 entities; so for this study, we have considered all hardware exposures as hardware infections. Approximately 5% of adults with CMF trauma are thought to develop hardware infections. Management consists of either removing the hardware versus leaving it in situ. To evaluate the incidence of infected hardware removal in the maxillofacial region. A retrospective hospital based study,patients undergone for  plate removal [hardware] where taken by analyzing and reviewing 86000 patients record ,and searched for chief complaint,patient complaining of pain ,swelling were noted and entered in Our study noted that 22 patients had undergone the hardware removal out of which 68% were symptomatic.18%were plate exposure.13%were according to patients will.:Management of hardware removal needs to be done in sequential and consistent manner in order to bring better outcome.From the data available the incidence of infected hardware removal is relatively low}

Dental caries is one of the most common chronic diseases of adults and children in both developed and developing nations. The incidence of caries can cause irritation to the pulp and periradicular tissues which may result in inflammation. Inflammation over an extended period of time on the other hand can cause irreversible damage to the pulp. This study focuses on the prevalence of irreversible pulpitis among different genders of children. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using the patient case records of a University hospital from June 2019 until March 2020, and children who were diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis were selected. Data was collected and then subjected to statistical analysis. Microsoft Excel 2016 data spreadsheet was used to collect data and later exported to the SPSS software. Among 244 children, males recorded slightly higher frequency with irreversible pulpitis, about 54% while females recorded approximately 46%. Based on age, 4-6 years children were more prevalent to irreversible pulpitis, surpassed 50% overall. The prevalence of irreversible pulpitis among children in this study seems to be slightly higher in males than female children.

Oral submucous fibrosis(OSMF) is a precancerous condition progessive disorder which is caused because of the tobacco products usage,consumption of spicy foods.It will cause rigidity of the tongue,lip and palate in the severe cases it will cause limited mouth opening.Parts which gets affected will be oral cavity,pharynx and upper third of esophagus.This study is done to assess risk  factor oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) in patients getting treated in saveetha dental college and hospitals.A retrospective study was conducted in dental hospitals in departments of oral and maxillofacial surgery,department of oral medicine.Patient data was collected from hospital records.In our study we found thatuse of tobacco smoking (31.2%),pan chewing(34.4%),Tobacco chewing(23.7%), and betel nut chewing(9.7%).Total sample size(n=93) 7 female patients ,86 male patients.Most affected age group will be (41-50 years old)-26.9%.Our study pan chewing and tobacco products among the 41-50 years old male population were significantly high in association with the risk factor of OSMF.

Inlay restorations are one of the intracoronal restorations which is used commonly in dentistry in this era. Inlay restorations are known to be highly retentive compared to composite restorations in restorative procedures. This study was aimed to evaluate the gender prevalence and age distribution among patients undergoing class II inlay restorations who visited saveetha dental college in Chennai. From the record of 86000 cases (June 2019 - April 2020), all cases of class II inlay restorations were used for data analysis. A total of 40 case sheets were retrieved and cross checked for patients age and gender. The collected data was analysed through SPSS 2.0. Pearson correlation test was used for age and gender distribution for patients undergoing class II inlay restoration and Chi square test was done to evaluate the significance between the variables. Results were recorded. The highest age distribution was seen in 34-41 years old (frequency 35.5%) lowest age range for underwent class II inlay restoration was 58-65 years old (frequency 2.5%). The gender distribution showed predominantly male with a frequency of 67.5% (27 patients out of 40 in total), whereas female patients were only 32.5% who had undergone this treatment.Within the limitation of present study, it is concluded that in Saveetha Dental College, statistically no significant difference was seen in age and gender of the patients undergoing class II inlay restoration.

^{Denture stomatitis is a common oral mucosal lesion occurring in mucosa underneath a denture. It is characterised by mild inflammation and erythema of oral mucosa covered by denture. Denture stomatitis have a negative impact on the general health and overall well-being of patients. Therefore, there is a need to understand the pattern of prevalence in age and gender in hopes to provide treatment for such lesions and prevent recurrence. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of denture stomatitis among complete denture patients. The study includes adults, both males and females, who reported to Saveetha Dental College between June 2019 to March 2020. Inclusion criteria includes complete denture wearers. Patients below 18 years of age were excluded from the study. Among total data of 86000 patient records, 80 patient records were analysed and retrieved with the parameters such as patient’s age, patient’s gender and presence of denture stomatitis were collected. Datas were recorded in Microsoft Office Excel (2013) and analysed using SPSS software Version 26.0 and chi-square test was done to find out correlation between variables such as age group and gender. Significance test level was set at p<0.05. A total of 80 patients presented with existing complete dentures, which includes 44 females and 36 males. 13.8% were 21-40 years, 38.8% were 41-60 years and 47.5% were 61-80 years age group. 67.5% of patients presented with denture stomatitis. The highest prevalence of denture stomatitis was found in the age group 41-60 years (83.9%), followed by 21-40 years (81.8%) and 61-80 years (50%). Statistically significant difference was observed between age groups and denture stomatitis (p<0.05). Denture stomatitis was found in 70.5% of females and 63.9% of males  but no significant difference was found between genders (p>0.05). Within the limits of this study, it was observed that there was high prevalence of denture stomatitis in complete denture patients with the age group between 41 to 60 years age group and in female patients.}

Amalgam is a restorative material especially suitable for class I and class II restoration in teeth that encounter heavy chewing forces. Amalgam restorations may also present degradation in the intra oral environment due to secondary caries, fracture and marginal breakdown and wear. The aim of the study is the number of patients undergoing re restoration after class II amalgam. It is a retrospective study. Data collection was done and entered in the excel sheet. Parameters assessed were age, gender, teeth no. and re restoration after class II amalgam. The data collection was tabulated in excel and data analysis was done using SPSS software. The association between study variables was calculated using the chi-square test.  The result showed 940 individuals with re restoration after class II amalgam. The frequency was seen to be 39.2%%. The chi square test showed positive correlation between gender and amalgam restoration (P value <0.05). It may be concluded that amalgam longevity is an important issue for patients, governments and dentists to define the court of dental treatment. The re-restoration and other types of local defect increases the longevity of the amalgam restoration.

With a variety of options, in terms of materials available for the restoration of the destroyed root structure of endortically treated teeth, for clinical decision of which to use constitutes a challenge to dentist practitioners. The most commonly used posts are prefabricated metal post, prefabricated fibre post and custom made post [cast post]. The purpose of this retrospective study is to check the prevalence of different types of posts and their correlation with age, gender and type of teeth. The correlation is done by the Chi square test. It was found that prefabricated metal posts mostly had the maximum prevalence, followed by prefabricated fibre posts and custom made posts had the least prevalence. Prefabricated posts were more commonly used in female patients, whereas custom made posts were more commonly used in male patients. It was also observed that the maximum number of post treatments were done in young people and the frequency decreased with age. Prefabricated fibre posts and custom made posts were more commonly done in anterior teeth, especially  in males, whereas, prefabricated metal posts were more commonly seen in the posterior teeth. More number of studies need to be done to verify the conclusion.

Currently, Tooth wear is perceived internationally as the ever increasing problem, especially in the elderly as it is more prevalent in that age group.Further more, dietary habits, presence of GERD and socioeconomic status has also shown to affect the prevalence of tooth wear. The aim of the study is to check the association of age and gender on generalised attrition of lower molars.Tooth wear is used to describe the loss of hard tissue caused by frictional forces between opposing teeth or between the tooth's occlusal surface and food during masticatory and non-masticatory movements,with no occurrence of dental caries or trauma.The current study is an institutional based retrospective study performed over a review of 49832 cases. The results obtained shows the association of age and gender on prevalence of generalised attrition of lower molars. Within the limitations of the study, the most commonly affected gender is male and the most commonly affected age group with attrition is 25 to 84 years of age. The most commonly attrited lower molars is 36 followed by 46, 37 and 47 respectively.

Endodontic treatment with excellent outcomes depends on the critical identification of the root and its canals anatomy. The successful identification of these anatomies guaranteed the pulp tissue extirpation completely, with efficiency in chemo-mechanical cleaning and shaping. All these lead to three-dimensional root canal obturation with the most reliable inert filling. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of radix entomolaris in mandibular molars between male and female patients. A total of 1503 patient records were reviewed and analyzed from June 2019 to March 2020 in Saveetha Dental College. All 1503 patients were assessed for the radix entomolaris, data entered in Microsoft excel sheet, and transferred to SPSS software for statistical results. The Chi-Square test was done to analyze the correlation between the gender prevalence of radix entomolaris in mandibular first molars. The prevalence of patients with Radix Entomolaris was 0.5% (7 of 1503), 0.47% (4 of 843) for females, and 0.45% (3 of 660) for males, which showed statistically insignificant (p-value >0.05). Within the limitations of the study, there is no significant evidence suggesting that gender plays a major role in the occurrence of Radix Entomolaris.

Development of infections along the line of the incision is potentially a dangerous postoperative event. However, some infections that affect the wound margins in certain areas of the body may put the prognosis, in terms of the patient's life, at risk. In less dramatic situations they in case delay healing of tissues involved in transalveolar extraction. The suturing techniques used to reconstruct the planes for primary healing. To evaluate the prevalence of simple interrupted sutures and figure of eight sutures in transalveolar extraction. To analyse the use of simple interrupts and figure of eight sutures. The study was conducted as a hospital based case control study in the area of Thiruverkadu, Chennai. The study was carried out by collecting data by reviewing patients data and analysing the data of 86000 patients between June 2019 and March 2020 at the private dental institute. A total number of 326 case sheets were taken for the study after reviewing from intraoral photographs and additional supports. Photographs were accessed to determine the suturing techniques for patients that underwent open method extraction. Pearson Chi Square Test was evaluated using SPSS. Results were recorded. Simple interrupted suture was commonly used compared to figure of eight suture in transalveolar extraction in the private dental college. Majority of the dental students placed simple interrupted sutures compared to figure of eight sutures postoperative to open method extractions.

Irreversible pulpitis is a persistent inflammatory condition of pulp caused by noxious stimuli. It may be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Multi visit root canal treatment is safer and commonly used method which is given 2 to 3 appointments and this method reduces error and infection. The aim of this study is to find out the association of  multi root canal treatment in irreversible pulpitis patients visiting Saveetha Dental College. A retrospective study was carried out in University in Chennai between July 2019-March 2020.The data were collected from patients records analysed from the data of 86000 patients between June 2019-March 2020 . The data were entered in an Excel sheet and subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS software.A chi square test was done between age and gender, age and number of visits,gender and number of visits and teeth number and number of visits. The results were formulated in tables and graphs. The results showed that a total of 5366 patients were diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis of which 3037 patients underwent multi visit root canal treatment. .The study concludes that mandibular first molars were highly affected with irreversible pulpitis and underwent multi root canal treatment .

Diabetes and hypertension causes dysfunction in oral components like salivary glands and oral mucosa.  Patients with poorly controlled glycemia may present reduction of salivary flow rate and as a consequence, an increased risk to develop oral injuries and impairment on velocity and quality of wound healings. . Moreover, presence of hypertension increases the probability of xerostomia (associated or not to salivary flow deficiency) as the number of cardiovascular drug administration increases. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of diabetes and hypertension on oral health. It is a university setting study. 300 patients who reported to a private dental college with diabetes, hypertension and both, 100 in each group were randomly selected. The periodontal status and the radiographs of these patients were collected after reviewing case sheets of patients  and compared with their medical condition using Chi square test and analysed. The results were represented in the form of bar graphs. The age group which was most commonly affected was 51-60 years (37%). Males (53%) were most affected when compared to females (46%). Generalised chronic periodontitis was mostly seen in patients with both diabetes and hypertension (77%) but was not statistically significant (p>0.50). Radiovisiography / Orthopantomogram was mostly taken for patients with diabetes (17%) and for those patients who had generalised chronic periodontitis (24%). Within the limits of the study, periodontal destruction is increased in patients with both diabetes and hypertension, as compared to patients with diabetes alone and hypertension alone.

^{Oral hygiene maintenance is the important factor for maintaining good oral health and preventing oral disease, Poor oral hygiene can lead to dental caries, periodontal disease, and tooth loss. Etiological factors leading to these oral diseases are genetic predispositions, developmental problems, poor oral hygiene and traumatic incidents. The aim of the study was to evaluate the knowledge and awareness about oral hygiene maintenance among the chennai population. A 20 questionnaires were distributed through online protocols to 200 respondents of the chennai population.20 questions have been distributed which are divided as certain categories which are demographic behaviour, knowledge and perceived benefits. Among a sample of 200 participants 92.08% were aware that improper oral hygiene affects general health and 7.92% were not aware of it , data was collected from filled questionnaires and analysed using SPSS software. Chi square test has been conducted to check the association between the variables involved in this study. Results of this survey concluded that the majority of the population were aware about oral hygiene Maintenance.}

^{Dental caries is one of the most common global health problems today. Geographic variation in terms of culture and ethnicity plays an important role in oral health practices, which in turn contributes to major oral health diseases such as dental caries and periodontitis.This study was aimed to find the association between geographic location and dental caries.This retrospective study was conducted using records of patients visited private Dental College. A total of 150 consecutive case records of patient age ranging from 15-90 years were retrieved. Data on the number of “D” component of Decayed, Missing and Filled teeth Index from their records were entered and subjected to statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics was done to present the proportion of decayed teeth. Chi-square association  was performed to find the association. A minimum of one to five decayed teeth was present in 32.67% of rural patients and 50% of urban patients. Seven to ten decayed teeth was more prevalent (16%) in rural patients and less prevalent (0.67%) in urban patients. A maximum of eleven to fifteen decayed teeth was seen only in rural patients. A statistical significant association was found between geographic location and dental caries (p=0.000). This necessitates to provide oral health awareness on food habits among people in the rural population.}

^{Removal of post forms an integral part of endodontic retreatment. The aim of this study is to evaluate the association between prefabricated metal post and the method of post retrieval. A study of sample size eight was conducted of patients who had undergone metal post retrieval. Excel calculation was done, analysed and transferred to SPSS for statistical analysis. The p value was set at 0.05. From this study, it is observed that mechanical method of removal of posts was commonly practised (62.5%). Ultrasonic removal of prefabricated metal posts was performed in 37.5%. Post removal in 22 was done with ultrasonics as well as mechanically in equal numbers. Removal of post in 12 was done solely with ultrasonics. Within the limits of the study, mechanical removal of post has been done predominantly in the upper and lower central incisors. Ultrasonic removal of post is done solely in the lateral incisor in the present study.}

Gingivectomy is done to correct gingival levels , esthetic contour and adequate crown length which is required. Gingivectomy is a type of clinical crown lengthening. The tooth requiring endodontic treatment requires Clinical crown lengthening procedure because of overgrowth of gingiva. Gingivectomy can either be done using a scalpel or laser depending on the procedure. The study aims at evaluating the gingivectomy method done in endodontically treated teeth. The details of patients requiring CLP/gingivectomy prior to RCT were collected.72 patients required the procedure. The details of these patients were collected and reviewed. Excel tabulation was done, results and graphs were obtained from SPSS. Statistical test performed was the Chi square test. 52.76% of the total underwent laser gingivectomy whereas 47.22% of them underwent laser gingivectomy. Chi square test shows p>0.05, non significant association. Thus it was found that the patients requiring gingivectomy prior to endodontic treatment had mostly undergone laser gingivectomy than surgical gingivectomy.

Open bite is defined as a developmental or acquired malocclusion whereby no vertical overlap exists between maxillary and mandibular anterior or posterior teeth. It can either be dental or skeletal open bite; anterior or posterior open bite. Open bite  can result in mouth breathing causing changes in the muscular force and can lead to increased susceptibility of gingivitis. The study is conducted to find a correlation between open bite and gingivitis. The aim of the study is to evaluate the prevalence of gingivitis in patients with open bite. This study was based on data collected from the digital database of Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals. Over 86000 patient records were reviewed and analysed over a six month period from September 2019 to February 2019. A total of 1000 case sheets of patients were reviewed. Cross verification of data for error was done by presence of additional reviewers and by photographic evaluation. Simple random sampling was done to minimize sampling bias. After reviewing, 1000 case sheets were filtered  based on data required. The final sample size was 703 patients with Open Bite. Male patients had high prevalence of open bite [53.5%] and presence of gingivitis in open bite patients was 63.9%. The age group 21-40 years [35.70%] had high frequency of gingivitis. P value was found to be insignificant >0.05.Within the limits of the study it was observed that male patients had more prevalence for open bite malocclusion and presence of gingivitis. The age group 21-40 years at high frequency of gingivitis prevalence in patients with open bite.

This study aimed to evaluate the periodontal health status of 8-12-year-old school going children. A retrospective study was conducted amongst 2736 school going children aged 8-12 years reporting to a dental hospital in Chennai for treatment from June 2019 to March 2020. Digital case records of 2736 children were reviewed and the data was extracted. Data analysis was done using IBM SPSS Software Version 20.0 to run Chi square tests. The results revealed the overall prevalence of gingivitis amongst the 8-12 year old children to be 53.7% with 0.3% having periodontitis and 46% of children with clinically healthy gingiva. The study also found a significant relation between the diagnosis of periodontal health and age of the patients with p<0.001. No relation was established between gender and state of periodontal health.The study found the percentage of gingivitis to be 53.7% and periodontitis to be 0.3% in 8-12-year-old school going children.

^{Mandibular first molars are the first permanent tooth to develop, they usually have five cusps mesiobuccal, mid-buccal, mesiolingual, distobuccal, and distolingual. International notion of numbering system the right mandible first molar is known as 46 and the left first mandibular Molar are known as 36, they usually have two roots and three canals or sometimes four and also they have four pulp horns usually since they are first to develop they are more prone to decay. Thus the aim of the study is to evaluate the association between age and gender of patients undergoing root canal treatment in a mandibular first molar. A retrospective university setup study where the data were collected from the record management system, where 86000 case sheets were revived and analyzed out of which 609 collected data was compiled and statistically analyzed using SPSS version 23.0. When statistically analyzed on the basis of gender male 47.3% had undergone endodontic treatment in mandibular left first molar (36) and 52.7% had undergone endodontic treatment in mandibular right first molar (46), and in female 42.9% had undergone endodontic treatment in mandibular left first molar (36) and 57.1% and undergone endodontic treatment in mandibular right first molar (46), no significant difference observed (p>0.05). Accordingly when viewed on the basis of age group 18 to 30 years had the maximum number of root canals done in mandibular first molar. The male patients have undergone more endodontic treatment in mandibular first molar compared to female patients, however, no significant difference seen (p>0.05).The mandibular first molars are the first to erupt in the oral cavity and are primary load-bearing teeth during clenching and mastication and in this study, most endodontic treatments were done in patients of younger age group reveals the poor maintenance and poor knowledge of people about the maintenance of the same. Thus it is important to create more awareness about the maintenance of oral hygiene and the use of dental floss to clean interdental areas.}

Early regular dental care is an important step that every parent should be aware.The first dental visit should be shortly after the child’s first tooth erupts and not longer after one year. The study was aimed to assess the age of the first dental visit of a child. Data were collected retrospectively from the dental records of saveetha dental college in India. Only children attending their first dental visits with no previous dental experience were included in the study. Descriptive statistics, cross-tabulation analysis, and chi-squared tests were done.The results concluded that about 53% of the first dental visit was found to be 11-18 years of age with male children being addressed  more. Parental compliance with the standard age for initial dental visitation recommended by the major dental academies is lacking.

To determine the prevalence of recurrent oral lichen planus among patients with oral lichen planus visiting the outpatient Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Saveetha Dental Hospital, Chennai.Objective:The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence of recurrent oral lichen planus among patients with oral lichen planus visiting the outpatient Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Saveetha Dental Hospital, Chennai.
Materials and Methods:A hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted by collecting data by reviewing patients data and analysing the data of 86000 patients between June 2019 and March 2020. 59 patients with oral lichen planus attending Saveetha Dental Hospital, Chennai were included in the study. The data were gathered through semi- closed ended questionnaires and clinical examinations.Results showed that the recurrence of oral lichen planus in female patients to be 57% and the prevalence of recurrence in male patients to be 50%. Data analysis was done using a chi square analysis between gender with prevalence of recurrent oral lichen planus (chi-square-0.563;df-1;p-0.461) we found the results were statistically not significant(P>0.05) which implies that there was no association between the gender and recurrence of Oral lichen planus. Conclusion:Within the limits of the study, patients who have a recurrence of oral lichen planus seem to be more of the reticular and erosive variants of OLP. It remains to be seen if the erosive OLP has a tendency to develop into oral malignancies.

Except for denture quality, many other factors are related to a patient’s satisfaction with complete dentures (CDS). Complete denture construction provides dentures that have a pleasing appearance, maintain normal speech, provide occlusal support and supply adequate means for the mastication of food. In addition to this dentures should be comfortable and contribute to the continuing health of the supporting tissues. The aim of the study was to find if and how the educational level of the patient influenced the success rate of complete denture delivered in Saveetha Dental College. A survey was conducted among 119 patients who had received complete dentures from Saveetha Dental College Questionnaire on the educational level and the quality of their denture was asked. The data was retrieved from 86,000 patients among which 119 complete denture denture patients were selected. The results were tabulated, Descriptive statistics, cross tabulation and chi-square test was done by SPSS IBM software 20.0 The most common educational qualification of the patient was higher (33%).  It was found that a better satisfactory level was found in high educational qualification patients p>0.001. Level of education, self perception of affectivity are all related to patient satisfaction.  Within the limits of the study it was found that patients with higher educational level had more satisfaction of the denture than the patients with low educational qualification.

Rare complications due  dental infections injurious to the eye are ophthalmia, defective vision and blindness. These complications are many times neglected and not given much importance. There are no proper guidelines in preventing and managing the ocular problems.This study was done to assess the awareness among dentists about  dental infection induced ocular complications. A self administered questionnaire was made and circulated among the participants. The sample size was 170  and the questionnaire was circulated through online means. The data was obtained and the results were tabulated using SPSS software. Only 37% participants were aware that dental infection can cause ocular complications. Textbooks and colleagues were the key sources of information. Majority of them showed interest in knowing the preventive and management methods.From this study, lack of knowledge and aptitude among the dentists about ocular complications was observed. Therefore further information must be provided and training must be given through workshops, camps.

The interest in nutritional supplement and functional food has risen significantly in recent years. Many of the products that are marketed to the consumers have the benefits of the probiotic for general good health and for a wide variety of conditions and situations. Although most of the products have been used safely for years, careful analysis and see scientific research should be conducted before routinely recommendation these products, especially for children.A basic understanding of intestinal flora, properties of probiotic and clinical research findings is necessary for clinicians to delineate probiotic agents in paediatric population. Therefore, the aim of this paper will be to summarize available evidence of probiotic use in well-defined clinical indications of importance for pediatricians. Sweetened oral medications are widely used for children to facilitate compliance. A variety of natural and artificial sweeteners are used in these drug formulations to augment the sweetness and thereby palatability of the product. There is growing concern among dentists about the increased consumption of sugars in these medications by children, especially those who are chronically ill as it may contribute to diabetes mellitus, dental erosion, and dental caries. This literature review provides information about the sweetener content and cariogenic potential of commonly prescribed pediatric oral medications that are used for managing acute and chronic conditions in children and measures for oral health prevention.

The prevalence of tobacco use has increased over the past decades. Traditional forms like betel quid, tobacco with lime and tobacco tooth powder are commonly used, and the use of new products is increasing, not only among men but also among children, teenagers and women. The aim of the study is to find the prevalence of smoking habits and  its variations in patients reporting to a private Dental University, India. The case sheets of patients were obtained from the patient record system. The data of each patient regarding the duration, type and pattern of smoking habit was obtained and tabulated. The results of the study show prevalence of the pattern of smoking habit in conventional smoking is 69% and in  reverse smoking is 31%. Prevalence of type of smoking tobacco showed prevalence of cigarettes to be 96% and to be bidi 4%. The present study shows there is a significant association based on comparison of age with pattern of smoking and age with the duration of smoking done using chi square test (p value-0.000). Thus higher prevalence was seen in the age group of 41-60 years (48%), 21-40 years (42%) and in males with cigarettes being the most preferred smoking tobacco. As cigarettes are accessible, it is also more carcinogenic and it is increasing among the youth, hence precautions must be taken in earlier age groups of 21-40 years for early interventions such as anti tobacco sessions and guidance to decrease the consumption of tobacco.

^{Widespread use of fluoride has been a major factor towards the decline in both the prevalence and severity of dental caries in economically developed countries. Fluorides prevent tooth decay by promoting remineralization and inhibiting demineralization of enamel. It is recommended as part of a comprehensive tooth decay prevention program. The growing number of parents who refuse topical fluoride in clinical practice warrants attention from dental professionals and the scientific community. The goal of this research is to know the level of acceptance of fluoride treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acceptance of topical fluoride application among pediatric dental patients.A retrospective study was conducted using the patient records from Saveetha Dental College, Chennai from June 2019 - April 2020. The study population included pediatric patients with dental caries, selected by non-probability purposive sampling. Data was collected and then subjected to statistical analysis. Microsoft Excel 2016 (Microsoft office 10) data spreadsheet was used to collect data and later exported to SPSS IBM (version 20.0). Descriptive statistics and chi square test were employed with a level of significance set at p<0.05. It has been concluded that the overall acceptance of fluoride application was 20.72%, among which 80.34% of the patients preferred fluoride gel and 19.66% preferred fluoride varnish. Children between 6-13 years of age and children with higher dental caries, especially males, had a more favourable level of acceptance.Thus the most parental acceptance was noticed only after progression of decay in children. There is a paramount need to educate the parents and caregivers about the importance of topical fluoride application as a preventive measure in preventing caries and progression of decay in children.}

Patient safety has been broadly conceptualized as the prevention of unnecessary patient harm or potential harm. In order to meet the goal of harm prevention in a clinical setting, the patient safety is recommended as an important practice being implementing by the healthcare team in the clinical setting. It is because, the patient safety practice may emphasize on the reduction and mitigation of unsafe acts within the healthcare system, and then it is also known as the best practice that lead to the optimal health outcome of the patients. The patient safety issue had been recognized as the global problem where it is needs the global solutions. Safety is emphasized as the main concern in health system performance and quality management in the healthcare services. The improvement in patient safety and quality of the healthcare services had been identified as an important issue in the healthcare services worldwide.

Audit firms must meet the needs of their auditees to achieve sustainable development. The paper aims to analyze the role of auditee satisfaction perceived service quality to affect the compliance variable in auditing service provided by SMPs to SMEs in Malaysia.
Data collected via structured questionnaires through email communication. The collected data were analyzed first using descriptive statistics, followed by correlation analysis to establish the mediating effects of perceived service quality between the dependent and independent variables. Lastly, a regression analysis was borne on the model to test the hypotheses.
The study found that auditee satisfaction correlates with perceived service quality, while both perceived service quality and auditee satisfaction were a significant relationship towards compliance. The study also showed that perceived service quality as a mediating role between auditee satisfaction and compliance was significantly based on SEM PLS analysis.
The research findings are also imperative to scholars, academics, scientists, and researchers by adding to the body of current knowledge on internal audit and risk management. Nonetheless, its sample size limits the study. Therefore, the results do not represent the whole business organization because they determine Malaysian Smalls and Medium Enterprise, focusing only on retails and wholesales

This paper reviews and analyses 41 empirical studies examining the effects of internal corporate governance attributes on the disclosure of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) information by companies in Iraq. The inductive approach used in this paper entails the surveying, studying, comparing and summarizing of all papers published in prominent journals in the past seven years. By reviewing 41 empirical studies, this current study obtained mixed results ranging from Positive and negative statistically significant to statistically insignificant relationships, depending on the CSRD measures, sample selection and corporate governance attributes. The researchers also found that CG and CSR disclosure have a more positive relationship (57.80 %) than Negative and significant relationship (15.47%). However, the study found that (26.73%) an insignificant relationship .This paper also found that CSRD is weak in Iraq compared to developing countries in the analyzed studies. In the case of the Iraqi companies, Board of directors and managerial ownership were found to have a positive effect on the growth of social costs. As for the other variables, the study failed to discover any effects. In addition, the researchers also found that none of the previous studies had addressed the abovementioned correlation in the context of Iraqi companies.

Community-based entrepreneurship is a growing concept in entrepreneurship research, which capitalises on the demand for community participation in any enterprise development. However, there are many misconceptions from the previous researchers regarding the terms’ definition and influencing factors. This paper aims to understand community-based entrepreneurship concepts and add value to the current literature in an academic context. This paper employed secondary data resources from 2010 until 2020. Four scientific databases are selected as an appropriate database, and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method was employed as the basic method for conducting this review. Based on 14 articles which were reviewed thoroughly and systematically, this paper found the definition of community-based entrepreneurship and summarised two main factors that influenced the success of community-based entrepreneurs. Overall, this systematic review provides a good platform for further research by identifying the research needs in community-based entrepreneurship

This paper examines the effect of crude oil price and real estate growth on Malaysian stock market performance by examining the monthly data from 1999-2016 using both linear and non-linear tests. These tests examine the long-run and short-run relationship among variables. Granger causality test is used to measure the short-run adjustments towards the long-run relationship among the variables. The results of Granger causality test indicates that a bidirectional relationship exists between stock market performance, crude oil price, real estate. In other words, there is a dynamic relationship among the stock market performance, crude oil and real estate.

The traditional methods are fading away with the scientific methods taking a plunge into the field of market research. Neuro marketing is the recent technique in the field of market research that is attracting many eye-balls. It applies neuropsychology to marketing research. Human decision-making is both a conscious and non-conscious process in the brain, and while this method of research succeeded in gathering explicit (or conscious) emotions, the traditional methods failed to gain the consumer's implicit (or unconscious) emotions. Non-conscious information has a large influence in the decision-making process. The goal of the present study is to analyze the Awareness of Neuro marketing as a tool for studying Consumer behavior among the indigenous North- Eastern startups of India. This concept is less known and unexplored not only in Assam but the whole of North-East, yet the startups do not ignore the fact that studying consumer psychology is an important aspect. As Neuromarketing further evolves, we can expect more and more revelation of intricacies involved which determines the consumer‟s purchasing behavior. The awareness of Neuromarketing is to be studied in order to know its application, success and failure as a tool for studying consumer behavior as this type of studies have an important role for the future of marketing.The study will help the local entrepreneurs and marketers to know about Neuromarketing and upgrade their tools and techniques for studying consumer behavior

The drive to get an action accomplished is motivation. The combination of needs, drives and outcomes gets the action to move and this consolidated action is called motivation. Motivation helps judge the attractiveness of a stimulus. The knowledge of the determinants of motivation is very important for the study of motivation. The study of motivation reaches its proper significance when the works of Abraham Maslow is studied. The theory of needs answers variety of questions when motivation is to be studied. The significance of need accomplishment according to the hierarchy ladder of need as propounded by Maslow when studied in connection with consumer’s want for buying a house under the parameters of ordinal scale, receives a new paradigm when converted to the cardinal scale. The present research paper studies the consumer motivation factors according to the categories of consumers based on demography and converts the data from ordinal form to cardinal form. The conversion of data type helps the understanding and study of the data better. Where constituents of the respondent type unwrap the need hierarchy and carry the study of motivation to an elevated level.

The article discusses the features of the formation of environmental awareness of educated youth and their active life position regarding constructive participation in the implementation of the sustainable development strategy of our country. Particular attention is paid to the study of the possibilities of developing the ecological culture of Russian educated youth as the most active and receptive to environmental values. The theoretical basis of the research was composed by the work of environmentalism researchers. The empirical base of the study was the results of a questionnaire survey of representatives of educated youth in Moscow and St.-Petersburg. The focus of the study is a system of norms, values, patterns of behavior that set the vector for the development of environmental awareness of educated young people in the existing socio-economic and political conditions. Particular attention is paid to the practices of young people, environmental activities, consumption reduction, information sources and assessment of measures to solve environmental problems. Separate waste collection and avoidance of environmentally hazardous products lead among activities, but do not cover the majority of respondents. The results of the study showed that a stable social group has emerged, among the educated youth of both capitals over the past decade, in which values and patterns have been formed, in which ecological consciousness is already quite clearly manifested.

Children have a major influence on their parents' purchases of similar products. Children are a dominant market for marketers to consider when making strategy choices since they are part of a family unit. This market is active in three ways: first, it is a large market in and of itself; second, it is a key influencer in facilitating purchasing decisions; and third, it is a possible future market. The focus of this research is on children's second position. They become the focal point of family expectations, and parents are more receptive to their recommendations when making purchases. This research study explains the effect of children on parental purchase behavior in the twin cities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi using a survey as a data collection method. Parents are among the participants in this research. The relationship between parental purchase behavior (PPB) and age of child (AOC), importance of child (IOC), product category (PC), communication pattern (CP), and family orientation is revealed by multiple regression analysis (FO). The age of the child (AOC), family orientation (FO), and Product Category (PC) are the three most significant factors that affect parental buying behavior. The paper concludes that children have a major influence on their parents' decisions

In This paper, we prove the some new fixed point theorems for  contractive mappings in partially ordered soft metric space which generalize the common unique fixed point theorem to the case of contractive mappings in partially ordered soft metric space with closed bounded set. Our results are the extensions of the results of some well-known recent result in the literature. Obtained results are very useful in Business management and stock marketing.

An impression is a negative replica or copy in reverse of the surface of an object. Impression materials in the market are classified by various methods: chemical type, physical properties and viscosities. The aim of the study was to evaluate the quality of impressions made for fixed prostheses  by undergraduate and postgraduate students.A total of 875 impressions photographs were analysed based on 10 parameters. The parameters were voids on finish line, lack of wash material, inadequate tray retention etc. They were given scores based on the outcomes, as unacceptable, acceptable and good. The results were recorded and tabulated. Various tests were performed using SPSS software to gain the correlation. The most common errors found among them were the lack of flash, followed by improper tray pressure, voids on the preparation, lack of material, improper fusion of materials. Increased errors were found at the finish line and the presence of blood in impression surfaces were also observed.The quality of impression making by the postgraduate students were better than undergraduates

Dental esthetics is a field of dentistry concerned especially with the appearance of dentition as achieved through its arrangement, form and color. The type of malocclusion, the degree of malocclusion, age, patients’ esthetic desires, practitioners’ style of treatment as well as gender predilection can influence the final esthetic treatment the patient will be subjected to. From functional demands, the patients of the current world, have shifted their demands to esthetics. Esthetics can be simply detected based on the position of lateral incisors. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of rotation, overlap and straightly positioned lateral incisors and its impact towards attractiveness of smile in female patients reporting to institutional setup in Chennai. A sample size of 500 patients’ information from a database of an institutional setup in Chennai was taken after reviewing 86,000 patients and a retrospective study was performed followed by data analysis using SPSS version 20.0 software. It can be said that the attractiveness of a smile depends upon the relation of the lateral incisors. P value associated with lateral incisor position and age of the sample size was found to be 0.361. 

Dental pulp is an unmineralized oral tissue containing soft connective, vascular, lymphatic and nervous elements which occupies the central pulp chamber. It is the most vital part of the tooth. Vital pulp therapy is done to maintain the vitality and preserve the pulp tissue that is compromised and is indicated depending on the amount of exposure of the pulp and presence of infection. The different types of vital pulp therapy are indirect pulp capping, direct pulp capping and pulpotomy. Vital pulp therapy is also indicated for open apex to ensure proper root growth. The aim of our survey was to evaluate the knowledge attitude and practice regarding pulp therapy among dental students. A questionnaire consisting of 16 questions was distributed among dental students in saveetha dental college. Responses were collected through google forms. Data was collected and analysed using SPSS software. From the study it was concluded that there was a fair knowledge and practice  regarding pulp therapy among dental students. Continuing education programs should be conducted to increase knowledge regarding pulp therapy.

^{Evolution of fracture management after the advent of asepsis and anesthesia has changed its trend toward open reduction and internal fixation(ORIF). In maxillofacial skeleton, to re-establish both form and function, semi-rigid fixation has been favored in recent times. Miniplates are commonly made of stainless steel and titanium. The fate of these post-ORIF is still controversial with both schools of thought providing substantial valid arguments. Aim of this study is to assess the incidence, site, type of material and reason for miniplate removal. This retrospective observational study was conducted among patients who reported to the Department of Oral and maxillofacial surgery, Saveetha Dental College, Chennai between June 2019 to March 2020. Inclusion criterias were patients of both gender and any age group undergoing miniplate removal post-ORIF and exclusion criteria were those undergoing hardware removal secondary to other procedures like orthognathic or reconstructive surgery and patients who are suffering from debilitating injuries physically and mentally challenged patients. Among 17 patients evaluated, incidence of miniplate removal was more common in males (76.5%) in the third decade of life. Infection (82.4%) was the most common reason for removal, while stainless steel was the most common type of miniplate removed (82.4%). 88.2% of miniplates removed had an adjacent dentate structure. No association was found between reason for removal and type of miniplate, proximity to dentate structure and reason for removal. Prospective studies and systematic analysis required to arrive at consensus.}

Cause for tooth extraction had large geographical and cultural differences in different Countries. A decrease in the number of teeth can serve as an indicator of socio-economic and oral hygiene level. A reduction in the number of teeth may result in poor dietary habits and deterioration of quality of life. The aim of this study was to investigate the primary reasons for extraction of permanent teeth and to evaluate its association with age, gender among patients treated in Saveetha Dental College and hospital. In this retrospective cross-sectional study, digital case records of all patients reported to saveetha dental college and hospital from June 2019 to March 2020 were reviewed. All adult patients who underwent extraction of teeth were included in the study. Demographic details of patients and the reasons for extraction of the permanent tooth were recorded from digital case records, clinical photographs and radiographs. Retrieved data was analysed using IBM SPSS Software Version 23.0. Descriptive statistics and tests of association for categorical variables by Chi square tests were done and results were obtained. P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The common reason for the extraction of permanent teeth was dental caries (34.2%). Tooth extraction was more in the age group 18-35 years (41.2%) and the most common reason was dental caries (41.7%). The association between age and reasons for tooth extraction was statistically significant.(p<0.001).Tooth extraction was more in the males (58.6%) compared to females (41.3%) and the most common reason for extraction in the males was dental caries (31.3%) and in females was dental caries (38.2%). The association between gender and reasons of tooth extraction was statistically significant(p<0.001). The association between age and gender of the patients undergoing extraction of permanent teeth was also statistically significant.(p<0.001). Within the limits of the study, dental caries was the most common reason for the extraction of permanent teeth. Males underwent more extractions than females and the predominant age group undergoing extraction of teeth were 18-35 years. This fact should be kept in mind while planning preventive programs and more emphasis should be given for prevention of dental caries or periodontal disease based on age of the target population.

Premature loss of teeth in children leads to space loss and affects arch integrity. Space maintainer and space maintenance is an important part of paediatric dentistry as well as a part of interceptive orthodontics. This study aims to determine the prevalence of band and loop space maintainers among children who are 6-10 years old. Data collection was done from going through 86,000 patient records from June 2019 to April 2020. Total sample size was 44 children who were inserted with a band and loop space maintainer. Chi-square test is done to analyse the significance of the study. The analysis showed that the band and loop space maintainer are more prevalent in 6 year old children and mostly done in female children. The reason for tooth loss was due to extensive caries. However, the study showed positive correlation but there was no significance since p=0.276. Use of space maintainers is an important step in interceptive orthodontics and the study concluded that it is more prevalent in 6 year old children.

Malocclusion is the misalignment or incorrect relation between the teeth and the dental arches. It is one of the leading causes of progression towards poor oral hygiene. Fixed orthodontic treatment is preferred and the most common method for treating malocclusions.  Fixed appliances such as brackets, bands, or fixed retention may complicate optimal oral hygiene, and this may result in accumulation of dental plaque and gingival inflammation. S. mutans is the most common bacteria seen in the gingival sulcus. Prevention can be done by adequate oral prophylaxis prior to the commencement of orthodontic treatment. Thus the aim of the study is to assess the prevalence of gingivitis in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment between age 25-35 years.  Evaluation of patients reported to saveetha dental college for the purpose of undergoing orthodontic treatment were chosen. 463 Patients data records were collected and descriptive statistics was done using SPSS software version 23 and the results obtained were tabulated and statistically analysed using the chi square test. It is observed that patients who developed gingivitis during orthodontic treatment belong to the age group of 25-30 years (56.16%) and 30- 35 years (16.41%) and the results are statistically significant (p<0.05). Males (39.96%) were commonly affected with gingivitis when compared to females (32.61). Thus it is important to understand the importance of the maintenance of oral hygiene during orthodontic treatment and patients should be made aware about the consequences of the ignorance to adopt adequate oral hygiene measures.  

Postendodontic treatment management consists of restoration that should give protection and preservation of remaining tooth structure while giving satisfactory aesthetics appearance, its form, and good function. The endocrown consists of a single unit with a circular butt-joint finish line and a central retention cavity inside the pulp chamber. The goal of endocrown usage is to achieve minimally invasive preparations and to conserve the existing tooth structure. The aim of this survey was to assess the level of awareness and the current state of knowledge and opinions toward endocrown as one of postendodontic management in practice amongst dental practitioners. This cross-sectional study was done among dental interns and practitioners from various institutions in Chennai. A total of 120 participants took part in this survey study. Results were analysed and compared using the SPSS Statistical Software by doing both the frequency tests and correlation tests. More than half of dental practitioners (55.83%) reported that they were aware of the use of endocrown as one of the post endodontics management. However, only 27.5% said that they had practised the use of endocrown during their training. Within the limits of the study, dental practitioners commonly have less training and practice in management of post endodontics restoration using endocrown. In regard to their knowledge, they showed an acceptable level of knowledge and awareness of usage of endocrown as one of post endodontics management.

Oral sub mucous fibrosis (OSMF) is an oral precancerous condition. It is a chronic debilitating  and crippling condition of the oral mucosa classified as a potentially malignant disorder. The inflammation and the progression  of fibrosis will result in rigidity and trismus. The etiology of OSMF includes tobacco, areca nut chewing, excessive use of chillies and lime in diet, immunological disorders, collagen disorder and nutritional deficiencies. The symptoms are trismus that is reduced mouth opening, oral pain, burning sensation, hearing loss and change of gustatory sensation.  A retrospective study was planned with data collection from June 2019 to March 2020 in a university setup. We reviewed the patients records and analysed the data of 86000 patients.The data report includes patient details like gender, age and diagnosis. The records were manually verified by 2 reviewers and the data was tabulated in the Excel sheet followed by statistical analysis using SPSS software (Statistical Product and Service Solutions) in IBM and chi-square tests were performed. Total subject population was 191 in the age range of 11-70 years, males with OSMF were 86(45.0%) and females with OSMF were 7 (3.6%),the  majority of patients 26(13.6%) with OSMF were in the 31-40 years age grp. Within the limitations of the study, it can be concluded that male have higher predilection to OSMF when compared with females and the most common age group affected by OSMF was in the age range of (31-40) years.

Temporary restoration are used for short or long term between the time of tooth preparation until the definitive indirect restorations are fitted.Various techniques are used to fabricated these restorations- direct ,indirect ,combination of both.The aim of this study was to assess the preferred method of temporisation in single teeth crown preparation.This study was conducted at a private dental institute between June 2019 to March 2020. 86000 patient records were analyzedTotal of 976 teeth which had temporary crowns following single tooth crown preparation were included and assessed for technique of fabrication with gender of the patient,type of teeth temporised and the technique used for temporisation.The tabulated data was analysed using SPSS software .Incomplete date were excluded from the study.Statistical analysis was done using a chi -square test.In our study we observed that maximum number of temporisation procedures was done in males with predominance in maxillary posteriors.Association between the type of teeth restored and the temporisation technique showed that direct technique was the most preferred technique and it was most commonly done in maxillary posteriors (p <0.05).The interim restoration plays a significant role in maintaining the occlusal function and protects the prepared tooth, hence proper temporisation is required following tooth preparation.

Nickel is one of the most common causes of allergic contact dermatitis and produces more allergic reactions than all other metals combined. Currently, several brands of orthodontic wires are made of nickel titanium alloy and potentially have a high enough nickel content to provoke manifestations of allergic reactions in the oral cavity. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the knowledge and awareness on nickel hypersensitivity in patients among interns in a private dental college. The study was conducted in a private dental college, Chennai. The study group consisted of the interns and postgraduate students. Total number of studies included in the study was 200.The statistical analysis was done using SPSS software (SPSS version 21.0, SPSS, Chicago II, USA). The data was analysed using a chi- square test. The p value of less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.About 73% of them are aware about Nickel Hypersensitivity and 74.5% are aware that Nickel hypersensitivity is one of the most common causes for allergic contact dermatitis. Higher number of females  reported to know about Nickel Hypersensitivity when compared to males. There was no significant difference between the gender and awareness about Nickel Hypersensitivity.Chi- square value: 0.059, p value: 0.807. Dental students in this study have a good level of knowledge and positive attitude towards nickel hypersensitivity in patients. However, the knowledge acquired must be implemented in their daily practice and provide the better treatment required for the patients. A better knowledge of nickel hypersensitivity is essential for safe practice in dentistry. This will ensure the provision of better and safer dental health care services for the population.

Awareness and knowledge of the presence of accessory roots and variation in the root canal morphology in primary mandibular molars are essential to determine the positive outcome of the treatment. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the presence of three rooted primary mandibular molars in children of Chennai population.This study was designed as a retrospective study, conducted among patients who reported to the University dental hospital.Subjects aged 2 to 10 years of chennai population, subjects who underwent endodontic procedures with complete data were included in this study. Subjects of other regions were excluded from this study.Data was collected and tabulated in excel. Data was analysed  using IBM SPSS Statistical Analyzer(23.0 version).Frequency distribution and descriptive analysis were carried out. The association between the variables was analysed and assessed using Pearson Chi-square test.p value < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.The total occurrence of there rooted primary mandibular molars among the study subjects was found to be 0.8% among different age as well as gender.Prevalence of three rooted primary mandibular molars was found to be higher in males compared to females among the study population.

Dental fluorosis is considered a major public health problem. Consumption of excess fluoride will lead to conditions like skeletal fluorosis and dental fluorosis. The aim of this study is to determine the association between dietary intake and fluorosis. The present study was conducted among patients who had reported to Saveetha Dental College,  from the time period of June 2019 to March 2020. Case records of about 15,000 patients were reviewed and 561 patients were recruited who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria.Patients with dental fluorosis were included in the study. Patient age ,gender and the diet history and dean fluorosis index score were collected from the case records.Descriptive statistics, cross tabulation and chi-square test were done by SPSS IBM software 20.0. The results of the study showed that 49% of fluorosis patients are with a vegetarian diet and 51% of fluorosis patients are with a mixed diet. In patients with mixed diets the severity of fluorosis was slightly higher compared to vegetarian diet, with a  Dean’s fluorosis index score of 4 - severe (5.3%). However it is statistically not significant. [Pearson’s Chi Square value: 4.685^a df = 4, p value = 0.321 (>0.05)] Within the limits of the study no significant association was found between diet and fluorosis,however severity of fluorosis in mixed diet seems to be higher.

Traumatic dental injuries are most frequent during the first 10 years of life, it decreases with increase in age, and are very rarely seen after the age of 30. Etiologic factors are very much linked to falls due to accidents or steps are the most common cause of oral injuries. The management of traumatic dental injuries to the primary teeth differs from that used for permanent dentition. There is a close relationship between the apex of the root of the injured primary tooth and the underlying permanent tooth germ. Thus the aim of the study is to analyse the prevalence of traumatic dental injuries in primary teeth among children in the age group of 1-6 years. A retrospective analysis was done using dental archiving software present in the department of pedodontics where patients intraoperative photographs were checked for cross verification. The graphs and tables were done using SPSS software version 23 and chi square test was done.  The results of the study showed that higher prevalence of traumatic dental injury was seen in females (25%) when compared to males (p>0.05), statistically not significant. Subjects with avulsion(33.33%) had oral habits of mouth breathing and subjects took minimum 1 day (16.67%) to report for treatment (p>0.05) statistically not significant.

Introduction:Bell’s palsy is an idiopathic, acute peripheral palsy of the facial nerve that results in muscle weakness on one side of the face, characterized by sudden onset, and unilateral facial paralysis, lower motor neuron weakness of the facial nerve with no other neurological abnormalities and no readily identifiable cause.  The aim of this study was to measure the knowledge and attitude among dental students A self administered questionnaire consisting of 17 questions regarding knowledge and awareness of bell's palsy .Data was collected through google forms. responses were analysed and statistical data is represented as pie charts. From the results 69% of the people selected facial nerve is affected by bell's palsy  and 75% of the people selected that bell's palsy affects only one side of the face and 25% disagreed with it. 60% of the study participants said that recovery duration of immediate type facial paralysis is 4 hours. The knowledge of anatomy, diagnosis and treatment was satisfactory and suggest that they have sufficient awareness. Dental students and dentists should be exposed to any medical condition that could happen because of iatrogenic reasons.

Provisional restoration is an integral part of fixed dental prosthesis. The common techniques in fabrication are direct, indirect and indirect-direct. The study was designed to retrospectively evaluate the commonly used technique for fabrication of provisional restoration in fixed partial dentures among dental students and to determine the frequency of use in each sextant. The data was collected from June 2019 to March 2020 at a private dental institution in Chennai and a total of 999 case records of patients who underwent fixed partial denture procedure was obtained. This study reported that 55.1% of temporisation was done using indirect technique, 29.6% used direct technique and 15.2% used direct-indirect technique. Chi-square test was applied to see associations of sextants and techniques used. P value = 0.04 was obtained and was found to be statistically significant. In sextant 1, indirect technique was highly preferred with 51.4%,followed by direct technique with 29.9%. In sextant 2, indirect technique with 53% was preferred followed by direct technique with 33.9%. In sextant 3, 49.2% of indirect technique was observed. In sextant 4 and 5, indirect technique with 62.6% and 55.5% was used respectively. In sextant 6, 61.6% of indirect was highly used. The present study concluded that most of the dental students preferred indirect technique for fabrication of provisional restoration over the other techniques in all the sextants.

^{Treatment of skeletal Class II malocclusion in a growing patient will involve growth modification therapy using myofunctional appliances. In case of some patients non compliance Class II correctors may be used to correct discrepancies. Skeletal Class II malocclusion due to prognathic maxilla may require headgears for correction. The introduction of infra zygomatic screws and buccal shelf screws have broadened the scope of Class II correction in late adolescence and adults. Invariably patients with skeletal Class II malocclusions do not report to the orthodontists at a time when growth can be harnessed for correction of the skeletal malocclusion. In most of these cases camouflage treatment or orthognathic surgery were the options. Bone screws have now changed the scenario providing patients with the option of en masse distalisation not involving extractions or surgery. This study aims to evaluate the treatment options not involving growth modification chosen for patients with skeletal Class II malocclusion.  Patient records were screened for skeletal Class II malocclusion, patients from the age group of 14 to 35 were chosen for the study. Patients undergoing treatment with myofunctional appliances and non compliance Class II correctors were eliminated from the study. A total of 80 patient records were obtained. Data on age, gender and treatment plan were tabulated. Samples were divided into three groups based on treatment plan. Group A (N= 50) represented camouflage treatment, Group B (N= 16) represented en masse distalisation and Group C (N= 14) represented orthognathic surgery. The association between age, gender and treatment plan was tested using Pearson’s test of independence. Results of the study showed that 62.5% of all patients in the study had undergone camouflage treatment with only 20% undergoing en masse distalisation. 17.5% of patients had undergone orthognathic surgery. It was observed that the age group of 20-24 years contributed to the maximum number of patients  reporting for correction of Class II skeletal malocclusions. Pearson Chi-Square value of 2.843 and  p-value of 0.241( p-value< 0.05 significant) showed that there was no association between gender and treatment plan chosen. Pearson’s Chi Square value of 18.09 and  p value of 0.021 (p value < 0.05,statistically  significant) showed an association between age and treatment plan chosen for the patient. From the results of the study it can be concluded that there was an association between age and treatment plan in correction of Class II malocclusion. En masse distalisation as a treatment option was predominantly chosen in late adolescence and young adults.}

Sleep bruxism is classified as a movement disorder related to sleep. Despite a function is characterised by non-functional teeth contact, manifesting by grinding or tension of teeth. It is not a disease, but when exacerbated may lead to an imbalance of the stomatognathic System. Several therapeutic modalities have been suggested, but there is no consensus about the most efficient. The aim of the study was to access the various symptoms of bruxism in children. The study was based on the date of patients reported to the Department of Pediatric & Preventive Dentistry in a private Dental Hospital, India. The data was obtained from analysing the patient reports for the time frame of June 2019 and March 2020. Various symptoms were diagnosed among which prevalence of pain in tooth and sensitivity was the most common when compared to other symptoms. The study reveals that  sensitivity is the most common symptom among the children having bruxism.

The ultimate goal of any endodontic treatment is to provide a correct diagnosis, optimal mechanical and chemical preparation, and to three-dimensional obturation of the root canal. Persistence of microorganism like bacteria in the apex and canals, poor obturation quality, over and under an extension of the root canal filling, inappropriate mechanical debridement, and coronal leakage noted as come of the commonly attributable causes of failure. Review of literature by collecting and retrieving information from a minimum of 47 articles. Articles were retrieved from search engines such as PubMed, Google Scholar, etc. Despite the high success rate regarding the endodontic treatment, failures also occur in a large no. of cases. The failures that occur most of the time can be attributed to the previously mentioned causes. Since several endodontic treatments are done every day, it has become essential to minimize or avoid the most fundamental of reasons leading to endodontic failure. This paper reviews and highlights the most common causes of endodontic failure.

The aim of the review is to update the current data about Early childhood caries (ECC) and its etiology, prevalence, risk factors, management, and preventive strategies. Dental caries is an international public health challenge, especially amongst young children. Early childhood caries is a serious public health problem in both developing and industrialized countries. ECC can begin early in life, progresses rapidly in those who are at high risk, and often goes untreated. ECC can be a particularly virulent form of caries, beginning soon after dental eruption, developing on smooth surfaces, progressing rapidly, and having a lasting detrimental impact on the dentition. Preventing and controlling the development of ECC among children is important to maintain  effective eating, speech development, and formation of a positive self-image.  

The dental professional should be familiar with the differences of number of root and  root canal system anatomy, which at some aspects provides specific dental anomalies of tooth and helpful in analysing in the clinical field. The main aim for patients and doctors is to relive pain and maintain natural teeth with similar morphology. Root canal therapy is mostly the treatment of choice for teeth with pulpal and periradicular affected teeth. Effective treatment is required for good mechanical and chemical cleaning and shaping and provides a  compact obturation under aseptic conditions with an inert filling material.The major reason for endodontic failure is the existence of untreated canals. A detailed diagnosis of the root canal system anatomy is a requirement for effective treatment of root canals. This review shows incidence of root and root canal variations  in maxillary second molars. The presence of root canal orifices  helps in diagnosis of preoperative radiographs and examination of the pulp.

^{Aim and introduction:Artificial intelligence (AI) is one of the branches of computer science, which is capable of analyzing complex medical data. This technology is helpful in diagnosing disease, treatment, and predicting outcomes in many clinical scenarios. Artificial intelligence is nothing but a natural language processor and does repetitive jobs in a timely manner.  Some disadvantages of AI technology are high initial capital requirement, potential for increased unemployment, which shows that this technology has the potential to replace physicians in future. The main aim of this survey is to assess the  awareness on application of artificial intelligence in medicine among dental students.
Materials and Method:Self-administrated questionnaire was designed based on awareness. The questionnaire was distributed through an online Google forms link. The study population included dental students belonging to the 18 – 26 age group. Method of representation of each output variable was in pie charts and bar graphs. The statistics done using SPSS software, chi square test was done to check the association and a p value of 0.05 was said to be statistically significant.}
This survey has been completed in the month of may  2020.
^{Result:56% of the participants were aware that artificial intelligence is the analysis of medical data without direct human input. From the survey it was evident that 57% of the participants feel that with the help of AI clinical decision and diagnosis can be revolutionized and also found that both male and female students were equally aware of the importance of application of artificial intelligence in medicine(p-value>0.05).}
Conclusion:This study concludes that about 59% of the study participants were aware that Artificial Intelligence technology in medicine is beneficial to doctors and also found that both male and female students were equally aware of artificial intelligence. Since AI technology has the potential to develop into an innovative  platform which is capable of analyzing more complex medical data, more awareness has to be created for better understanding and analysis of this technology.

In histopathology, special stains help to enhance and assist with diagnosis. Special stains are usually performed after initial examination by H&E stained sections from a repeat cut-section on a paraffin block. Special staining  technique  provides  valuable  information  in  the  evaluation  of  numerous  abnormal  or  disease  conditions. Therefore, this review focused to analyse the importance of special stains as an aid in diagnosis. Articles were searched in online databases, such as PUBMED, MEDLINE and Google scholar with keywords “oral lesions, special stains, histopathological diagnosis, importance.” Manual Search of Journals were also done. Articles were reviewed and analysed.The 3 relevant articles were reviewed which showed substantial importance of special stains in oral lesion biopsies. Special stains reveal the nature of keratin, collagen & elastic fibres, basal lamina in epithelium & tumor islands in oral Malignancies. Therefore, in modern pathology the role of special stains are helpful in detecting many oral lesions characteristic of pathologies, making it an important diagnostic tool.

Aim:The aim of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the frequency of  additional retentive features used during tooth preparation for Fixed Partial Dentures by the dental students and to determine preference of retentive features in each sextant.
Method:The data for this study was collected from June 2019 to March 2020 after taking ethical clearance from the Institutional Review Committee. A total of 999 case records of the patients  who received fixed partial denture in a dental institution at Chennai was included. The data regarding the tooth preparation was collected from the case record. SPSS 20 version was used for statistical analysis. Chi-square test was applied to see association between the retentive features and tooth location.
Result:The study reported that 30.7% of tooth preparation had proximal boxes; 14.8% had grooves; 18.7% had occlusal offset and 35.7% did not incorporate any additional retentive feature. Association between the retentive features and location of the tooth was found to be statistically significant.
Conclusion:Most of the dental students did not prefer additional retentive features followed by proximal box, grooves and occlusal offset. Association between the retentive features and location of the tooth was found to be statistically significant with p value of 0.02. In sextant 1, 5 and 6 no additional retentive features were preferred. In sextant 2 and 4, proximal box was highly preferred. In sextant 3, both proximal box and no additional retentive feature was equally preferred.

Majority of dentists in India are private practitioners. Due to the pandemic in COVID-19, usage of Personal Protective Equipments(PPE) in their  daily clinical practice has become even more crucial. Personal protective equipment comprises masks or respirators, gloves, face shields, gowns, goggles etc. The primary use of personal protective equipment is to  protect the clinician, patients and the assistants from getting contamination from blood, saliva, infectious diseases and any mechanical trauma. Personal protective equipment has become the need of the hour due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Hence it is even more crucial for the clinician to use a proper personal protective equipment  for the safety of their patients and themselves.  The aim of the study is to assess  the knowledge, practice and awareness regarding personal protective equipment amongst dental surgeons having private dental clinics in India. A web based questionnaire consisting of 23 questions including demographics, knowledge assessment and practice management of personal protective equipment usage. The results obtained were tabulated and graphically represented using IBM SPSS version 20 software. 97.2% practitioners were aware of the PPE, donning of PPE was known by 88.6%  respondents. 92.1% people knew the contents of a PPE kit. PPE is called personal protective equipment. It helps protect clinicians from body fluids, blood and injuries. The study was conducted in order to assess the knowledge, attitude and perception of usage of PPE among dental surgeons having their private clinical practice. It was found that dental surgeons were well aware of usage and advantages of PPE.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the type of impression technique used in complete denture fabrication among dental students.
Materials And Method: A total of 510 data entries were taken, duplicate and missing entries were omitted. So a total of 484 entries were evaluated. The data was collected from patient records in Saveetha Dental College, over a period of one year.  The evaluation was based on the technique used in primary impression by the dental students for complete denture fabrication.
Statistical Analysis:The results of the study were subjected to statistical analysis. Data analysis was done using SPSS software version 23.0. Frequency evaluation and Chi-square test was done to evaluate the most frequently used technique used to fabricate complete denture.
Results: It was found that about 47.2% was using mucocompressive technique, 37.5% was using mucostatic impression technique and 15.3% was using selective pressure technique.
Conclusion:The present study concluded that most of the dental students have preferred to use mucocompressive technique for denture fabrication.

Many investigations have pointed out widespread use of the herbal based nano system in various domains of dentistry such as prevention, prognosis, care, tissue regeneration and restoration. Nano material in mouthwashes to improve oral health performance. The main aim of the research  to assess the knowledge and attitude on the  use of nanoparticle based herbal  mouthwash among dental students. A questionnaire based  survey was conducted online among dental students regarding their knowledge and awareness about the mouth washing habits and awareness about nano based herbal mouthwashes. Total students participated :100. Total questions asked :13. Spss analysis with chi-square test is done for analysis.  From the results it's evident that  among the total (100) students participating in the survey  51.52% were female, 48.48% male.  83.84% of students were using mouthwash daily.  86.87% students prefer herbal mouthwash, 56.57% students were aware  about nanoparticles, 79.80% students are aware about the purpose of using mouthwash, 18.18% students used nano particle mouthwash. 54.55% of students didn’t have dental problems.  56.57% of students, dentists motivate them to use mouthwash. 84.85% of students know that mouthwash has greater ability to reduce bacteria in the mouth, 78.79% of students know the usage of mouthwash in reducing dental caries.  Among all students, 57.58% are aware about nano based herbal mouthwashes.This study concluded that more of them are  aware about nanoparticle based herbal mouthwashes. 

The aim of the study is to assess the analysis of partial edentulism of Kennedy's Class II among different age groups.
Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted among partial edentulism patients.Data collection was done by reviewing 86,000 patient’s records between june 2019 and march 2020. The parameters assessed were age, arches of  Kennedy's Class II classification. The  collected data were tabulated in excel sheet and imported to SPSS version 20.Descriptive statistics and Chi square test was used to determine the association between the variables.
Results: In the present study, the most common age group among 60 years (34.7%). Kennedy’s Class II was more prevalent in mandibular arch (50.8%). There is no significant association between age of the patients and site with Kennedys class II (p>0.05).
Conclusion: From the  study we can conclude that Kennedy's class II partial edentulism was more prevalent at the age group of  60 years and above. The most affected arch was the mandibular arch. There is no significant association between age and site at which Kennedy class II was prevalent.